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CHARACTERIZING THE 25-HYDROXYVITAMIN D STATUS OF TWO POPULATIONS OF FREE-RANGING EASTERN BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA CAROLINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:742-747. [PMID: 28920808 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0236.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation is recommended for captive reptiles to stimulate production of adequate levels of vitamin D; however, little is known regarding the vitamin D status in many free-ranging populations. Current reference ranges for vitamin D in eastern box turtles have not yet been established. Sixty free-ranging eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina carolina) from two well-studied populations in Illinois (n = 24) and Tennessee (n = 36) were assayed for plasma vitamin D concentration in 2014. There were no significant differences in concentrations between individuals in Illinois (mean: 117.5 nM/L) and Tennessee (mean: 98.7 nM/L) (P = 0.129) populations. Similarly, there were no differences in concentrations based on age class (P = 0.533) or sex (P = 0.532). There was a significant correlation between UV at the time of capture and vitamin D concentrations (R = 0.301, P = 0.030). Vitamin D was not correlated with total calcium (R = 0.018, P = 0.89) or Ca : P ratio (R = 0.025, P = 0.85). Diseases in captive individuals, including secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism, may commonly be associated with vitamin D deficiencies, and clinical intervention relies on reference data. Vitamin D supplementation may be recommended if animals are deemed to be deficient. Data obtained can be used to improve the care of captive and free-ranging turtles by providing reference ranges, as well as better characterize the health of wild populations.
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Haimi M, Kremer R. Vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency from childhood to adulthood: Insights from a sunny country. World J Clin Pediatr 2017; 6:1-9. [PMID: 28224090 PMCID: PMC5296623 DOI: 10.5409/wjcp.v6.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is known to be a key regulator of bone metabolism and is associated with muscle strength. Vitamin D deficiency is widely prevalent worldwide. In adults, vitamin D deficiency has been implicated in numerous health conditions including osteoporosis, cancer, diabetes, and autoimmune diseases. Considerable changes have occurred in lifestyles and childhood activities in the past years. Studies have shown that the children population is at high risks of vitamin D deficiency. The objective of this study was to learn about the extent of vitamin D deficiency in children worldwide and especially in sunny country like Israel. In this article we reviewed the extent and severity of vitamin D deficiency worldwide and especially in Israel, through a very comprehensive review of previous reports and research studies done during the last years. We found reports on vitamin D deficiency in children, which was associated with metabolic syndromes and obesity. It was more prevalent in children who spend less time on outdoor activities, in obese children, and in cases when there was imbalance between nutritional intakes and requirements. Vitamin D deficiency is common even in children living in sunny places like Israel. Health professionals should be aware of the fact that although vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in the elderly population, it is also common in children, and can be associated with different illnesses. We encourage supplementation of vitamin D to special populations (pregnant and lactating women, infants, and high risk groups). We also encourage implementation of international food fortification programs.
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Tangpricha V, Luo M, Fernández-Estívariz C, Gu LH, Bazargan N, Klapproth JM, Sitaraman SV, Galloway JR, Leader LM, Ziegler TR. Growth Hormone Favorably Affects Bone Turnover and Bone Mineral Density in Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome Undergoing Intestinal Rehabilitation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2017; 30:480-6. [PMID: 17047171 DOI: 10.1177/0148607106030006480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) have a high prevalence of metabolic bone disease due to nutrient malabsorption and potential effects of parenteral nutrition (PN). Human growth hormone (hGH) has been shown in some studies to have anabolic effects on bone, but hGH effects on bone in patients with SBS are unknown. METHODS Adults with PN-dependent SBS underwent a 7-day period of baseline studies while receiving usual oral diet and PN and then began receiving modified diets designed to improve nutrient absorption and daily oral calcium/vitamin D supplements (1500 mg elemental calcium and 600 IU vitamin D, respectively). Subjects were randomized to receive in a double-blind manner either subcutaneous (sc) saline placebo as the control or hGH (0.1 mg/kg/d for 3 weeks, then 0.1 mg/kg 3 days a week for 8 subsequent weeks). Open-label hGH was given from week 13 to week 24 in subjects who required PN after completion of the 12-week double-blind phase. Markers of bone turnover (serum osteocalcin and urinary N-telopeptide [NTX]), vitamin D nutriture (serum calcium, 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OH D] and parathyroid hormone [PTH] concentrations), and intestinal calcium absorption were measured at baseline and at weeks 4 and 12. Dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) of the hip and spine was performed to determine bone mineral density (BMD) at baseline and weeks 12 and 24. RESULTS The majority of subjects in each group exhibited evidence of vitamin D deficiency at baseline (25-OH D levels<30 ng/mL; 78% and 79% of control and hGH-treated subjects, respectively). Subjects treated with hGH demonstrated a significant increase from baseline in serum osteocalcin levels at 12 weeks (+62%; p<.05). The levels of NTX were increased over time in the hGH-treated group; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Both NTX and osteocalcin remained unchanged in control subjects. BMD of the spine and total hip was unchanged in subjects treated with placebo or hGH at 24 weeks. However, femoral neck BMD was slightly but significantly decreased in the placebo group at this time point but remained unchanged from baseline in the hGH-treated subjects. CONCLUSIONS hGH therapy significantly increased markers of bone turnover during the initial 3 months of therapy and stabilized femoral neck bone mass over a 6-month period in patients with severe SBS undergoing intestinal rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vin Tangpricha
- Department of Medicine and Emory Center for Clinical and Molecular Nutrition, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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Karonova TL, Andreeva AT, Beljaeva OD, Bazhenova EA, Globa PJ, Vasil'eva EJ, Grineva EN. [Anxiety/depressive disorders and vitamin D status]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2015; 115:55-58. [PMID: 26977917 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201511510255-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To search for the association between vitamin D status and anxiety and depression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Authors examined 310 residents of St. Petersburg (137 men and 173 women). Anxiety and depression were measured with the HADS. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION In people with vitamin D deficiency, anxiety and depression were noted in 32.5% and 11.0%, respectively. There were negative correlations between serum 25(OH)D level and anxiety (r= -0,11, p=0.03). Symptoms of depression were not correlated with vitamin D status (r= -0.08, p=0.09) but were correlated with the age (r=0.12, p=0.02). After excluding other risk factors for psychogenic disturbances (obesity, hypertension and impaired glucose metabolism) we concluded that serum 25(OH)D could be an independent risk factor for anxiety (R2=0.02, p=0.01) in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Karonova
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg; GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. akad. I.P. Pavlova' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - A T Andreeva
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - O D Beljaeva
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg; GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. akad. I.P. Pavlova' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - E A Bazhenova
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg; GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. akad. I.P. Pavlova' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - P Ju Globa
- GBOU VPO 'Pervyj Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj meditsinskij universitet im. akad. I.P. Pavlova' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - E Ju Vasil'eva
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
| | - E N Grineva
- FGBU 'Severo-Zapadnyj federal'nyj meditsinskij issledovatel'skij tsentr' Minzdrava RF, Sankt-Peterburg
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Pal M, Datta S, Pradhan AK, Biswas L, Ghosh J, Mondal P, Rahut R, Chaudhuri AR, Sau S, Das S. Comparison between different methods of estimation of vitamin D. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2013.35054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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TANAKA K, TERAO J, SHIDOJI Y, TAMAI H, IMAI E, OKANO T. Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese 2010: Fat-Soluble Vitamins. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2012. [DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.59.s57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Horani M, Dror A, Holland D, Caporaso F, Sumida KD, Frisch F. Prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency in orange county residents. J Community Health 2011; 36:760-4. [PMID: 21327501 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-011-9372-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
With the prevalence of sunlight exposure in Orange County, California, one would expect it to be rare and unusual to find high incidence of Vitamin D deficiencies among its residents. This study evaluated the concentration of Vitamin D3 as part of a larger study to evaluate bone health in Orange County residents. Our preliminary data shows that 19.2% of the 151 subjects evaluated had low Vitamin D3 (<30 pg/ml) and illuminates a growing problem in the United States. We speculate that the widespread sensitivity to skin cancer and sun exposure, the increased use of sun-screens and the filtering of UV waves in automobile glass has put the public at risk for low Vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moiz Horani
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
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Jenkins M, Rayman M. Nutrient intake is unrelated to nutrient status in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13590840600681751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Ultraviolet Exposure Scenarios: Risks of Erythema from Recommendations on Cutaneous Vitamin D Synthesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 624:72-85. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-77574-6_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Shinchuk LM, Shinchuk L, Holick MF. Vitamin d and rehabilitation: improving functional outcomes. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22:297-304. [PMID: 17507730 DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022003297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D inadequacy is pandemic among rehabilitation patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings. Male and female patients of all ages and ethnic backgrounds are affected. Vitamin D deficiency causes osteopenia, precipitates and exacerbates osteoporosis, causes the painful bone disease osteomalacia, and worsens proximal muscle strength and postural sway. Vitamin D inadequacy can be prevented by sensible sun exposure and adequate dietary intake with supplementation. Vitamin D status is determined by measurement of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. The recommended healthful serum level is between 30 and 60 ng/mL. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D levels of >30 ng/mL are sufficient to suppress parathyroid hormone production and to maximize the efficiency of dietary calcium absorption from the small intestine. This can be accomplished by ingesting 1000 IU of vitamin D(3) per day, or by taking 50,000 IU of vitamin D(2) every 2 weeks. Vitamin D toxicity is observed when 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels exceed 150 ng/mL. Identification and treatment of vitamin D deficiency reduces the risk of vertebral and nonvertebral fractures by improving bone health and musculoskeletal function. Vitamin D deficiency and osteomalacia should be considered in the differential diagnosis of patients with musculoskeletal pain, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, or myositis. There is a need for better education of health professionals and the general public regarding the optimization of vitamin D status in the care of rehabilitation patients.
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Mullin GE, Dobs A. Vitamin d and its role in cancer and immunity: a prescription for sunlight. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22:305-22. [PMID: 17507731 DOI: 10.1177/0115426507022003305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D has been recognized for more than a century as essential for the normal development and mineralization of a healthy skeleton. More extensive roles for vitamin D were suggested by the discovery of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) in tissues that are not involved in calcium and phosphate metabolism. VDR has been discovered in most tissues and cells in the body and is able to elicit a wide variety of biologic responses. These observations have been the impetus for a reevaluation of the physiologic and pharmacologic actions of vitamin D. Here, we review the role of vitamin D in regulation of the immune system and its possible role in the prevention and treatment of cancer and immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard E Mullin
- Integrative GI Nutrition Services, Capsule Endoscopy, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Webb AR. Who, what, where and when-influences on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 92:17-25. [PMID: 16766240 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2006.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of vitamin D in skin is a two-stage process that begins with the production of previtamin D after irradiation of 7-dehydrocholesterol by ultraviolet (UV) radiation. A number of personal and environmental factors control the probability of a suitable UV photon reaching a molecule of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin. These are astronomical factors that govern the solar zenith angle (SZA), and the local state of the atmosphere, determining the available solar UV radiation; skin pigmentation and age, determining competing absorbers of UV radiation and available 7-dehydrocholesterol; individual behaviour in the local surroundings, determining exposure of unprotected skin to available UV radiation. The only one of these influences that can be determined unequivocally for any situation is the SZA. The other influences must be considered either as individual case studies, or be represented by "typical" and "idealised" situations for the weather, skin and behaviour. At large SZAs there is insufficient solar UV radiation to initiate significant vitamin D synthesis. At smaller SZAs assessment of solar exposure necessary for vitamin D synthesis can only be indicative and application of any such assessment necessarily requires awareness of both self- and the local environment.
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Bischoff HA, Staehelin HB, Willett WC. The effect of undernutrition in the development of frailty in older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61:585-9. [PMID: 16799140 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/61.6.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Giovannucci E, Liu Y, Rimm EB, Hollis BW, Fuchs CS, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Prospective study of predictors of vitamin D status and cancer incidence and mortality in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006; 98:451-9. [PMID: 16595781 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djj101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 738] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D has potent anticancer properties, especially against digestive-system cancers. Many human studies have used geographic residence as a marker of solar ultraviolet B and hence vitamin D exposure. Here, we considered multiple determinants of vitamin D exposure (dietary and supplementary vitamin D, skin pigmentation, adiposity, geographic residence, and leisure-time physical activity-to estimate sunlight exposure) in relation to cancer risk in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. METHODS Among 1095 men of this cohort, we quantified the relation of these six determinants to plasma 25-hydroxy-vitamin D [25(OH)D] level by use of a multiple linear regression model. We used results from the model to compute a predicted 25(OH)D level for each of 47,800 men in the cohort based on these characteristics. We then prospectively examined this variable in relation to cancer risk with multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS From 1986 through January 31, 2000, we documented 4286 incident cancers (excluding organ-confined prostate cancer and nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 2025 deaths from cancer. From multivariable models, an increment of 25 nmol/L in predicted 25(OH)D level was associated with a 17% reduction in total cancer incidence (multivariable relative risk [RR] = 0.83, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.74 to 0.92), a 29% reduction in total cancer mortality (RR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.83), and a 45% reduction in digestive-system cancer mortality (RR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.41 to 0.74). The absolute annual rate of total cancer was 758 per 100,000 men in the bottom decile of predicted 25(OH)D and 674 per 100,000 men for the top decile; these respective rates were 326 per 100,000 and 277 per 100,000 for total cancer mortality and 128 per 100,000 and 78 per 100,000 for digestive-system cancer mortality. Results were similar when we controlled further for body mass index or physical activity level. CONCLUSIONS Low levels of vitamin D may be associated with increased cancer incidence and mortality in men, particularly for digestive-system cancers. The vitamin D supplementation necessary to achieve a 25(OH)D increment of 25 nmol/L may be at least 1500 IU/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Giovannucci
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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Gaugris S, Heaney RP, Boonen S, Kurth H, Bentkover JD, Sen SS. Vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women: a systematic review. QJM 2005; 98:667-76. [PMID: 16006498 DOI: 10.1093/qjmed/hci096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D inadequacy has been studied extensively, due to concerns about ageing populations, associations with osteoporosis and other disorders (including non-musculoskeletal), and high prevalence. AIM To review recent reports on the prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy among post-menopausal women with and without osteoporosis and/or other musculoskeletal diseases. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS We reviewed publications in the past 10 years reporting prevalence estimates for vitamin D inadequacy, reported as serum 25(OH)D values below various levels. Thirty published studies in the English language were identified, from January 1994 through April 2004. RESULTS In osteoporotic populations, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentration <12 ng/ml ranged from 12.5% to 76%, while prevalence rates reached 50% to 70% of patients with a history of fracture(s) using a cut-off of 15 ng/ml. In post-menopausal women, the prevalence of 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations <or=20 ng/ml ranged from 1.6% to 86% for community-living and institutionalized women, respectively. The most common factors associated with inadequate vitamin D levels included limited sun exposure, lack of dietary vitamin D intake, nursing home environment, wintertime, and increasing age (over 70 years). DISCUSSION The prevalence of inadequate vitamin D levels appears to be high in post-menopausal women, especially in those with osteoporosis and history of fracture. Vitamin D supplementation in this group might offer scope for prevention of falls and fracture, especially in elderly and osteoporotic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gaugris
- Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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