• fine‐needle aspiration
• instrumentation
• interventional cytopathology
• ultrasound fundamentals

• Humans
• Ultrasonography/methods
• Image-Guided Biopsy/methods
• Pathologists
• Cytodiagnosis/methods
• Biopsy, Fine-Needle/methods

• MRI
• imaging
• microscopy
• mitochondria

• Mitochondria/metabolism
• Mitochondria/ultrastructure
• Humans
• Animals
• Molecular Imaging/methods

• Humans
• Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Neoplasms/blood supply
• Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
• Neovascularization, Pathologic/diagnostic imaging
• Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use

• R56 EB032211 NIBIB NIH HHS
• T32 EB007507 NIBIB NIH HHS
• R56 EB32211-01 NIBIB NIH HHS
• National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
• NIH Ruth Kirschstein Training Grant

• brown adipose tissue
• fentanyl
• pediatric PET
• pediatric oncology

• Fluorodeoxyglucose F18
• Humans
• Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography/methods
• Adipose Tissue, Brown/diagnostic imaging
• Adipose Tissue, Brown/metabolism
• Hospitals, Pediatric
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Internationality
• Biological Transport
• Child

• Astrocytes
• Biomarkers
• Blood-brain Barrier
• Brain microvascular endothelial cells
• Brain pericytes
• Central Nervous System
• Disruption
• Neurodegeneration
• Neuroinflammation
• Permeability

• Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
• Humans
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• Animals

• d-sedoheptulose
• fluorinated carbohydrates
• metabolic trapping
• pentose phosphate pathway
• rare sugars

• Humans
• Sugars
• Heptoses
• Pentose Phosphate Pathway
• Halogenation

• P 32421 Austrian Science Fund FWF
• P32421-N28 Austrian Science Fund
• Austrian Science Fund

• d-Ribulose
• d-Xylulose
• deoxyfluorinated carbohydrates
• pentose-phosphate-pathway
• rare sugars

• P 32421 Austrian Science Fund FWF

• Alzheimer's disease
• biomarker
• diagnosis
• neuroimaging modality

• National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province
• China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
• Postdoctoral Foundation of Hei Long Jiang Province
• Sichuan Provincial Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine
• Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia

• National Institutes of Health

• alcohol in utero
• blood alcohol concentration
• brain imaging
• brain metabolism
• fetal development
• maternal drinking

• R01 AA028200 NIAAA NIH HHS

• PET/CT treatment planning system
• radiotherapy

Molecular imaging is used to improve the disease diagnosis, prognosis, monitoring of treatment in living subjects. Numerous molecular targets have been developed for various cellular and molecular processes in genetic, metabolic, proteomic, and cellular biologic level. Molecular imaging modalities such as Optical Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT), and Computed Tomography (CT) can be used to visualize anatomic, genetic, biochemical, and physiologic changes in vivo. For in vivo cell imaging, certain cells such as cancer cells, immune cells, stem cells could be labeled by direct and indirect labeling methods to monitor cell migration, cell activity, and cell effects in cell-based therapy. In case of cancer, it could be used to investigate biological processes such as cancer metastasis and to analyze the drug treatment process. In addition, transplanted stem cells and immune cells in cell-based therapy could be visualized and tracked to confirm the fate, activity, and function of cells. In conventional molecular imaging, cells can be monitored in vivo in bulk non-invasively with optical imaging, MRI, PET, and SPECT imaging. However, single cell imaging in vivo has been a great challenge due to an extremely high sensitive detection of single cell. Recently, there has been great attention for in vivo single cell imaging due to the development of single cell study. In vivo single imaging could analyze the survival or death, movement direction, and characteristics of a single cell in live subjects. In this article, we reviewed basic principle of in vivo molecular imaging and introduced recent studies for in vivo single cell imaging based on the concept of in vivo molecular imaging.

Uveal melanoma is the most prevalent intraocular tumor in adults, derived from melanocytes; the liver is the most common site of its metastases. Due to troublesome tumor localization, different imaging techniques are utilized in diagnostics, i.e., fundus imaging (FI), ultrasonography (US), optical coherence tomography (OCT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), or fundus autofluorescence (FAF). Specialists eagerly use these techniques, but sometimes the precision and quality of the obtained images are imperfect, raising diagnostic doubts and prompting the search for new ones. In addition to analyzing the currently utilized methods, this review also introduces experimental techniques that may be adapted to clinical practice in the future. Moreover, we raise the topic and present a perspective for personalized medicine in uveal melanoma treatment.

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignancy in adults, characterized by an insidious onset and poor prognosis strongly associated with tumor size and the presence of distant metastases, most commonly in the liver. Contrary to most tumor identification, a biopsy followed by a pathological exam is used only in certain cases. Therefore, an early and noninvasive diagnosis is essential to enhance patients’ chances for early treatment. We reviewed imaging modalities currently used in the diagnostics of uveal melanoma, including fundus imaging, ultrasonography (US), optical coherence tomography (OCT), single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), fundus autofluorescence (FAF), as well as positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The principle of imaging techniques is briefly explained, along with their role in the diagnostic process and a summary of their advantages and limitations. Further, the experimental data and the advancements in imaging modalities are explained. We describe UM imaging innovations, show their current usage and development, and explain the possibilities of utilizing such modalities to diagnose uveal melanoma in the future.

• in vivo molecular imaging
• mri
• optical imaging
• pet
• single cell imaging

• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Positron-Emission Tomography/methods
• Proteomics
• Tomography, X-Ray Computed

• Alzheimer’s disease
• brain imaging
• early diagnosis
• multimodal imaging
• neuroimaging
• preclinical biomarkers

• Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging
• Alzheimer Disease/psychology
• Biomarkers
• Brain/diagnostic imaging
• Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis
• Disease Progression
• Humans
• Neurodegenerative Diseases
• Neuroimaging/methods

• R01 HL143020 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01EB022230 NIBIB NIH HHS
• 2022R1A2B5B01002377 National Research Foundation of Korea
• 2019M3D1A1078938 National Research Foundation of Korea
• R01 EB022230 NIBIB NIH HHS
• HI19C1085 Ministry of Health and Welfare

• PET molecular imaging
• carbon-11
• drug development
• fluorine-18
• radioligands

Because the digastric muscle is considered as an anatomical landmark, its variations may emphasize clinicians to be cautious during surgery. However, previous studies from different ethnicities reported a wide range of occurrence and several types of this muscle variation, pointing the necessity of the data from local population to better treatment decisions. Thus, this study aimed to explore the variations of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle in Thai cadavers.

This cross-sectional study investigated the submental region of 91 cadavers by convenient sampling method. The characteristics of the variation in the anterior belly were recorded in accordance with sex and side of the cadavers. Multiple logistic regression was calculated for determining the association of occurrence of muscle variation with sexes and sides (α = 0.05).

Among 91 cadavers, the accessory bundles were observed in 16 cadavers (10 males and 6 females). The presence of the additional belly was sex and side independent. Three variation types were observed; the arrowhead type and the double-headed type have been previously reported, whereas the asymmetrical fan-shaped type is the new variant that has never been described before.

The variation of the anterior belly of the digastric muscle including the new variant can be seen in Thais with low occurrence. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report of the aberrations of the digastric muscle in the Southeast Asian population. Therefore, our study provides the basis for anatomical study of muscular variants and helps surgeons plan the operation to prevent iatrogenic injuries.

• Menière's disease
• PET
• case report
• cortical activity
• neuroimaging

To review the literature to determine the sensitivity and specificity of gallium‐68 prostate‐specific membrane antigen (⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA) positron‐emission tomography (PET) for detecting pelvic lymph node metastases in patients with primary prostate cancer (PCa), and the positive predictive value in patients with biochemical recurrence (BCR) after initial curative treatment, and, in addition, to determine the detection rate and management impact of ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET in patients with BCR after radical prostatectomy (RP).

We performed a comprehensive literature search. Search terms used in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Science Direct were ‘(PSMA, ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA, ⁶⁸Gallium‐PSMA, Ga‐68‐PSMA or prostate‐specific membrane antigen)’ and ‘(histology, lymph node, staging, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, recurrence, recurrent or detection)’. Relevant abstracts were reviewed and full‐text articles obtained where possible. References to and from obtained articles were searched to identify further relevant articles.

Nine retrospective and two prospective studies described the sensitivity and specificity of ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET for detecting pelvic lymph node metastases before initial treatment, which ranged from 33.3% to 100% and 80% to 100%, respectively. In eight retrospective studies, the positive predictive value of ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET in patients with BCR before salvage lymph node dissection ranged from 70% to 100%. The detection rate of ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET in patients with BCR after RP in the PSA subgroups <0.2 ng/mL, 0.2–0.49 ng/mL and 0.5 to <1.0 ng/mL ranged from 11.3% to 50.0%, 20.0% to 72.7% and 25.0% to 87.5%, respectively.

The review results showed that ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET had a high specificity for the detection of pelvic lymph node metastases in primary PCa. Furthermore, ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET had a very high positive predictive value in detecting lymph node metastases in patients with BCR. By contrast, sensitivity was only moderate; therefore, based on the currently available literature, ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET cannot yet replace pelvic lymph node dissection to exclude lymph node metastases. In the salvage phase, ⁶⁸Ga‐PSMA PET had both a high detection rate and impact on radiotherapy planning in early BCR after RP.

• #PCSM
• #ProstateCancer
• 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT
• detection rate
• pelvic lymph node dissection
• pelvic lymph node metastases

Oral cancer is the sixth most common malignancy with almost 500000 new cases reported worldwide annually. The diagnosis of oral cancer at an early stage has a good prognosis as the survival rate is high (around 80%). However, the majority of oral cancer cases are diagnosed at a later stage with a considerably poor 5-year survival rate of 50% according to World Health Organization statistics. Thus, an effective management strategy for oral cancer will depend on its early identification and intervention which would pave the way for superior prognosis. Despite the obvious advantage of earlier diagnosis of oral cancer, no approach has yet proven to be a reliably successful in diagnosis of oral cancer at an early stage. Currently; the primary line of screening of oral cancer is performed by visual inspection, which is a subjective examination. Among the screening tests or diagnostic aids now available for oral cancer, few (toluidine blue, brush biopsy, salivary and serum bio-markers) have been utilised and studied for many years while others have recently become commercially available. The authors in the present article review all the modalities of screening aids used in oral cancer detection and provide an update on the latest screening tools used in oral cancer detection.

• Oral cancer
• Diagnostic aids
• Brush biopsy
• Tissue fluorescence