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Kunz F, Nordblom NF, Goetz B, Fenger L, Stellzig-Eisenhauer A. Which of the nine facial profiles according to AM Schwarz is the most (un)attractive? J Orofac Orthop 2025:10.1007/s00056-025-00584-z. [PMID: 40199811 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-025-00584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 04/10/2025]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The human profile has always been fascinating to artists, scientists, and physicians. In the mid 20th century, AM Schwarz created a profile analysis for orthodontics, which categorizes both the sagittal position of the midface as well as the position of the chin, and is still widely used today. In combination, this analysis leads to nine different profile types, which are assumed to differ in terms of their attractiveness. Since there has been hardly any scientific research in this area so far, the aim of this study was to quantify the attractiveness of the nine profile types according to AM Schwarz. METHODS The "Basel face model" is a three-dimensional (3D) facial dataset that was created artificially by morphing a total of 100 female and 100 male 3D face scans. For the present study, this face model was modified to ideally represent all nine profile types according to AM Schwarz. The representation of those nine facial models depicted in a standardized lateral perspective were assessed in terms of attractiveness by 1261 volunteers of different ages and educational level. The ratings were statistically analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and pairwise comparisons. RESULTS The results revealed significant differences in attractiveness regarding the nine profile types. Average faces were perceived significantly more attractive than antefaces and these in turn were perceived more attractive than retrofaces. Furthermore, straight and backward-slanting profiles were rated significantly more attractive than forward-slanting profiles. There were no clinically relevant differences between the assessments of males and females or between raters of different educational levels. CONCLUSION The perceived attractiveness of the nine profile types according to AM Schwarz differed significantly. This perception did not seem to be affected by gender or the level of education.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kunz
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - N F Nordblom
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - B Goetz
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - L Fenger
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Stellzig-Eisenhauer
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Würzburg, Pleicherwall 2, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
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Bakri M, Hezam A, Hazzazi R, Khormi F, Alhussein S, Alabdali F, Alrefaei Y, Ali FM. Study of Lip Anthropology in Young Adult Males and Females in Jazan, Saudi Arabia. Niger J Clin Pract 2025; 28:195-202. [PMID: 40326901 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_64_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 12/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2025]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lips serve crucial functions for the face, including facial expression, speech, eating, and esthetics. Surgeons who repair or reconstruct facial deformities often rely on the anatomy and dimensions of these structures. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to collect diverse data on lip morphology. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTINGS College of Dentistry, Jazan. METHODS The current study included randomly selected Saudi adults with complete dentition with ages ranging from 18 to 30 years. The lips or their surrounding areas of patients with abnormalities, malformations, deformities, inflammation, trauma, or surgical scars (cleft lip operations) were omitted. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Average lip size of male and female population in Jazan, KSA. SAMPLE SIZE 400 (200 males and 200 females). RESULTS The mean height of the upper vermilion was 14.38 mm in males and 13.78 mm in females. The height of the upper lip (Sn-Sto) was measured, with males having a mean value of 24.05 ± 4.02 mm (range, 15-32 mm) and females having a mean value of 20.66 ± 4.12 mm. The difference between the sexes was statistically significant. The medial vertical height of the cutaneous lower lip (Li-SI) of females had a mean value of 10.63 ± 1.59 mm, and that of males had a mean value of 11.55 ± 2.25 mm. The height of the lower lip of males was 20.28 ± 5.2 mm and that of females was 16.95 ± 3.03 mm, and the differences were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Significant differences in lip measurements between males and females (indicating sexual dimorphism) were observed. Additionally, the upper vermilion tends to be thinner than the lower vermilion in both sexes, with this being the most prominent feature of the region. Furthermore, the height of the cutaneous upper lip was greater than that of the cutaneous lower lip, and the medial vertical height of the upper lip was greater than that of the lower lip in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mmh Bakri
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aaa Hezam
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raa Hazzazi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fah Khormi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sma Alhussein
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fhj Alabdali
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yfy Alrefaei
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - F M Ali
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
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Reddy H, Singla R, Singla N, Natarajan M, Singhal DK. Esthetic preferences of orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons for Indian facial profiles: A cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2024; 12:953. [PMID: 39372260 PMCID: PMC11456152 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.138742.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Disparity in the esthetic perceptions between a patient and clinician could result in patient dissatisfaction with orthodontic treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions of a group of orthodontists, general dentists, and laypersons about the attractiveness of Indian facial profiles. Methods: In this study, a male and a female participants' photographs and lateral cephalograms were digitally manipulated by inserting them into Dolphin software; we considered four soft tissue parameters at a nasolabial angle, upper lip E-line, lower lip E-line, and pg-pg', so that 20 profiles were created for each model. A visual analog scale (VAS) along with a question about surgical correction opinion was given to 18 orthodontists, 18 general dentists, and 18 laypersons to score (1-5) from least to most attractive. Spearman's rank correlation was computed to assess correlation, as well as ANOVA, followed by post hoc Tukey analysis to compare the mean scores, and Chi-square test to determine the opinion about surgical treatment. Results: There was an overall weak and negative correlation between the three groups, indicating that orthodontists attributed lower pleasantness scores to almost all the altered female and male facial profiles. Additionally, statistically significantly lower mean scores were attributed by orthodontists to many females and few male facial profiles. More orthodontists identified the need for surgical correction for a few severely distorted profiles but there was a statistically non-significant difference among the groups for most of the profiles. Conclusions: It was concluded that participants in the three groups had diverse concepts of facial attractiveness in all the parameters considered. Compared to general dentists and laypersons, orthodontists were much more precise, firmer, and meticulous in identifying a favorable or good-looking profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini Reddy
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Ritesh Singla
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Nishu Singla
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Madhumitha Natarajan
- Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Singhal
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
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Albitar MA, Burhan AS, Hajeer MY, Nawaya FR, Roumieh WK. Influence of the Rater's Gender on Assessing Facial Beauty in Adult Patients With Vertical and Horizontal Growth Patterns. Cureus 2024; 16:e63142. [PMID: 38919857 PMCID: PMC11198999 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The evaluation of attractiveness varies from one civilization, culture, and environment to another and between individuals. Gender can also play a role in determining the standards of attractiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the rater's gender on the assessment of adult facial attractiveness with a vertical and horizontal growth pattern in patients with skeletal Class I malocclusion. Methodology The study sample comprised extraoral photos taken before the treatment of 120 patients (30 males and 30 females in each group) with skeletal Class I malocclusion and vertical and horizontal growth patterns according to the Bjork sum aged between 18 and 25 years. A panel of 30 laypersons (aged 19-25 years with an average age of 23 ± 0.53 years), including raters from both genders, were selected equally using a disproportionate stratified sampling method through a computer-generated list. The raters used the visual analog scale (VAS) to provide a score for each photograph's aesthetic quality. The most attractive group, which received the greatest aesthetic score, and the least attractive group, which received the lowest aesthetic score, were the two groups formed based on each photograph's mean aesthetic scores. Overall, 13 patients were chosen for each group. Subsequently, the average assessment score for every patient photo set was determined. Independent-sample t-tests were employed to ascertain if the raters' gender made a statistically significant difference in assessing patients with vertical and horizontal growth patterns. Results There were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with vertical growth patterns (p < 0.001), where the average rating of the female raters was significantly greater than that of the male raters in evaluating female patients. In addition, there were statistically significant differences between the gender of raters in evaluating female patients with horizontal growth patterns (p = 0.009), where the average rating of the male raters was significantly greater than that of the female raters in evaluating female patients. Conclusions There is a limited effect of the rater's gender in evaluating facial aesthetics. However, the facial features of female patients with long faces are preferred by females more than males, and males are more critical in evaluating these patients. On the other hand, males favor the facial features of female patients with short faces more than females, and females are more critical in evaluating these patients. These results suggest considering patients' personal characteristics with vertical and horizontal growth patterns during diagnosis and treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Ali Albitar
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, SYR
| | - Ahmad S Burhan
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, SYR
| | - Mohammad Y Hajeer
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, SYR
| | - Fehmieh R Nawaya
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Syrian Private University, Damascus, SYR
| | - Wagd Khlaid Roumieh
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Damascus, Damascus, SYR
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Maleki M, Huang B, Mendes VC, Caminiti MF, Finer Y. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments for Excessive Gingival Display. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:154. [PMID: 38920855 PMCID: PMC11203257 DOI: 10.3390/dj12060154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Excessive gingival display (EGD) is defined as more than 2 mm of gingiva display above the maxillary incisors at maximum smile. Various skeletal, dental, and soft tissue etiological factors for EGD have been suggested. This study assessed the effectiveness and stability of surgical (SX) and nonsurgical (NSX) interventions for correction of EGD through a systematic review and meta-analysis following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. An electronic search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Scopus, Web of Science, and LILACS was conducted (2010-2023). Results were expressed as mean change in gingival display using the random-effects model at 1, 3, 6, and 12-month follow-up. At 1 month, SX and NSX treatments yielded a comparable mean reduction of 3.50 mm (2.13-4.86) and 3.43 mm (2.67-4.19) in gingival display, respectively. However, by 6 months, NSX treatments showed a reduction of 0.51 mm compared to 2.86 mm with SX treatments. SX outcomes remained stable past 6 months, while NSX outcomes partially relapsed at 6 months and returned to baseline levels at 12 months. Notably, NSX treatments were more effective in cases with mild initial EGD, while SX treatments showed a better outcome in severe cases. To draw more robust conclusions regarding the treatment outcomes, future primary studies of greater rigor are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdis Maleki
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (M.M.); (B.H.); (V.C.M.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Bo Huang
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (M.M.); (B.H.); (V.C.M.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Vanessa C. Mendes
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (M.M.); (B.H.); (V.C.M.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Marco F. Caminiti
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (M.M.); (B.H.); (V.C.M.); (M.F.C.)
| | - Yoav Finer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 124 Edward St., Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (M.M.); (B.H.); (V.C.M.); (M.F.C.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
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Tatakis DN, Paramitha V, Lu WE, Guo X. Upper lip characteristics and associated excessive gingival display etiologies in adults: Race and sex differences. J Periodontol 2024; 95:74-83. [PMID: 37436716 DOI: 10.1002/jper.23-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This cross-sectional study aimed to examine upper lip (UL) and smile characteristics and soft tissue excessive gingival display (EGD) etiologies (hypermobile upper lip [HUL], altered passive eruption [APE], and short upper lip [SUL]) in a nondental adult population and to analyze interracial (Black and White) and intersex differences. METHODS Community participants, non-Hispanic Blacks (NHB) and non-Hispanic Whites (NHW), were recruited and examined for UL vertical dimensions at rest and maximum smile and for HUL, APE, and SUL. Associations between gingival display (GD) or EGD and UL anatomical characteristics, HUL, APE, and SUL were analyzed. RESULTS Participants included 66 NHB and 65 NHW adults. Ergotrid height (greater among NHW; p = 0.019) averaged 14.0 mm. Upper lip vermilion length (ULVL), total UL length, internal lip length, total UL length during smile, and UL mobility averaged 8.6, 22.5, 23.1, 16.6, and 5.9 mm, respectively (all significantly greater in NHB; p ≤ 0.012). SUL prevalence was 4.6%, found only among NHW. Lip length change from rest to smile (LLC) averaged 26.2% (significantly greater in females; p = 0.003). HUL prevalence was 10.7% (NHB 13.1%, NHW 3.5%; p = 0.024). NHB had significantly greater GD (p ≤ 0.017). EGD and APE prevalence (6.9% for both) showed significant interracial and intersex differences (p ≤ 0.014). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that LLC and HUL were the most consistently significant EGD determinants. CONCLUSIONS UL anatomical and functional characteristics and soft tissue-related EGD etiologies exhibit significant interracial and intersex differences, with UL mobility/hypermobility being the most consistently significant determinant of GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitris N Tatakis
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Vanessa Paramitha
- Division of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Private Practice, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Wei-En Lu
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Division of Biostatistics, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Global Biometric and Data Management, Pfizer, New Jersey, USA
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Nourah D. Digital Smile Makeover: A Multidisciplinary Team Approach. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:1349-1355. [PMID: 37130552 PMCID: PMC10756785 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1764426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Aesthetics is a fundamental part of contemporary dental practice. A pleasant smile depends on the gingival tissue architecture and dental characteristics. Excessive gingival display (gummy smile) is considered an unattractive smile and can affect a person's confidence. There are many etiological factors related to a gummy smile. Aesthetic rehabilitation of these cases often requires an interdisciplinary approach and close collaboration between dental specialties. This article describes an approach to excessive gingival display management caused by short teeth and hyperactive lips using a digital workflow for crown lengthening. A digital approach enables predictable planning and decreases the need for postsurgical modifications, thus shortening the treatment duration. Computer software is used for planning and 3D-printed guide for crown lengthening and implant placement. Two months later, lip repositioning was performed to reduce the hyperactive lip. After 4 months, prosthetic treatment and Botox injections were done to restore an aesthetic smile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Nourah
- Department of Basic and Clinical Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Umm Al- Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Zorlu M, Camcı H. The relationship between different levels of facial attractiveness and malocclusion perception: an eye tracking and survey study. Prog Orthod 2023; 24:29. [PMID: 37599306 PMCID: PMC10440334 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-023-00483-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between levels of facial attractiveness and the perception of different types of malocclusion. METHODS A preliminary questionnaire was used to assign photographs of three female patients to low, moderate, and high facial attractiveness designations. Seven modified photographs for each smile photograph of each of these three patients were created. The evaluated photographs were as follows: P0: at rest position, P1: ideal smile, P2: - 2-mm (low) smile line, P3: + 4-mm gummy smile, P4: + 6-mm gummy smile, P5: maxillary anterior crowding, P6: median diastema, P7: polydiastema. An eye tracking device and a questionnaire were used to collect data from orthodontists, dentists, orthodontic patients, and laypeople. RESULTS Total fixation duration varied depending on the type of malocclusion, the level of facial attraction, and the participants' occupations. In general, orthodontists and dentists had higher total fixation duration scores than orthodontic patients and laypersons. The maxillary anterior crowding photograph had the lowest visual analysis scale score at each attractiveness level (low, medium, and high). Visual analysis scale scores became similar at each attractiveness level only in the P4 photographs, and thus the difference in facial attractiveness disappeared. CONCLUSION While a worsening of the ideal smile had a smaller impact on aesthetic perceptions in an individual with low facial attractiveness, it had a significant negative impact on a person with high facial attractiveness. Anterior crowding and diastema had a more negative impact on facial attractiveness than low or high smile lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Zorlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Güvenevler, İsmet İnönü Cd. No:4, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Hasan Camcı
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Güvenevler, İsmet İnönü Cd. No:4, 03030, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Cephalometric determinants of facial attractiveness: A quadratic correlation study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:398-406. [PMID: 36517375 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This research aimed to determine the nonlinear correlation between lateral cephalometric measurements and facial attractiveness, evaluated in the frontal and profile views. A quadratic correlation was studied, in which the vertex of the function indicates the cephalometric value corresponding to the maximum attractiveness. METHODS Frontal and profile facial attractiveness of 60 patients with Class I (n = 20), Class II (n = 20), or Class III malocclusion (n = 20) aged 18-35 years without previous orthodontic treatment was evaluated by 14 laypersons (7 men and 7 women) with a visual analog scale. Soft- and hard-tissue measurements were collected on lateral cephalometric radiographs. Pearson and nonlinear quadratic correlations between the attractiveness of the face and cephalometric measurements were calculated. Maximum attractiveness values (MxAt) were determined for the significant cephalometric variables. RESULTS Significant quadratic correlations were found between frontal facial attractiveness and the following variables: Ls-SnPog' (r = 0.45; MxAt = 3.1 mm), Li-SnPog' (r = 0.41; MxAt = 3.8 mm), the ANB angle (r = 0.42; MxAt = 0.2°) and MPA (r = 0.51; MxAt = 31.9°). Profile attractiveness correlated nonlinearly with Ls-SnPog' (r = 0.42; MxAt = 3.2 mm), Li-SnPog' (r = 0.41; MxAt = 3.9 mm) and MPA (r = 0.46; MxAt = 32.4°). CONCLUSIONS Significant quadratic correlations were found between facial attractiveness and cephalometric measurements, which were stronger than linear correlations. The maximum attractiveness points indicated a tendency for laypeople to consider a more protrusive lower lip and an ANB angle lower than the norm as the most attractive.
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Camcı H, Salmanpour F. Comparing the esthetic impact of virtual mandibular advancement, bichectomy, jawline, and their combination. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2023; 163:756-765. [PMID: 36646559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of mandibular advancement (MA), bichectomy, jawline, and their combination on facial attractiveness. The 3-dimensional (3D) visual sculpting is a method to perform the task. METHODS FaceBuilder software, a Blender 2.93 LTS add-on, was used to generate a 3D head and face model of a female patient with Class II Division I malocclusion. MA, bichectomy, jawline, and combination modifications were performed on the model using a 3D virtual sculpting tab, and 4 new head models were created. Five hundred thirteen participants scored lateral and frontal views of the modified and reference models. The Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS MA modification received the highest frontal and lateral image scores. The raters found the jawline frontal photograph to be the least attractive. Significant differences were observed between the lateral and frontal attractiveness scores in all modifications except bichectomy. The combination of 3 modifications in both frontal and lateral images received the second-lowest score. CONCLUSIONS Facial esthetic modifications receive different attractiveness scores in lateral or frontal evaluations. MA outperforms bichectomy and jawline augmentation in terms of improving facial attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Camcı
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Farhad Salmanpour
- Department of Orthodontics, Afyonkarahisar Health Science University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
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Chaitanya ASK, Reddy GR, Reddy AK, Rachala MR, Reddy GP, Reddy SNP. Divine Proportions in the Assessment of Facial Esthetics—Antiquity vs Contemporary: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ORTHODONTIC SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/03015742221107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this research was to systematically evaluate evidence regarding the correlation between divine proportions and facial esthetics. Materials and Methods: An extensive literature search was performed in multiple electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Embase, ScienceDirect, and ProQuest which included articles published from May 1982 to March 2021 in the English language. Furthermore, only randomized clinical trials and original research studies were included. The risk of bias in the included studies was assessed by using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool ROBVIS (Risk-of-bias VISualization tool). Results: A total of 2,736 articles were retrieved and 974 duplicate records were eliminated; subsequently, articles were screened based on title and abstracts, inclusion and exclusion criteria from which a total of 14 original articles were included in the systematic review. Of the 14 included studies, 5 studies showed a low risk of bias, 6 studies showed a moderate risk of bias, and 3 showed a high risk of bias. Four studies showed a positive correlation and 10 studies showed a negative correlation between divine proportions and facial esthetics. Conclusion: The evidence from this study suggests that there exists a weak correlation between divine proportions and facial esthetics. Hence, divine proportions are not absolute determinants and are only partially related to facial attractiveness. Further high-quality cross-sectional studies with a strong methodology are needed to establish the correlation between divine proportions and facial esthetics and to support this evidence. Trial registration number: PROSPERO CRD42022302308
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Affiliation(s)
- A. S. Krishna Chaitanya
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkata Sai Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - G. Ramya Reddy
- Department of Orthodontics, G Pulla Reddy Dental College and Hospital, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - A. Kaladhar Reddy
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkata Sai Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - Madhukar Reddy Rachala
- Department of Orthodontics, Sri Venkata Sai Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
| | - G. Prabhandh Reddy
- Department of Periodontology, Sri Venkata Sai Institute of Dental Sciences, Mahabubnagar, Telangana, India
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Carvalho AL, Costa LG, Martins JM, Manso MC, Gavinha S, Herrero-Climent M, Ríos-Carrasco B, Falcão C, Ribeiro P. Aesthetic Preference in the Transverse Orientation of the Occlusal Plane in Rehabilitation: Perspective of Laypeople and Dentists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12258. [PMID: 34832013 PMCID: PMC8623891 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182212258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study had a convenience sample with 236 laypeople and 242 dentists who completed an online questionnaire to choose the most attractive image among six pairs for comparison. Control image: symmetric (parallelism between occlusal plane (OP), commissural line (CL), and interpupillary line (IL)). Change of Control, obtaining three images with a 3-degree inclination of the labial commissures. Image A: OP parallel to IL; Image B: OP parallel to CL; Image C: OP at 1.5 degree mean angulation between IL and CL. Non-parametric comparison (IBM© SPSS Statistics vs. 27.0, p < 0.05). The "Dentists" group's decreasing order of preference (attractiveness) of the images is: Control > A > C > B (p < 0.05). In the "Lay" group, it is: Control > A > (C not ≠ B). Dentists significantly prefer more the Control and Image A than laypeople (p < 0.001). Sex (single exception in laypeople), age, and dentist's area of activity did not interfere in the perception of attractiveness. Dentists and laypeople preferred the Control when compared to images with CL canted. In the existence of CL inclination, the preference of the groups was the IL as a reference for OP orientation, with the mean angulation or coincident with the CL being considered less aesthetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lidia Carvalho
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Liliana Gavinha Costa
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Joana Meneses Martins
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
| | - Maria Conceição Manso
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
- FP-I3ID, Instituto de Investigação, Inovação e Desenvolvimento, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Gavinha
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
| | | | | | - Carlos Falcão
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
- Porto Dental Institute, 4150-518 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Paulo Ribeiro
- FP-I3ID, FCS, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal; (A.L.C.); (L.G.C.); (J.M.M.); (M.C.M.); (S.G.); (C.F.); (P.R.)
- Porto Dental Institute, 4150-518 Porto, Portugal;
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Wahab A, Ju X, Jamieson L, Dreyer C. Validation of the Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire in the Australian population. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:416-422.e1. [PMID: 34774399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) is an instrument to assess the subjective perception need for orthodontic treatment. The study aimed to determine the psychometric validity and reliability of PIDAQ in Australian adults. METHODS Data were collected from the National Dental Telephone Interview Survey in 2013. The PIDAQ was used, comprising 4 conceptual domains: self-confidence, social impact, psychological impact, and esthetic concern. Psychometric sensitivity was estimated for each item. Confirmatory factor analysis was performed to determine factorial validity in which the ratio of chi-square by degrees of freedom, comparative fit, and root mean square error of approximation were used as indexes of the goodness of fit. Convergent validity was estimated from the average variance extracted and composite reliability, whereas internal consistency was estimated by Cronbach standardized alpha. RESULTS The dataset comprised 2936 Australian adults aged ≥18 years and separated randomly into 2 subdata sets. The kurtosis and skewness values indicate an approximation to a normal distribution for each item, with acceptable thresholds for the goodness of fit and convergent validity (average variance extracted ≥0.50 and composite reliability ≥0.70), and discriminant validity was also demonstrated. Internal consistency was adequate in the 4 conceptual domains for PIDAQ for both subdata sets, with Cronbach standardized alpha being ≥0.70. CONCLUSIONS The psychometric sensitivity, validity, and reliability of the PIDAQ instrument in a sample of the Australian adult population were found to be adequate. Both subdata sets drawn from the sample demonstrated acceptable goodness of fit and internal consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wahab
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Xiangqun Ju
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Lisa Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Craig Dreyer
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Mercado-García J, Rosso P, Gonzalvez-García M, Colina J, Fernández JM. Gummy Smile: Mercado-Rosso Classification System and Dynamic Restructuring with Hyaluronic Acid. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2021; 45:2338-2349. [PMID: 33619610 PMCID: PMC8481201 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-021-02169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Gummy smile (GS) is a nonpathological condition causing esthetic disharmony in which an excessive amount of gingival tissue is exposed when smiling. Nowadays, there is not unanimous agreement regarding both classification and management of GS. This study aimed to present an organized and comprehensive clinical classification of the GS, as well as to discuss a therapeutic approach, with hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Methods This study is presenting the clinical experience of the authors regarding GS. Results The Mercado-Rosso GS classification has into account aesthetic aspects, etiopathogenetic criteria, and functional aspects of the smile. According to Mercado-Rosso GS-classification-system, GS is divided into 3-types: Type 1, characterized by a lack of support and/or a lack of projection of the upper maxilla; Type 2, due to an imbalance between the strength (excess) and the resistance (defect) of the levator muscles; and Type 3, defined by an excessive strength of the zygomatic muscles, which causes a wide smile and an excessive visualization of the molar teeth. Conclusions The Mercado-Rosso GS classification system is a tool that facilitates the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to the gummy smile. RD Dynamic Restructuring® constitutes a comprehensive therapeutic approach that makes reference to both the effect of the HA filler on the muscle movement and the balance between the muscle strength and the resistance of the soft tissue to be folded in different facial structures). Level of evidence: Level V. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at (10.1007/s00266-021-02169-8)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mercado-García
- Clinicas Jorge Mercado, Madrid, Spain.
- Self Clinica, Barón de Finestrat 4, 03001, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Paula Rosso
- Centro médico estético Lajo-Plaza, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jesús Colina
- Clínica Dr. Colina. Bilbao, Bilbao, Vizcaya, Spain
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Wahab A, Ju X, Jamieson L, Dreyer C. Modelling risk factors for high/low Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) in the Australian adults. Eur J Orthod 2021; 43:200-207. [PMID: 33215656 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjaa070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychosocial Impact of Dental Aesthetics Questionnaire (PIDAQ) is an instrument to assess the subjective perception needed for orthodontic treatment (OT). The study aimed to (1) evaluate the psychosocial impact of dental aesthetics and the potential role of OT and (2) determine associations between PIDAQ with self-rated general and oral health, oral health-related quality of life (OHRQOL), and receipt of OT among Australian adults. METHODS Data were obtained from the 2013 Australian National Dental Telephone Interview Survey (NDTIS). The PIDAQ was utilized as main outcome, comprising items from four conceptual domains: self-confidence, social impact, psychological impact, and aesthetic concern. Participants reported their socio-demographic, behavioural, self-rated general and oral health as well as the poor OHRQOL using the Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument and OT. The mean of PIDAQ and four subscales score and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. Generalized liner regression was used to estimate association between PIDAQ and covariates by calculating the mean ratio (MR) and their 95% CI. RESULTS There were 2936 Australian adults who completed the PIDAQ items. The mean PIDAQ score was 28.8 (95% CI: 28.0-29.6). Higher PIDAQ scores were identified among those who reported non-Australian birth, lower incomes, infrequent dental visits, less than 21 teeth and brushing teeth less than twice a day, fair/poor self-rated general and oral health, and poor OHRQOL. In multivariable modelling, the mean PIDAQ score was 1.91 (95% CI: 1.82-2.00) times higher among those with OIDP score >3 and 1.06 (95% CI:1.01-1.10) times higher in those who had OT, comparing with their counterparts. Also, higher PIDAQ scores were identified among females, last visiting a dentist more than 2 years ago, fair or poor self-rated oral and general health. CONCLUSIONS Higher PIDAQ scores that have a greater impact on OHRQOL were associated with poorer self-rated general and oral health. This may be explained by unfavourable dental attendance and oral health habits. The positive correlation with OIDP scores verifies the validity of the PIDAQ. Those who had received OT had lower PIDAQ and OIDP scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Wahab
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Xiangqun Ju
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Lisa Jamieson
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Craig Dreyer
- Adelaide Dental School, University of Adelaide, Australia
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Valverde-Montalva SH, Flores-Mir C, Rinchuse D, Arriola-Guillén LE. Influence of upper lip curvature on smile attractiveness in patients with different degrees of gingival smiles: A cross-sectional study with opinions from oral health providers and laypersons. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:e321-e329. [PMID: 33568275 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although there is relative consensus about approaches to gingival smile management, there are still discrepancies as to whether a gingival smile is attractive or not. The purpose of this study was to quantify the influence of upper lip curvature shape and the amount of gingival display on the perception of smile attractiveness assessed by Peruvian orthodontists, dentists, and laypersons. METHODS A frontal photograph was digitally altered to generate 3 types of upper lip curvature shapes (upward, straight, and downward) with 5 different levels of gingival smile exposure (0 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, and 5 mm). Fifteen images were generated. Three groups of evaluators (50 dentists, 50 orthodontists, and 50 laypersons) assessed the images using a visual analog scale. One-way analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc tests and multiple linear regressions were applied. RESULTS The downward lip curvature shape had a negative effect on the esthetic evaluation of the smile with gingival exposures of 3 mm or more for all the evaluating groups (approximately 20-30 points less than upward or straight smile curvature shapes, P <0.05). Laypeople gave higher scores of almost 10 points more than dentists and orthodontists when evaluating the upward lip curvature shape with 5 mm of gingival exposure during smile (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS We found that upward or straight upper lip curvature shapes have a positive impact on perceived smile esthetics. In contrast, downward upper lip curvature shapes have a negative effect on perception when evaluating different degrees of gingival smiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Flores-Mir
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Islam M, Alam MK, Yusof A. 3D CT Soft Tissue Craniofacial Analysis and Lip Morphology. PESQUISA BRASILEIRA EM ODONTOPEDIATRIA E CLÍNICA INTEGRADA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/pboci.2021.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Janu A, Azam A, Tandon R, Chandra P, Kulshrestha R, Umale V. Photographic Evaluation, Analysis and Comparison of Aesthetically Pleasing Smiles: A Prospective Study. Turk J Orthod 2020; 33:177-182. [PMID: 32974064 DOI: 10.5152/turkjorthod.2020.19060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the differences in aesthetically pleasing smiles and compare the smile arc parameters in males and females by dental specialists using photographs. Methods The study was conducted on 500 North Indian subjects (Indo-Aryan race; 212 males and 288 females) aged 17-25 years (mean age, males=21.1 years; females=23.4 years), with reasonably pleasing smiles. The facial photographs were taken using a DSLR camera. The standardized photographs were shown to 30 judges for evaluation and rated using the visual analog scale. The smiles were categorized into attractive, fair, and average. The quantification of the smile characteristics was done by using an objective method that involved identifying consonant and non-consonant smiles. Results The association between smile arc and smile attractiveness was significant (p=0.018) in females. The buccal corridor width was higher among those with fair to attractive smiles as compared with those with an average smile (p=0.018). Most subjects with an attractive smile had a smile arc parallel to the upper lip as compared with most subjects with a fair or average smile who did not have the smile arc in parallel (p=0.006). Conclusion Most females were in the fair to attractive category whereas most males were in the average to fair category. The buccal corridor width was found to be higher among those with a fair to attractive smile as compared with those with an average smile. There was an association between smile arc and smile attractiveness in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anisha Janu
- Department of Dentistry, JLN Medical College and Hospital, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aftab Azam
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ragni Tandon
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pratik Chandra
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Saraswati Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rohit Kulshrestha
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Terna Dental College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vinay Umale
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Yogita Dental College, Khed, Maharashtra, India
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Upper Lip Horizontal Line: Characteristics of a Dynamic Facial Line. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186672. [PMID: 32933221 PMCID: PMC7559705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background: Upper lip appearance received major attention with the introduction of diverse treatment modalities, including lip augmentation, rhinoplasty surgery, and dental treatment designed to support the upper lip. Our objectives were to define the prevalence and characteristics of the upper lip horizontal line (ULHL), which is a dynamic line appearing during a smile, in relation to gender, malocclusions, aging, and facial morphology. Methods: First, the prevalence and gender distribution of ULHL was examined from standardized en-face imaging at full smile of 643 randomly selected patients. Second, cephalometric and dental cast model analyses were made for 97 consecutive patients divided into three age groups. Results: ULHL appears in 13.8% of the population examined, and prevailed significantly more in females (78%). The prevalence of ULHL was not related to age nor to malocclusion. Patients presenting ULHL showed shorter upper lip and deeper lip sulcus. The skeletal pattern showed longer mid-face, shorter lower facial height and greater prevalence of a gummy smile. Conclusions: Female patients with short upper lip, concavity of the upper lip, and gummy smile are more likely to exhibit ULHL. The ULHL is not age-related and can be identified in children and young adults. Therefore, it should be considered when selecting diverse treatment modalities involving the upper lip.
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Paredes-Gallardo V, Bellot-Arcís C, García-Sanz V. Miniscrew mechanics for molar distalization and incisor intrusion in a patient with a Class II brachyfacial pattern and gummy smile. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2020; 158:273-285. [PMID: 32620481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A gummy smile is one of the most problematic characteristics in patients with a Class II Division 2 malocclusion, and the correction of vertical position and incisor torque is often challenging for the orthodontist. This case report describes the orthodontic treatment of a 31-year-old woman, assisted by miniscrew mechanics for maxillary arch distalization and correction of a gummy smile with a brachyfacial pattern. Two different mechanics were used. Miniscrews were placed in both maxillary tuberosities, and the maxillary arch was successfully distalized, correcting the Class II relationship. Interradicular miniscrews were placed for maxillary and mandibular incisor intrusion to correct the gummy smile, overbite, and torque. Finally, periodontal surgery was performed to lengthen the maxillary incisor crowns. Satisfactory smile esthetics and good occlusion were achieved. Follow-up after 24 months confirmed that the outcome was stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Paredes-Gallardo
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Bellot-Arcís
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Verónica García-Sanz
- Orthodontics Teaching Unit, Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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Koseoglu M, Bayindir F. Effects of gingival margin asymmetries on the smile esthetic perception of dental professionals and lay people. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 32:480-486. [PMID: 32596944 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of different gingival margin asymmetries of anterior tooth on the smile esthetic perceptions of dentists, prosthodontists, periodontists and lay people. MATERIALS AND METHODS A frontal close-up smile photo of a woman was used in this study. Image was digitally altered in order to create gingival margin asymmetries in left maxillary central, lateral incisors, and canines. Four stages of alterations were made in 0.5 mm increments. The final images were randomly assessed by 240 evaluators: 60 dentists, 60 prosthodontists, 60 periodontists, and 60 lay people. Questionnaire was carried out by a single researcher and each rater was asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the smile images by using the visual analog scale. Collected data were analyzed by using one-way ANOVA test with post hoc Scheffé test. RESULTS Smiles with 0.5 mm gingival margin asymmetries were found to be more esthetic, while 2 mm gingival asymmetries were less esthetic (P ˂ .001). Lay people's esthetic scores were higher than other groups in all degrees of asymmetries (P ˂ .001). Esthetic scores of canine teeth were higher than, lateral, and central teeth (P ˂ .001). CONCLUSIONS As the amount of asymmetries increased, esthetic scores decreased in all groups. Gingival margin asymmetries were less perceptible laterally. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study may help dental professionals to understand which gingival asymmetries are found by patients as esthetic or unesthetic and guides them in their dental treatment, especially in the aesthetic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Koseoglu
- Graduate Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Sakarya, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Funda Bayindir
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Ataturk, Erzurum, Turkey
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Oomori Y, Nihara J, Takahashi K, Saito I. Changes in vermilion lip morphology following orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction for Angle Class II maxillary protrusion. APOS TRENDS IN ORTHODONTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.25259/apos_63_2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:
The objective of the study was to clarify the changes in vermilion lip morphology following orthodontic treatment in Japanese patients with Class II maxillary protrusion.
Materials and Methods:
The subjects were 15 adult women diagnosed as having Angle Class II maxillary protrusion who had undergone orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction. For analysis, profile photographs taken at the first examination and at completion of active treatment were used for linear and angular measurements. For linear measurements on the lateral facial photographs, an X–Y coordinate system was established using a lateral cephalogram superimposed along the line of the profile. Measurement points relating to the vermilion lip morphology were measured on the facial photographs by digital processing, with the Frankfort horizontal (FH) plane as the X-axis, and the line perpendicular to the X-axis passing through the alar curvature point (Ac) as the Y-axis.
Results:
The results of linear measurements showed significant retraction of approximately 3.0 mm in the upper vermilion lip, and mean retraction of the upper incisors after treatment was approximately 6.0 mm. However, whereas mean retraction of the lower incisors was approximately 1.0 mm, there was significant retraction of the lower vermilion lip of over 3.0 mm. Significant reduction in vermilion height was also found in the upper vermilion lip. With regard to angular measurements, the upper lip and total vermilion showed significant reductions that indicated inversion.
Conclusion:
Adequate retraction of the upper incisors in the maxillary protrusion with excessive overjet may retract not only the upper vermilion lip but also the lower one, suggesting that morphological changes in the lower lip are affected by the positioning of the upper incisors. In addition, the patterns of morphological changes differed between the upper and lower vermilion lips, with a large proportion of rotational change toward the mucous membrane in the upper vermilion lip and with a pattern of change resembling horizontal displacement in the lower vermilion lip. Total vermilion showed a significant reduction in vermilion height due to the reduction in height of the upper vermilion lip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oomori
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,
| | - Jun Nihara
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,
| | - Kojiro Takahashi
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,
| | - Isao Saito
- Division of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry and Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,
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Does a learning curve exist for accuracy in three-dimensional planning for maxillary positioning in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 49:787-793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bengtsson M, Loh JSP, Wall G, Becktor JP, Rasmusson L. Is there a difference in judgement of facial appearance depending on ethnic background? Photographic evaluation of facial appearance in orthognathic surgery. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 58:812-818. [PMID: 32409131 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2020.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Is there a variation in facial ideals depending on ethnic background that affects judgements of outcome in orthognathic surgery? How does the evaluation correlate with patient-reported outcome measures? Two evaluation panels, Singaporean and Swedish, judged photographs of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery taken before and after operation. Improvement in facial aesthetics was calculated between the two ratings. The result was compared between the panels and correlated with health-related quality of life (QoL) measures. Thirty male and 27 female patients aged between 18 and 28 years (mean 21) were included, and 52 subjects were eligible for comparison of health-related QoL. The photographic evaluation showed that both panels judged there to be significant improvement in facial aesthetics after treatment (p<0.001). The Singaporean panel rated the overall facial appearance higher than the Swedish panel when evaluating photographs both before (p=0.025) and after (p=0.032) operation. Improvement of the overall facial appearance showed no significant difference between the panels (p>0.30). No correlation between health-related QoL and improvement of facial appearance was found by either panel. Subjective evaluation of facial aesthetics in orthognathic surgery is unaffected by the observer's ethnic origin. Independently of their ethnicity, the evaluation juries found that facial aesthetics improved after orthognathic surgery. Improvement reported by the juries corresponded to that reported by patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bengtsson
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, the University Hospital of Skåne, 22185 Lund.
| | - J S P Loh
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore.
| | - G Wall
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, the University Hospital of Skåne, 22185 Lund
| | - J P Becktor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Oral Medicine, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 20506 Malmö.
| | - L Rasmusson
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, the Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, Box 450, 405 30 Göteborg.
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Revilla-León M, Ashby MT, Meyer MJ, Umorin M, Barrington JJ, Zandinejad A. Layperson and Dental Professional Perception When Evaluating Their Own Virtually 2D or 3D Simulated Esthetic Discrepancies. J Prosthodont 2020; 29:466-471. [PMID: 32369876 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the perceptions of laypersons, dental students, and dentists regarding disparities of the maxillary dental midline and the occlusal plane (OP) when analyzing their own 2D or 3D clinical simulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS 20 participants per group volunteered (N = 60). Intraoral and facial scans, and a photograph were obtained from each participant. Two simulation groups were created: 2D and 3D groups, which were subdivided into two subgroups. In the first subgroup, the OP was modified by 1-degree increments without changing the maxillary midline. In the second subgroup, the OP was modified by the same increments, but the maxillary midline was altered to match the OP inclination. Participants were asked to rate the simulations on a 1-to-6 scale and a question survey. Ordinal logistic regression (OR) was used to analyze the ratings. RESULTS Tilt of the OP had the strongest negative effect on the ratings which was further amplified by the dental midline inclination (OR = 0.122). Midline modification alone did not affect the ratings (OR = 0.744). 3D simulations had a stronger positive effect on the ratings compared to 2D simulations. For dental students, the positive rating effect of 3D simulations was similar to dentists. For laypersons, the positive rating effect of 3D simulations compared to the 2D simulations decreased relative to dentists. The survey revealed that 45% of the dentists, 80% of the students, and 50% of the laypersons preferred the 3D simulation. CONCLUSIONS The type of dimensional representation affected the esthetic perception of all participants. 3D simulations obtained higher esthetic ratings for the same esthetic discrepancy than 2D simulations. However, all participants' ratings decreased with increased tilt of the OP and were further decreased with the inclination of the dental midline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Advance Education in General Dentistry, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX.,Graduate in Prosthodontics, Restorative Dentistry Department, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mark T Ashby
- Advance Education in General Dentistry, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
| | - Matthew J Meyer
- Advance Education in General Dentistry, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
| | - Mikhail Umorin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
| | - Jennifer J Barrington
- Department of General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
| | - Amirali Zandinejad
- Advance Education in General Dentistry, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, TX
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Pinzan-Vercelino CRM, Costa ACS, Ferreira MC, Bramante FS, Fialho MPN, Gurgel JDA. Comparison of gingival display in smile attractiveness among restorative dentists, orthodontists, prosthodontists, periodontists, and laypeople. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 123:314-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Revilla-León M, Campbell HE, Meyer MJ, Umorin M, Sones A, Zandinejad A. Esthetic dental perception comparisons between 2D- and 3D-simulated dental discrepancies. J Prosthet Dent 2020; 124:763-773. [PMID: 31982145 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Intraoral scanners (IOSs), facial scanners (FSs), and computer-aided design (CAD) software programs have become powerful tools for treatment planning. However, discrepancies in perception regarding 2-dimensional (2D) or 3-dimensional (3D) simulations by dentists, dental students, and laypeople have not been analyzed. PURPOSE The purpose of this observational study was to analyze the perceptions of laypersons, dental students, and dentists regarding disparities of the maxillary dental midline and the occlusal plane when analyzing the dental discrepancies on 2D- and 3D-clinical simulations. MATERIAL AND METHODS A female model was digitized by using an FS, IOS, and a full-face smile photograph. Dental discrepancies were simulated by using a 2D photograph (2D group) and 3D scan (3D group) of the model. In both simulation groups, 2 subgroups were produced. The occlusal plane of the first subgroup was modified in 1-degree increments without changing the dental midline or the position of the maxillary dental incisors. In the second subgroup, the occlusal plane was modified by using the same increments, but the maxillary central incisors and dental midline were altered to match the inclination of the occlusal plane. A total of 300 participants (N=300) were asked to rate the 2D images (N=12) and 3D videos (N=12) on a 1-to-6 scale and answer a questionnaire. Ordinal logistic regression was used to analyze the ratings. RESULTS The ratings decreased with the increased tilt of the occlusal plane, and the layperson group gave consistently higher ratings than the other 2 groups. For dentists, the odds of giving a higher versus lower rating decreased by almost a half for each degree of tilt. However, for students, that effect was diminished by a positive interaction term, and for laypersons, the effect was even less. Students gave similar ratings to dentists, but laypersons gave higher ratings. As the age of the participants increased, however, the ratings also increased. The use of 3D versus 2D images had a positive effect on the ratings, but the effect decreased for the student observers and decreased even further for laypersons. Furthermore, midline alteration led to higher ratings but also resulted in worsening of the odds ratio for the tilt. Seventy percent of the dentists, 57% of the dental students, and 52% of the laypersons preferred 2D simulations to 3D simulations. CONCLUSIONS Dentists, dental students, and laypersons decreased their ratings with increased inclination of the occlusal plane; however, laypersons still graded all the 2D and 3D images as esthetically pleasant, giving consistently higher ratings than the dentists and dental students. Overall, 3D simulations obtained higher ratings than 2D images, but the positive effect decreased for the student observers and decreased even further for laypersons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director AEGD, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas; Affiliate Assistant Professor, Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Researcher, Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Hayley E Campbell
- Predoctoral student, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matthew J Meyer
- Predoctoral student, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mikhail Umorin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amerian Sones
- Director, Continuing Education, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amirali Zandinejad
- Associate Professor and Program Director AEGD, Comprehensive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
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Kitahara T, Islam R, Nakata S. Quantitative evaluation of lip morphology at rest and on smiling in orthognathic patients with hyperdivergent retrognathism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.odw.2009.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kitahara
- Division of Oral Health, Growth & Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rafiqul Islam
- Department of Orthodontics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Nakata
- Division of Oral Health, Growth & Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Pollini A, Morton D, Arunyanak SP, Harris BT, Lin WS. Evaluation of esthetic parameters related to a single implant restoration by laypeople and dentists. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 124:94-99. [PMID: 31753457 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Currently available assessment tools for evaluating the esthetic outcome of implant restorations consist of objective indices created for dentists. The investigation of esthetic parameters according to the patient's perspective is lacking. PURPOSE The purpose of this observational study was to evaluate and compare the importance of different soft-tissue and restoration-related esthetic parameters for patients and clinicians. MATERIAL AND METHODS A photoediting software program (Photoshop CC; Adobe Corp) was used to produce 10 photographs with modified smiles from the original photograph by altering 1 parameter of the pink esthetic score and white esthetic score (PES/WES) at a time. A total of 120 participants were recruited in the study, including 40 laypeople, 40 prosthodontists, and 40 periodontists. A total of 440 visual analog scale (VAS) values were obtained for each group to record participants' subjective esthetic assessments of all photographs (10 modified and 1 original photograph). Repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc mean comparison (t grouping) were used to identify whether the individual alteration on the PES and WES indices was significant for each group. RESULTS For the laypeople, color (hue and value) appeared to be the most important parameter. After color, the order of importance was as follows: root convexity along with soft-tissue color and texture, level of facial mucosa, distal papilla, mesial papilla, translucency or characterization, surface texture, and tooth form. For the periodontists, color (hue and value) was also the most important parameter, but it was not separable from a cluster of other parameters: level of facial mucosa, root convexity along with soft-tissue color and texture, mesial papilla, and distal papilla. For the prosthodontists, color (hue and value) and level of facial mucosa were the most important parameters affecting esthetic assessment, followed by root convexity along with soft-tissue color and texture, mesial papilla, and distal papilla. CONCLUSIONS All groups graded color (hue and value) as the most important parameter affecting the esthetic outcome and the original unaltered photograph as the most esthetically pleasing image. All participants (laypeople and dental specialists) appeared to be able to perceive the same 5 parameters including color (hue and value), level of facial mucosa, mesial papilla, distal papilla, and root convexity along with soft-tissue color and texture that are negatively affecting esthetic outcomes. Except for color (hue and value), restoration-related esthetic parameters had a lesser effect on the overall esthetic assessments for all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Pollini
- Assistant Professor, Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Dean Morton
- Professor and Chair, Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Sirikarn P Arunyanak
- Lecturer, Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bryan T Harris
- Private practice, The Center for Aesthetic and Implant Dentistry, Louisville, Ky
| | - Wei-Shao Lin
- Associate Professor and Program Director, Advanced Education Program in Prosthodontics, Department of Prosthodontics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, Ind.
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Aldhorae K, Alqadasi B, Altawili ZM, Assiry A, Shamalah A, Al-Haidari SA. Perception of Dental Students and Laypersons to Altered Dentofacial Aesthetics. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2019; 10:85-95. [PMID: 32181225 PMCID: PMC7055345 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_340_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims and Objectives: The aims of the study were to comprehensively assess the perception of altered dentofacial aesthetics between dental students and laypersons and to identify the threshold where different variables such gender and clinical training impair dentofacial attractiveness. Materials and Methods: Ten photographs were digitally manipulated involving three facial, two smile, four dental, and one gingival components. Fifty images were randomized and rated according to attractiveness by two groups dental students which subdivided into preclinical students and clinical students, and laypersons. The participants evaluated the original and manipulated images using a visual analog scale. The responses were then analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test. Results: The results showed threshold levels of noticeable differences between varying levels of discrepancy. The overall perception of aesthetics was high among dental clinical students with the highest perception toward facial profile and the lowest toward gingival margin height. Of the respondents, no differences were found in the perception between male and female participants. Dental students perceived aesthetic components more accurately than laypersons. Conclusion: Dental students group had a better perception of dentofacial aesthetics than included laypersons. Unlike gender, clinical training has a substantial positive effect on the assessment of beauty. Dental students sub divided into dental preclinical students and dental clinical students (clinical training is a variable of all subgroups).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Aldhorae
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Thamar University, Thamar, Yemen
| | - Basema Alqadasi
- Orthodontic Department, Hospital of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zainab M Altawili
- College of dentistry University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Ali Assiry
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Najran University, Najran, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas Shamalah
- College of dentistry University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
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Gautam B, Sreedharan S, Seetha SM. Photographic Profile Analysis in Preschool Children of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019; 12:111-115. [PMID: 31571782 PMCID: PMC6749875 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of the study is to establish baseline normative data regarding facial soft tissue profile measurements in preschool children of Thiruvananthapuram. Materials and methods The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted at the Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College, Thiruvanthapuram. Two hundred fifty children of 3 to 5 years of age reporting at the outpatient department with complete primary dentition and flush terminal plane molar relation were the sampling unit. Children with mixed dentition, with the a presence of proximal caries and any oral habit and maxillofacial trauma/pathology/developmental defects, were not included in the study. The level of significance for the study was set as p < 0.05. Results Mean values of the study variable with standard deviation obtained with a narrow range of 95% the confidence interval indicated higher accuracy of the study. Conclusion The values obtained in the study can be used as a reference for an initial orthodontic evaluation of a child during the early mixed dentition period. The study will help in predicting the direction of growth of the dentofacial region, its effect on facial parameters, and, hence, the treatment plan can be modified accordingly. The study will serve as the reference study for further studies with molar plane relation other than FTP. How to cite this article Gautam B, Sreedharan S, et al. Photographic Profile Analysis in Preschool Children of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2019;12(2):111–115.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Gautam
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Sheela Sreedharan
- Department of Pedodontics, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Suchithra M Seetha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Revilla-León M, Meyer MJ, Barrington JJ, Sones A, Umorin MP, Taleghani M, Zandinejad A. Perception of occlusal plane that is nonparallel to interpupillary and commissural lines but with the maxillary dental midline ideally positioned. J Prosthet Dent 2019; 122:482-490. [PMID: 31003694 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM How disparities in parallelism between the occlusal plane and the interpupillary (IP) or commissural facial front lines are perceived is unclear. PURPOSE The purpose of this observational study was to examine the perceptions of laypersons, dental students, and dentists regarding disparities of the anterior occlusal plane (AOP) and posterior occlusal plane (POP) with respect to the IP and commissural line (CL) with the maxillary dental midline ideally positioned. MATERIAL AND METHODS A model of a symmetric female face was digitally created with the IP and CL parallel and the facial midline coincident with the maxillary dental midline. Two groups of images were created, one with the POP modified in 1-degree increments, in which both the maxillary dental midline and the position of the maxillary central incisors were not manipulated, and the other with the POP modified in the same increments but with the position of both maxillary central incisors lengthened to follow the inclination of the occlusal plane. Participants (N=312) were asked to rate the images on a 1-to-6 scale. The Kruskal-Wallis medians test and ordinal logistic regression were used to analyze the ratings. RESULTS Group median ratings for different occupations gradually decreased with increased inclination of the occlusal plane. Significant differences were found for inclinations from 2 to 5 degrees. Significant odd ratios were found for age and sex. CONCLUSIONS Dental professionals detected smaller POP disparities. The dentist and dental student groups gave lower ratings in proportion to the amount of POP inclination. Laypersons gave lower ratings only after 3 degrees of POP inclination but still graded all the images as esthetically pleasant. Older people and men tended to give higher ratings to the same image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Revilla-León
- Assistant Professor and Assistant Program Director AEGD, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas; Affiliate Faculty, Graduate Prosthodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash; Researcher, Revilla Research Center, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Matthew J Meyer
- Predoctoral student, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Jennifer J Barrington
- Clinical Associate Professor and Director Comprehensive Care Program, Department of General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amerian Sones
- Director, Continuing Education, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mikhail P Umorin
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Mohsen Taleghani
- Chair, Department of General Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
| | - Amirali Zandinejad
- Associate Professor and Program Director AEGD, College of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas
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Sobral MC, Crusoé-Rebello IM, Machado AW. Does the presence of maxillary central incisor edge asymmetry influence the perception of dentofacial esthetics in video analysis? Angle Orthod 2019; 89:775-780. [PMID: 30855182 DOI: 10.2319/080118-556.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of incisal edge asymmetry of the maxillary central incisors on dentofacial esthetics among orthodontists, prosthodontists, and laypersons using video analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Full-face films of a 52-year-old afro-descendant woman displaying various levels of incisal wear in the esthetic zone were captured. An acrylic resin mockup was made of the maxillary anterior region, enabling the reproduction of an attractive smile and restoring tooth wear. Four different levels of incisal asymmetry between the upper central incisors in 0.5 mm increments were prepared from this mockup. A film was made for each level of asymmetry (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) and one with no asymmetry, with the patient repeating a sentence, totaling five films. After a pilot study and sample calculation, the films were evaluated by 138 examiners: 46 orthodontists, 46 laypeople, and 46 prosthodontists. Each examiner evaluated the dentofacial esthetics of each film using visual analog scales. Data collected were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Highest scores were awarded to the film with no asymmetry between upper centrals and the one with 0.5 mm of asymmetry. The asymmetries of 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm had the lowest scores from all three groups. CONCLUSIONS The results of this video analysis indicate that asymmetries equal to or greater than 1.0 mm between the upper central incisors edges jeopardize dentofacial esthetics.
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Foudah MA. Lip repositioning: An alternative to invasive surgery a 4 year follow up case report. Saudi Dent J 2019; 31:S78-S84. [PMID: 31061607 PMCID: PMC6488763 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive Gingival Display (EGD) is a multifactorial condition that needs to be managed in a sequential manner in order to reach the proper treatment technique that targets and resolves the underlying etiologies. An innovative procedure called lip repositioning has been introduced and used recently either alone or in combination with other techniques. It can be used in certain cases as an easier, less complicated alternative to major surgical methods providing a pleasant satisfactory camouflage effect with lower morbidity. A case report is presented to show the preparatory and surgical steps used to treat a 25-year-old patient with EGD using lip repositioning technique as an alternative to invasive surgery with satisfactory results that has been stable for 4 years.
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Key Words
- CEJ, Cemento Enamel Junction
- CHX, Chlorhexidine
- EGD, Excessive Gingival Display
- Esthetics
- Gummy smile
- HUL, Hyperactive Upper Lip
- Hyperactive upper lip
- KAG, Keratinized Attached Gingiva
- KAUFD, King AbdulAziz University Faculty of Dentistry
- Lip repositioning
- MCPF, Mucosal Coronally Positioned flap
- MGJ, Mucogingival Junction
- NSAID’s, Non Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs
- OPG, Orthopantomograph
- PA, Peri-apical x-ray
- Plastic surgery
- VME, Vertical Maxillary Excess
- Vertical maxillary excess
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashael A Foudah
- Department of Periodontology, University Dental Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Does the gender of the subject affect perceived smile aesthetics when varying the dimensions of maxillary lateral incisors? Br Dent J 2018; 225:235-240. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2018.543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Lagorsse A, Gebeile-Chauty S. [Does gender make a difference in orthodontics? A literature review]. Orthod Fr 2018; 89:157-168. [PMID: 30040615 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr/2018011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this literature review is to investigate whether the gender of patients and practitioners makes any difference to orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-nine articles were selected, the vast majority of which studied patient gender. RESULTS Young females are the category of patients which most often apply for orthodontic treatment, probably because of their higher aesthetic demands, despite their objective needs being no greater. Aesthetic, skeletal and dental analyses reveal an obvious dimorphism with larger dimensions in males, especially for the nose, cheekbones, mouth and mandibular canines. Nevertheless, cephalometric angular values do not vary significantly between male and female individuals. Growth is quantitatively greater in males. It also occurs later, as does eruption and maturation of their teeth. Response to the different orthodontic / orthopedic therapies would appear not to differ according to the sex of the patient. DISCUSSION These results, however, need to be qualified according to the country concerned, the patients' life style and mind frames, as these can modify or influence the studied parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Lagorsse
- Département d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Faculté d'Odontologie, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
| | - Sarah Gebeile-Chauty
- Département d'Orthopédie Dento-Faciale, Faculté d'Odontologie, rue Guillaume Paradin, 69372 Lyon cedex 08, France
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Kawashima Y, Kure K, Arai K. Cephalometric characteristics of postorthodontic female patients with attractive and unattractive frontal posed smiles. Angle Orthod 2018; 88:797-805. [PMID: 29911910 DOI: 10.2319/092017-631.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To identify differences in skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue morphology between postorthodontic patients with attractive and unattractive frontal posed smiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The attractiveness of close-up photographs of frontal posed smiles in 100 adult female patients after conventional orthodontic treatment was evaluated by 20 dental students (10 men, 10 women) using a visual analogue scale. Posttreatment cephalograms of the 20 patients with the most attractive smiles (attractive group; mean age 23.75 ± 3.35 years) and the 20 patients with least attractive smiles (unattractive group; mean age 23.11 ± 4.45 years) were selected, and 41 measurements were made and compared between groups using the Mann-Whitney U-test ( P < .05). RESULTS: When compared with the attractive group, the unattractive group exhibited greater values for sella-nasion plane to mandibular plane, palatal plane to mandibular plane, anterior facial height, lower facial height, and lower facial height/anterior facial height as skeletal measurements; for occlusal plane to sella-nasion plane, palatal plane to occlusal plane, and maxillary central incisor to palatal plane as dental measurements; and for lower face, upper lip length, and upper lip superior to palatal plane as soft-tissue measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Cephalometric analysis revealed that postorthodontic Japanese female patients with unattractive frontal posed smiles are characterized by a hyperdivergent skeletal pattern with extruded maxillary incisors and a steep occlusal plane, accompanied by a longer upper lip than patients achieving attractive posed frontal smiles.
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Wang S, Lin H, Yang Y, Zhao X, Mei L, Zheng W, Li Y, Zhao Z. Use of autonomous maximal smile to evaluate dental and gingival exposure. Korean J Orthod 2018; 48:182-188. [PMID: 29732304 PMCID: PMC5932320 DOI: 10.4041/kjod.2018.48.3.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to validate the autonomous maximal smile (AMS) as a new reference for evaluating dental and gingival exposure. Methods Digital video clips of 100 volunteers showing posed smiles and AMS at different verbal directives were recorded for evaluation a total of three times at 1-week intervals. Lip-teeth relationship width (LTRW) and buccal corridor width (BCW) were measured. LTRW represented the vertical distance between the inferior border of the upper vermilion and the edge of the maxillary central incisors. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for reproducibility, and the m-value (minimum number of repeated measurements required for an ICC level over 0.75), were calculated. Results LTRW and BCW of the AMS were 1.41 and 2.04 mm, respectively, greater than those of the posed smile (p < 0.05), indicating significantly larger dental and gingival exposure in the AMS. The reproducibility of the AMS (0.74 to 0.77) was excellent, and higher than that of the posed smile (0.62 to 0.65), which had fair-to-good reproducibility. Moreover, the m-value of the AMS (0.88 to 1.05) was lower than that of the posed smile (1.59 to 1.85). Conclusions Compared to the posed smile, the AMS shows significantly larger LTRW and BCW, with significantly higher reproducibility. The AMS might serve as an adjunctive reference, in addition to the posed smile, in orthodontic and other dentomaxillofacial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hengzhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Mei
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, Sir John Walsh Research Institute, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Wei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of maxillofacial surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Menezes EBC, Bittencourt MAV, Machado AW. Do different vertical positions of maxillary central incisors influence smile esthetics perception? Dental Press J Orthod 2018; 22:95-105. [PMID: 28658361 PMCID: PMC5484275 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.22.2.095-105.oar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the perception of smile esthetics among orthodontists and layperson, with respect to different maxillary central incisors vertical positions in full-face and close-up smile analyses. METHODS: Frontal photographs of the smiles of two adult women were used. Images were altered to create a symmetrical image with the gingival margin levels of the maxillary canines matching the central incisors and a 1.0-mm central-to-lateral incisal step. Later, the images were altered in order to create six different central incisor vertical positions in 0.5-mm increments. The images were randomly assembled in an album, which was given to 114 judges, 57 orthodontists and 57 laypersons, who were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of the images using the visual analog scale. The data collected were statistically analyzed by means of 1-way analysis of variance with the Tukey post-hoc test and the Student t test. RESULTS: The highest rated smiles showed two notable characteristics: a) the central incisor gingival margins matched or were 0.5 mm below the line of the canine gingival margins and; b) the central-to-lateral incisal step was 1.0 to 1.5 mm. The worst smiles showed two notable characteristics: a) the central incisor gingival margins were 1.0 mm above or 1.5 mm below the canine gingival margins and; b) no step between the centrals and laterals or a 2.5-mm step. CONCLUSION: The vertical position of the maxillary central incisors significantly affected the perception of the smile esthetics, whereas slightly extruded central incisors were more esthetically preferred than intruded.
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Manevska I, Pavlic A, Katic V, Trinajstic Zrinski M, Drevensek M, Spalj S. Satisfaction with facial profile aesthetics: are norms overrated? Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017; 47:72-78. [PMID: 28886894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore to what extent adults perceive deviations from the norm of a balanced profile with normal occlusion as reducing satisfaction with facial appearance and having a psychosocial impact. This cross-sectional study included 225 Caucasian subjects (64% women) aged 18-42 years. Their facial profiles were analyzed photogrammetrically and they were classified into three categories: within, below, or above the standard range for the Croatian population with a normal occlusion. Psychosocial issues were assessed by self-reported satisfaction with facial appearance and domains from the Orthognathic Quality of Life Questionnaire: social aspects of dentofacial aesthetics (SA), facial aesthetics concern (FA), and awareness of dentofacial aesthetics (AW). Men with a concave profile were less satisfied with their faces than those with a flat or convex profile (P<0.05). A reduced upper lip height in men resulted in a lower level of satisfaction and increased FA score, when compared to men with a normal or increased upper lip height (P<0.05). In women, a reduced middle third of the face increased AW (P=0.045). Deviations from a well-balanced facial profile, as well as the morphology of the nose and lip, do not increase psychosocial issues to a great extent. The range of acceptable facial characteristics is evidently much broader than the norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Manevska
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia.
| | - A Pavlic
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - V Katic
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - M Trinajstic Zrinski
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - M Drevensek
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Spalj
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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The influence of lip form on incisal display with lips in repose on the esthetic preferences of dentists and lay people. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 118:413-421. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Influence of the Smile Line on Smile Attractiveness in Short and Long Face Individuals. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:2637148. [PMID: 28928770 PMCID: PMC5591915 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2637148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study assessed the impact of facial height on attractiveness of smile, in association with the maxillary gingival display. This research was performed by dental professionals and laypersons. Materials and Methods Frontal extraoral photographs were captured for both short and long faces. The photographs were modified using software for image-processing and three rater groups (orthodontists, dentists, and laypersons) evaluated the smile attractiveness, with 30 subjects in each group. Differences in ratings of the different smiles among the different experimental groups were examined using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The Mann–Whitney U test was performed for pairwise comparisons between the experimental groups. Results Dentists and laypeople were most likely to agree. For the short face, laypeople and dentists both rated the +2 mm gingival display smile as the most attractive smile whilst orthodontists ranked the 0 mm gingival display smile as the most attractive smile. For the long face, laypeople and dentists ranked the 0 mm gingival display smile as the most attractive smile, whilst orthodontists ranked the +2 mm gingival display as the most attractive. Conclusion Smile line of both short and long face subjects was found to influence the smile attractiveness rating by the three rater groups.
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Silva BP, Jiménez-Castellanos E, Finkel S, Macias IR, Chu SJ. Layperson’s preference regarding orientation of the transverse occlusal plane and commissure line from the frontal perspective. J Prosthet Dent 2017; 117:513-516. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gibelli D, De Angelis D, Poppa P, Sforza C, Cattaneo C. An Assessment of How Facial Mimicry Can Change Facial Morphology: Implications for Identification. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:405-410. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gibelli
- LAFAS, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
- LABANOF; Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense; Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Danilo De Angelis
- LABANOF; Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense; Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Pasquale Poppa
- LABANOF; Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense; Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- LAFAS, Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- LABANOF; Laboratorio di Antropologia e Odontologia Forense; Sezione di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute; Università degli Studi di Milano; Milan Italy
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Eduarda Assad Duarte M, Martins Machado R, Fonseca Jardim da Motta A, Nelson Mucha J, Trindade Motta A. Morphological Simulation of Different Incisal Embrasures: Perception of Laypersons, Orthodontic Patients, General Dentists and Orthodontists. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2016; 29:68-78. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda Assad Duarte
- Cert Ortho Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil, DDS
| | - Ricardo Martins Machado
- Cert Ortho, MSc Student, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil, DDS
| | - Andrea Fonseca Jardim da Motta
- Associate professor of Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil, DDS, MS, PhD
| | - José Nelson Mucha
- Professor and chair of Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil, DDS, MS, PhD
| | - Alexandre Trindade Motta
- Associate professor of Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry; Fluminense Federal University; Niterói Rio de Janeiro Brazil, DDS, MS, PhD
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Pithon MM, Alves LP, da Costa Prado M, Oliveira RL, Costa MSC, da Silva Coqueiro R, Gusmão JMR, Santos RL. Perception of Esthetic Impact of Smile Line in Complete Denture Wearers by Different Age Groups. J Prosthodont 2016; 25:531-535. [PMID: 26372165 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate esthetic perceptions based on tooth exposure when smiling of patients wearing complete dentures by evaluators in different age groups. MATERIALS AND METHODS Alterations were made to a front view photograph of a smiling patient wearing complete maxillary and mandibular dentures. Alterations in the smile line were simulated to increase or decrease tooth exposure (increments of 0.5 mm). For this purpose, image manipulation software was used. After manipulation, images were printed on photo paper, attached to a questionnaire, and distributed to individuals in three age groups (n = 150). To evaluate the esthetic perception for each image, a visual analog scale was used, with 0 representing least attractive, 5 representing attractive, and 10 representing very attractive. Differences between examiners were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. All statistical analyses were performed with a degree of confidence of 95%. RESULTS Two evaluators did not observe any differences between images. The images given the best and worst scores were E and O (alterations of 2 and 7 mm), respectively, in the 15- to 19-year-old group, B and O (alterations of 0.5 and 7 mm), respectively, in the 35- to 44-year-old group, and A and M (no alteration and 6 mm alteration), respectively, in the 65- to 74-year-old group. When the images were presented together (images 1 and 2), the unaltered image was selected by individuals of different age groups as the best, and the image with a change of 7 mm was selected as the worst. CONCLUSION In this study, complete dental prostheses with smile lines that coincided with the cervical margins of the anterior teeth were the most acceptable. Less exposure of the maxillary teeth when smiling corresponded with decreased attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Melo Pithon
- Department of Health I, Southwest Bahia State University UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Pereira Alves
- Department of Health I, Southwest Bahia State University UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Rener Leal Oliveira
- Department of Health I, Southwest Bahia State University UESB, Jequié, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rogério Lacerda Santos
- Department of Health and Technology Rural, Federal University of Campina Grande, Patos, Paraíba, Brazil
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Machado RM, Assad Duarte ME, Jardim da Motta AF, Mucha JN, Motta AT. Variations between maxillary central and lateral incisal edges and smile attractiveness. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2016; 150:425-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hourfar J, Bister D, Lisson JA, Goldbecher C, Ludwig B. Vestibulo-Oral inclination of maxillary and mandibular canines and bicuspids - a CBCT investigation. Head Face Med 2016; 12:22. [PMID: 27389031 PMCID: PMC4936012 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-016-0119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this retrospective study was to measure tooth and crowns axes of canines, first and second bicuspids of orthodontically untreated subjects with near normal occlusion to: 1. Define norms and reveal potential gender differences and 2. Discuss implications of the findings for orthodontics. METHODS The CBCT-datasets of 167 patients, 56 males (mean age 28.63 years ± 11.99 years) and 111 females (mean age 29.72 years ± 11.47 years) were used. Tooth- and crown axes were measured for right and left sides. Normal distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov-test. For gender comparison independent t-Tests and for comparison of right and left sides a paired t-Test were used for normally distributed data. For data not following normal distribution for gender comparison the Mann-Whitney-U-Test was used and for data comparing the two sides the Wilcoxon signed rank test was applied. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Measurement of tooth axes revealed buccal inclination for both genders with maximum values for maxillary and mandibular canines. Statistical significant differences were only found for maxillary canines (P = 0.025) and lower second bicuspids (P = 0.016) respectively. Values for crown axes revealed oral inclination for both genders with maximum values for maxillary first bicuspids and in the mandible for first and second bicuspids. No statistical significant differences were found between the genders apart from asymmetry for crown axes for the upper first bicuspids for males (P = 0.006) and females (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that irrespective of gender, oral inclination of the crowns of canines and premolars is the norm. The values of the most commonly used bracket prescriptions coincide with the average values found in our investigation. For esthetic reasons modifications of torque values can be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Hourfar
- />Department of Orthodontics, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Bister
- />Department of Orthodontics, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London Dental Institute, London, UK
| | - Jörg A. Lisson
- />Department of Orthodontics, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Björn Ludwig
- />Department of Orthodontics, University of Saarland, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- />Private Practice, Am Bahnhof 54, 56841 Traben-Trarbach, Germany
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Veerala G, Gandikota CS, Yadagiri PK, Manne R, Juvvadi SR, Farah T, Vattipelli S, Gumbelli S. Marquardt's Facial Golden Decagon Mask and Its Fitness with South Indian Facial Traits. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:ZC49-52. [PMID: 27190951 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/16791.7593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mathematical ratio of 1:1.618 which is famously known as golden ratio seems to appear recurrently in beautiful things in nature as well as in other things that are seen as beautiful. Dr. Marquardt developed a facial golden mask that contains and includes all of the one-dimensional and two-dimensional geometric golden elements formed from the golden ratio and he claimed that beauty is universal, beautiful faces conforms to the facial golden mask regardless of sex and race. AIM The purpose of this study was to evaluate the goodness of fit of the golden facial mask with the South Indian facial traits. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 150 subjects (75 males & 75 females) with attractive faces were selected with cephalometric orthodontic standards of a skeletal class I relation. The facial aesthetics was confirmed by the aesthetic evaluation of the frontal photographs of the subjects by a panel of ten evaluators including five orthodontists and five maxillofacial surgeons. The well-proportioned photographs were superimposed with the Golden mask along the reference lines, to evaluate the goodness of fit. RESULTS South Indian males and females invariably show a wider inter-zygomatic and inter-gonial width than the golden mask. Most of the South Indian females and males show decreased mid-facial height compared to the golden mask, while the total facial height is more or less equal to the golden mask. CONCLUSION Ethnic or individual discrepancies cannot be totally ignored as in our study the mask did not fit exactly with the South Indian facial traits but, the beauty ratios came closer to those of the mask. To overcome this difficulty, there is a need to develop variants of golden facial mask for different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopi Veerala
- Former Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Gandikota
- Professor and Head, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Poornima K Yadagiri
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjit Manne
- Professor, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Shubhaker Rao Juvvadi
- Reader, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Tamkeen Farah
- Consultant Orthodontist, Tooth Life Dental Care , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Shilpa Vattipelli
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Panineeya Mahavidyalaya Institute of Dental Sciences & Research Centre , Hyderabad, India
| | - Sangeetha Gumbelli
- Consultant Orthodontist, Tooth Life Dental Care , Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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