• Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology
• children
• closed globe injuries
• eye injuries
• open globe injuries

• 000 Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University

• emergency medicine
• ocular trauma
• point‐of‐care testing: ultrasonography
• pupillary reflex
• relative afferent pupillary defect

• Humans
• Prospective Studies
• Adult
• Female
• Male
• Emergency Service, Hospital
• Sensitivity and Specificity
• Point-of-Care Systems
• Eye Injuries/diagnostic imaging
• Eye Injuries/complications
• Pupil Disorders/diagnostic imaging
• Middle Aged
• Cohort Studies
• Ultrasonography/methods
• Young Adult
• Reproducibility of Results
• India

• Humans
• Cataract/etiology
• Eye Injuries/etiology
• Eye Injuries/complications
• Eye Injuries/diagnosis
• Lens, Crystalline/injuries
• Wounds, Nonpenetrating/complications
• Wounds, Nonpenetrating/diagnosis
• Cataract Extraction

• P30 EY001792 NEI NIH HHS
• R01 EY024349 NEI NIH HHS

• blunt injuries
• injury
• ophthalmology
• prevalence

• Male
• Humans
• Female
• Outpatients
• Tertiary Care Centers
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Blindness

• Male
• Child
• Humans
• Infant
• Female
• Lacerations
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Visual Acuity
• Retrospective Studies
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Corneal Injuries

• Myopic shift
• Refractive outcomes
• Sutured intraocular lenses
• Trauma

• outcomes research
• risk factors

• Humans
• Male
• Young Adult
• Adult
• Female
• Retrospective Studies
• Eye Injuries, Penetrating/epidemiology
• Eye Injuries, Penetrating/surgery
• Eye Injuries, Penetrating/complications
• Rural Population
• Prognosis
• Eye Injuries/etiology
• India/epidemiology

• Department of Health | National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)
• National Health and Medical Research Council Dora Lush Postgraduate Research Scholarship

• Corneal diseases
• Corneal endothelium
• Densitometry
• Hyphema
• Lens diseases

• farm work-associated eye injury
• grape breeding
• ocular trauma score
• open-globe injury
• ophthalmic surgery

• closed globe injuries
• eye injuries
• ocular trauma score
• open globe injuries
• pediatric ocular trauma

• Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology Systems
• Ocular Trauma Score
• Pediatric Ocular Trauma Score
• Toddlers Ocular Trauma Score
• pediatric ocular trauma
• traumatic cataract

To determine the prevalence of ocular trauma in Iranian children aged 6–12 years.

This population-based cross-sectional study, comprised the first phase of the Shahroud Schoolchildren Eye Cohort Study on primary school children using cluster sampling in urban areas and census in rural areas. The students underwent the measurement of uncorrected and corrected visual acuity as well as non-cycloplegic, cycloplegic, and subjective refraction. The history of trauma, hospitalization, and surgery due to trauma was collected from parents using a questionnaire.

The data of the trauma history was recorded for 5267 out of 5620 students. The mean age of the students was 9.7 ± 1.7 years (range: 6–12 years), 53.7% of them were boys, and 79.3% were from urban areas. A positive history of ocular trauma was found in 285 participants, and the lifetime prevalence of ocular injury (95% CI) was 5.2% (4.6–5.9). Blunt trauma was the most common ocular injury with a prevalence of 66.2%. There was a significant positive assocation between ocular trauma and living in rural areas (OR: 1.49, p: 0.012), older age (OR: 1.17, p < 0.001), and male sex (OR: 1.62, p: 0.002). Furthermore, 9.3% and 4.7% of the traumas required hospitalization and surgical intervention, respectively.

This study found a marked prevalence of ocular trauma compared to previous studies. Male sex, older age, and living in rural areas were associated with ocular trauma, which could be due to differences in lifestyle preference, outdoor exposure, and dangerous situations. Educational programs and safety instructions should be encouraged.

• Children
• Cross-sectional study
• Iran
• Ocular trauma
• Prevalence

• eye injuries
• blindness/prevention & control
• united sates/epidemiology
• traumatismo ocular
• cegueira/prevenção & controle
• estados unidos/epidemiologia

• Adult
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Eye Injuries/etiology
• Female
• Firearms
• Humans
• Injury Severity Score
• Male
• Retrospective Studies
• United States/epidemiology
• Wounds, Gunshot/complications
• Wounds, Gunshot/epidemiology
• Young Adult

• Ocular trauma score
• Open globe injury
• Traumatic cataract
• Visual outcome

• cataract
• cholesterol
• cholesterol bilayer domains
• fiber cell plasma membrane
• integral membrane protein
• lipid peroxidation
• lipids
• mutations
• post-translational modifications
• α-crystallin

• R01 EY030067 NEI NIH HHS
• R01 EY030067 NIH HHS

To describe the epidemiology and visual outcome of patients with ocular trauma treated at Queen Elizabeth Central hospital in Malawi.

A prospective, observational study was undertaken from September 2017 to December 2017. Data on socio-demographic features, aetiology of trauma, type of ocular injury pre-referral pathway and treatment of ocular trauma was collected as the exposure variables. The main outcome variable was best corrected visual acuity at 8 weeks following initial visit.

A total of 102 patients (103 eyes) with ocular trauma were recruited with loss of follow up of 11 participants at 8 weeks following recruitment. The most affected age group were children under 11 years old (35.3%), followed by young adults of age between 21–30 years (22.5%). The male-to-female ratio for ocular injury was 2.8:1. Most participants had closed globe injuries (n = 72, 70.6%), with over half the population injured by blunt objects (n = 62, 60.8%). Furthermore, among the adult population, majority (n = 19 38%) were injured on the road during assaults (n = 24, 48%), while most paediatric injuries (n = 32, 61.5%) occurred at home during play. The incidence of monocular blindness was 25.3% at eight weeks after the first presentation. Factors that were associated with monocular blindness on multivariate analysis were living in rural areas and open globe injuries.

Ocular trauma led to monocular blindness in a quarter of the study population. There is need for preventive education of ocular injuries at both family and community level.

To study the epidemiology of mechanical ocular trauma and closed globe injury using the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System in patients belonging to the pediatric age group.

This work involved a prospective cohort study of all ocular trauma patients (pediatric age group) registered between 2002 and 2017 at the ocular trauma care center. The data were collected using the international ocular trauma society form through our online MIS data and exported to the Excel sheet. The statistical analyses including the univariate analysis and cross tabulation were carried out using SPSS 22 software.

Our cohort consisted of 12687 patients with mechanical ocular trauma. There were 7546 (59.4%) eyes with open globe ocular injuries and 5328 (41.9%) with closed globe injuries. Of all closed globe injury patients, 1010 (19.0%) belonged to the pediatric age group (0-18 years), including 690 males (68.3%) and 320 females (31.7%). The mean age of the patients was 10.2 ± 5.1 years. Of all closed globe injuries, 692 (68.5%) were closed globe contusion and 318 (31.5%) were lamellar laceration.

Closed globe injury is an important in cause of vision loss in children (24% <1/60). The condition is more prevalent in males and >51.7% in children under 10 years of age. The treatment has significant impact on the visual outcome in patients belonging to the pediatric age group.

• Birmingham eye trauma terminology system
• blunt ocular trauma
• pediatric ocular trauma

• BETTS
• OGI
• OTS
• Ocular trauma
• Ocular trauma score
• Open Globe Injury

• epidemiology
• public health
• trauma

• Binding affinity
• EPR
• Maximum splitting
• Mobility parameter
• Phospholipid membranes
• Physical properties
• Spin-label
• α-crystallin

• Cell Membrane/metabolism
• Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
• Humans
• Lens, Crystalline/metabolism
• Phospholipids/metabolism
• Protein Binding
• alpha-Crystallins/metabolism

• R01 EY030067 NEI NIH HHS

• Aged
• Fall
• Globe rupture
• Ocular
• Orbital
• Orbital fracture
• Retrobulbar haematoma
• Trauma
• Visual impairment

• enucleation
• evisceration
• injury types
• ocular trauma
• risk factors

To estimate the incidence rate of eye injuries (EI) requiring inpatient and outpatient treatment in Taiwan and compare the epidemiologic characteristics of EI (age, sex, treatment setting, seasonality, occupation, external cause, diagnosis, and surgery) in the years 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015.

We analyzed four random samples of 1,000,000 beneficiaries each from 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Program. The direct age-standardized rate, with 95% confidence interval (CI), was used to compare EI rates for the four calendar years. The chi-square test and chi-square test for trend were used to compare data for the four calendar years.

Annual EI incidence rates were between 2.57% in 2000 and 3.28% in 2015. The age-standardized rates were 2.73% (95% CI, 2.70%–2.76%) in 2000, 3.37% (95% CI, 3.33%–3.41%) in 2005, 3.31% (95% CI, 3.28%–3.35%) in 2010, and 3.02% (95% CI, 2.99%–3.06%) in 2015. Manual workers had the highest EI incidence rate, followed by non-manual workers and civil servants. The proportion of EI requiring inpatient treatment declined from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015 (P <0.0001). Analysis of seasonality showed a consistent decrease in February in the four sampling years; however, this decrease in EI was only seen in outpatients, not in EI requiring hospitalization. The proportion of outpatients requiring surgery significantly decreased, from 2.53% in 2000 to 1.2% in 2015 (P<0.0001). However, the proportion of inpatients requiring surgery for EI as the principal diagnosis increased from 69.32% in 2000 to 83.02% in 2015 (P = 0.29), and the proportion of inpatients requiring surgery for EI as a secondary diagnosis increased from 54.86% in 2000 to 71.6% in 2015 (P = 0.0019). Among inpatients with EI, the most common cause of EI was a traffic accident (44.79%, especially motorcycles), followed by falls (9.75%) and homicide (6.05%).

In Taiwan, the annual EI incidence rate slightly increased from 2000 to 2005 and then decreased through 2015. The proportion of EI patients requiring hospitalization decreased from 1.34% in 2000 to 0.63% in 2015, but the percentage of inpatients requiring surgery increased. Traffic accidents (especially those involving motorcyclists) remained the predominant external cause of EI requiring hospitalization during the study period.

• Accidents, Traffic
• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Eye Injuries/diagnosis
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Eye Injuries/surgery
• Female
• Hospitalization
• Humans
• Infant
• Inpatients
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Outpatients
• Taiwan/epidemiology
• Young Adult

Purpose: To investigate the clinical characteristics and visual outcomes of patients with work-related open globe injuries (OGIs) and compare them with patients with non-work-related OGIs. Design: Retrospective, observational, multicentre, case-control study. Methods: A total of 374 patients with work-related OGIs and 170 patients with non-work-related OGIs who presented to hospitals that belong to the Japan-Clinical Research of Study group from 2005 to 2015 were included in this study. Clinical data including age, sex, initial and final visual acuity, type of open globe injury, lens status, zone of injury, wound length, and presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, retinal detachment, expulsive haemorrhage, and endophthalmitis were recorded. Main Outcome Measures: Visual acuity. Results Work-related OGIs were associated with younger age, male sex, better initial and final visual acuity, more laceration, smaller wounds, presence of retinal detachment, and expulsive haemorrhage, compared with non-work-related OGIs. Multiple regression analysis revealed that final visual acuity is significantly associated with initial visual acuity, wound length, and the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy in work-related OGIs. Conclusions: Work-related OGIs showed better visual outcomes than other OGIs. Initial visual acuity, wound length, and the presence of proliferative vitreoretinopathy are predictors of visual outcomes in patients with work-related OGIs.

• Accident prevention
• Epidemiology
• Ocular chemical burns
• Workplace accident

• Cataract
• Electron microscopy
• Lens epithelium
• Trauma

• Adult
• Cataract/diagnosis
• Cataract/etiology
• Epithelial Cells/ultrastructure
• Eye Injuries/complications
• Female
• Humans
• Lens Capsule, Crystalline/ultrastructure
• Male
• Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Young Adult

• Open-globe injury
• Penetrating keratoplasty
• Retinal detachment
• Vitrectomy

• Unilateral cataract
• pediatric cataract
• primary posterior capsulotomy and vitrectomy
• traumatic cataract

• Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology system
• Ocular trauma
• cataract in children
• closed-globe injuries
• open-globe injuries
• visual outcome

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of preventing eye injury with the use of safety eyewear in agriculture workers.

A sample group of 575 agricultural workers (Group A) engaged in harvesting paddy were provided with goggles with side covers. Following harvesting, a questionnaire-based survey was carried out to determine the frequency of their eye injuries. Workers with goggles were asked about the duration for which they used the goggles and also list barriers or difficulties with the same. The frequency of eye injuries in this group was compared with another group of agriculture workers (Group B) who did not use any safety eyewear.

The frequency of eye injuries in Group A was 4 (0.7%) and Group B was 61 (11.3%) which was highly significant (P = 0.0001). The relative risk calculated was 0.06 (95% confidence interval: 0.02–0.2). Agricultural workers in Group A had 94% less risk of ocular trauma compared to those in Group B. Injuries in both groups were caused by parts of the paddy plant. A significant number (76.2%) of workers used the goggles all or most of the time during work. Impaired vision when wearing goggles was the most frequent barrier reported by the workers. Other barriers were discomfort, shyness, forgetfulness, apathy, slowing of work pace, awkward appearance, and breakages.

Safety eyewear conferred significant protection against work-related eye injuries in agriculture. Although safety eyewear was widely adopted by the workers, barriers reported by them will need to be addressed to make such programs more effective.

• education
• income
• socioeconomic factors

• Anterior segment optical coherence tomography
• ocular trauma
• outcomes
• penetrating corneal injury
• wound healing

Nepal was struck by a massive earthquake on the 25th April 2015 and major aftershock on the 12th of May 2015, resulting in widespread devastation with a death toll in the thousands. The burden of ocular trauma resulting from the recent earthquakes in Nepal has not been described thus far. The aim of this study was to determine the types of ocular injuries sustained in the earthquake in Nepal and its management in Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology (TIO) in Gaushala, Kathmandu.

This is a hospital-based retrospective study of patients presenting to TIO following repeated earthquake. Variables that were recorded included patients’ presenting symptoms and time to presentation, visual acuities at presentation and at follow-up, diagnosis of ocular injury and surgery performed.

There were 59 cases of earthquake victims visiting TIO, Gaushala, Kathmandu from April 2015 to July 2015, with 64 affected eyes due to 5 cases of bilateral involvement. The majority of patients were from the district Sindhupalchowk (14 cases, 23.7%), which was the epicenter of the main earthquake. The average duration between the earthquake and presentation was 13 · 9 days (range 1–120 days). Closed globe injury was most frequent (23 cases), followed by open globe injuries (8 cases). While 24 patients (38%) initially presented with a visual acuity <3/60 in their affected eye, 15 patients (23%) had a visual acuity of <3/60 on follow-up. A variety of surgical treatments were required including anterior and posterior segment repair.

Immediate management of ocular trauma is critical in order to prevent blindness. Characterizing the burden of earthquake-related ocular trauma will facilitate planning for service provision in the event of a future earthquake in Nepal, or in countries, which are similarly at risk of having natural disasters.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-017-0429-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Closed globe injury
• Earthquake
• Ocular Trauma

• BETTS
• Ocular trauma score
• Pediatric ocular trauma score
• Predictive model
• Visual outcome

Purpose. To review the epidemiology of serious pediatric ocular trauma presenting to Kasr El Aini Hospital, Cairo University. Methods. Children with serious ocular trauma during a six-month period were examined and their data was analyzed. Results. Eighty eyes of 75 patients were included in this study, with 64% males (P < 0.001) and average age of 5 years (5 months–15 years). There were 67 (83.75%) open globe injuries, 11 (13.75%) closed globe injuries, and 2 (2.5%) chemical injuries. Of the open globe injuries, 24 (30%) were ruptured globes and 43 (53.75%) were lacerations (31 penetrating injuries (38.75%), 6 IOFBs (7.5%), and 6 perforating injuries (7.5%)). Of the closed globe injuries, 3 had hyphema (3.75%), 5 had traumatic cataracts (6.25%), and 3 had vitreous hemorrhage with retinal detachment (3.75%). Forty-two patients (56%) presented within 24 hours, 28 patients (37.33%) presented between 24 hours and 1 week, and 5 patients (6.6%) presented after one week from the time of trauma. Seven eyes developed posttraumatic endophthalmitis (10% of open globe injuries). On leaving the hospital, 55 (68.75%) eyes had poor vision, 13 (16.25%) had moderate vision, and 12 (15%) had good vision. Conclusion. Children at a higher risk of trauma are males, >5 years, unsupervised, and involved in street activities. Immediate comprehensive primary management and secondary rehabilitation are mandatory in these cases.

Purpose. To investigate the prognostic factors for visual outcome in traumatic cataract patients. Methods. The demographic features of traumatic cataract patients in Central China were studied. The factors that might influence the visual outcome were analyzed. The sensitivity and specificity of OTS (ocular trauma score) in predicting VA were calculated. Results. The study enrolled 480 cases. 65.5% of patients achieved VA at >20/60. The factors associated with the final VA were initial VA, injury type, wound location, the way of cataract removal, and IOL implantation. The sensitivities of OTS in predicting the VA at NLP (nonlight perception), LP/HM (light perception/hand motion), and ≥20/40 were 100%. The specificity of OTS to predict the final VA at 1/200-19/200 and 20/200-20/50 was 100%. Conclusion. The prognostic factors were initial VA, injury type, wound location, cataract removal procedure, and the way of IOL implantation. The OTS has good sensitivity and specificity in predicting visual outcome in traumatic cataract patients in long follow-up.

• Suriname
• epidemiology
• ocular trauma
• paediatric ophthalmology

• Culture
• Tajikistan
• pediatric eye trauma
• prevention
• visual impairment

• Adolescent
• Child
• Child Health Services/standards
• Child Welfare/legislation & jurisprudence
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Eye Injuries/prevention & control
• Eye Protective Devices
• Health Education/methods
• Health Policy
• Humans
• Primary Prevention/methods

• Ocular injuries
• cocoa farmers
• eye care services
• ocular protective device

• Absenteeism
• Adult
• Cacao
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Eye Injuries/epidemiology
• Eye Injuries/etiology
• Eye Protective Devices/statistics & numerical data
• Farmers/statistics & numerical data
• Female
• Ghana/epidemiology
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Occupational Injuries/epidemiology
• Occupational Injuries/etiology
• Patient Acceptance of Health Care/statistics & numerical data
• Socioeconomic Factors

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of a history of ocular trauma and its association to age, sex, and biometric components.

Residents of Shahroud, Iran aged 40–64 years, were sampled through a cross-sectional study using multistage cluster sampling. Three hundred clusters were randomly selected, and 20 individuals were systematically selected from each cluster. The subjects underwent optometric and ophthalmic examinations, and ocular imaging. A history of ocular trauma was determined through personal interviews.

The prevalence of a history of trauma and blunt trauma, sharp trauma, and chemical burns were 8.57%, 3.91%, 3.82%, and 1.93%, respectively. After adjusting for age, the rate of all types of trauma was significantly higher for males. Only the prevalence of chemical burns significantly decreased with aging. A history of hospitalization was stated by 1.64% of the subjects. The axial length was significantly longer in cases with a history of trauma. The corneal curvature was significantly larger in cases with a history of sharp trauma and chemical burns. The prevalence of corneal opacities was significantly higher among cases with a history of the blunt trauma odds ratio (OR = 2.33) and sharp trauma (OR = 4.46). Based on corrected visual acuity, the odds of blindness was 3.32 times higher in those with a history of ocular trauma (P < 0.001).

A considerable proportion of the 40–64-year-old population reported a history of ocular trauma. This observation has important health implications. Blindness, corneal opacities, and posterior subcapsular cataract were observed more frequently among these cases, and they demonstrated differences in some ocular biometric components.

• Cross-sectional Study
• Middle-East
• Ocular Trauma

• children
• eye injuries

AIM: To review results of traumatic cataracts in children.

METHODS: Only those pediatric patients who fitted in the definite inclusion criteria were considered for study enrollment. They were further examined for any kind of co-morbidities because of trauma, operated upon for traumatic cataracts with intraocular lens implantation. Amblyopia if present was treated. All were re-examined at the culmination of six-week postoperative period. According to the Birmingham Eye Trauma Terminology System the traumatic cataract cases were divided into group 1 (open globe) and group 2 (closed globe), and then determinants of visual acuity were compared.

RESULTS: There were 544 eyes in group 1 and 127 eyes in group 2 in our study of 671 eyes with pediatric traumatic cataracts. Visual acuity at the end of 6 wk after surgery in the operated eye was > 6/60 in 450 (82.7%) and ≥ 6/12 in 215 (39.4%) eyes in the open globe group and > 20/200 in 127 (81.8%) and ≥ 6/12 in 36 (28.4%) eyes in the closed globe group (P = 0.143), and the difference between the groups was not significant in children. Overall, 402 (39.4%) eyes gained ≥ 6/60 and > 5/12 in 238 (35.4%) cases. Surgical treatment caused a significant difference in visual outcome (P = 0.000). When we compared achieved visual outcome with ocular trauma score predicted vision, no significant difference was found.

CONCLUSION: Traumatic cataracts in children may have better outcome and ocular trauma score is a useful predictive method for the ocular trauma in children.

• Traumatic cataract
• Betts
• Ocular trauma score
• Visual outcome