• Aflibercept
• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Choroidal thickness
• Ranibizumab
• Recurrence

• Humans
• Glaucoma, Open-Angle/physiopathology
• Glaucoma, Open-Angle/diagnosis
• Optic Disk/blood supply
• Visual Fields/physiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Male
• Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
• Female
• Disease Progression
• Middle Aged
• Intraocular Pressure/physiology
• Follow-Up Studies
• Aged
• Retinal Vessels/pathology
• Visual Field Tests
• Fluorescein Angiography
• Microvessels/pathology
• Vision Disorders/physiopathology
• Vision Disorders/diagnosis
• Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology
• Nerve Fibers/pathology

• anti-VEGF therapy
• branch retinal vein occlusion
• gene therapy
• macular edema
• peptide-based agents
• small-molecule inhibitors
• vascular endothelial growth factor

• Humans
• Visual Acuity/physiology
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/complications
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/drug therapy
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/physiopathology
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/diagnosis
• Macular Edema/etiology
• Macular Edema/drug therapy
• Macular Edema/physiopathology
• Macular Edema/diagnosis
• Retrospective Studies
• Male
• Female
• Intravitreal Injections
• Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Angiogenesis Inhibitors/administration & dosage
• Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
• Aged
• Middle Aged
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/antagonists & inhibitors
• Ranibizumab/administration & dosage
• Ranibizumab/therapeutic use
• Fluorescein Angiography
• Follow-Up Studies
• Treatment Outcome
• Aged, 80 and over
• Bevacizumab

• Allergic rhinitis
• asthma
• atopic dermatitis
• atopic triad
• atopy
• retinal vein occlusion
• risk factor

• Humans
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/epidemiology
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/diagnosis
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/complications
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Adult
• Dermatitis, Atopic/epidemiology
• Dermatitis, Atopic/complications
• Risk Factors
• Asthma/epidemiology
• Asthma/complications
• Rhinitis, Allergic/epidemiology
• Aged
• Young Adult
• Retrospective Studies
• Adolescent
• Incidence
• Child
• Databases, Factual
• Child, Preschool

• predictive markers
• prognostic markers
• retinal diseases

• Humans
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/complications
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/metabolism
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/drug therapy
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/pathology
• Macular Edema/etiology
• Macular Edema/drug therapy
• Macular Edema/metabolism
• Macular Edema/pathology
• Male
• Female
• Aged
• Subretinal Fluid/metabolism
• Middle Aged
• Visual Acuity
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
• Tomography, Optical Coherence
• Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Aged, 80 and over

• 2020R1G1A1007646 National Research Foundation of Korea

• bevacizumab
• biomarker
• mass spectrometry
• proteome
• proteomics
• retina
• retinal vein occlusion
• vascular endothelial growth factor

• Central serous chorioretinopathy
• Choroidal thickness
• Choroidal vessel diameter index
• Enhanced depth imaging
• Subretinal fluid
• Subretinal fluid prognosis
• Widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography

• Western blot
• animal model
• experimental
• immunohistochemistry
• mass spectrometry
• proteome
• proteomics
• retina
• retinal vein occlusion

• Age-related macular degeneration
• Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor
• Computer-aided detection
• Deep learning
• Diabetic macular edema
• Diabetic retinopathy
• Ophthalmology
• Optical coherence tomography
• Predictive, preventive, and personalized OCT
• Retinal fluid

• SingHealth

• branch retinal vein occlusion
• interscan time
• macular edema
• optical coherence tomography
• variable interscan time analysis

• Male
• Humans
• Female
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/complications
• Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
• Macular Edema/etiology
• Macular Edema/complications
• Fluorescein Angiography/methods
• Retinal Vessels
• Visual Acuity
• Retrospective Studies

Currently, the treatment for ocular neovascular diseases, including diabetic macular edema (DME) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD), mainly involves repeated intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs. Although it can preserve vision, repeated injections are an invasive treatment modality, leading to serious complications and reducing patient adherence to treatment. To reduce the frequency of administration, prolong the time of drug action, and avoid repeated intravitreal injections, the combination of sustained-release materials with anti-VEGF drug therapy has become an emphasis in ophthalmology. In this review, we highlight the current state of anti-VEGF technology, its challenges, and the sustained-release strategies under investigation or being used in clinical practice. Both continuous release and considerable therapeutic effects can be achieved by encapsulating anti-VEGF drugs in sustained-release materials to minimize the number of intravitreal injections. At present, two sustained-release materials are being tested in clinical research, and although basic research shows the strong therapeutic application prospects of extended-release drugs, its challenges mainly involve the discrepancy between the release rates in vitro and the efficiency of the drugs in vivo. Briefly, sustained release of anti-VEGF agents is an advantageous strategy for treating retinal angiogenesis.

• Angiogenesis Inhibitors/therapeutic use
• Bevacizumab/therapeutic use
• Delayed-Action Preparations/therapeutic use
• Diabetic Retinopathy/drug therapy
• Humans
• Intravitreal Injections
• Macular Edema/drug therapy
• Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
• Ranibizumab
• Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors

• predictive markers
• outcomes research
• eye diseases

This study aimed to determine the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) in the aqueous humor of patients with macular edema (ME) caused by branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), as well as to investigate the relationship between the cytokines as mentioned earlier and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ME, and the degree of ME from the molecular level.

In a prospective observational study, fluorescein fundus angiography (FFA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were used to classify 58 patients with non-ischemic BRVO-ME into three groups according to the degree of ME: 14-mild, 17-moderate, and 27-severe. The specific concentration of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor was detected using the BD CSCanto™ II Flow Cytometer (US). Spearman or Pearson correlation analysis was used to test the correlation between the levels of BCVA and severity of ME and the expression levels of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor.

According to the obtained data, BCVA did not correlate with the severity of ME, and these four cytokines expression levels in patients' aqueous humor (P > 0.05). Moreover, BCVA did not correlate with mild, moderate, or severe ME as well (P > 0.05). However, the levels of these four cytokines were correlated with the severity of the ME. These underlined cytokines were linked to the mild, moderate, and severe degrees of ME. VEGF was also significantly correlated (r > 0.8, P < 0.0001) with the severity of ME.

This study suggests that the severity of ME in BRVO-ME patients is significantly correlated with the expression levels of IL-6, VEGF, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 in the aqueous humor. Lowering the level of disease-associated cytokines may potentially reduce the degree of ME. Therefore, an in-depth study of the levels and the relationship may provide some evidence for the pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention of BRVO-ME.

The present study evaluated the efficacy of combined suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (TA) using a modified microneedle with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab in branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) patients.

This is a prospective randomised interventional study that was conducted on 60 eyes of 60 patients with non ischemic BRVO. Patients were divided in two groups, group (1) 30 patients who received intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL (0.5 mg) of ranibizumab, group (2) included 30 patients who received baseline combined intravitreal injection of 0.05 mL (0.5 mg) of ranibizumab and suprachoroidal injection of triamcinolone acetonide (4mg/0.1mL), both groups received monthly injection of ranibizumab on pro-re-nata (PRN) regimen for 1 year duration of the study.

Group 2 received less number of injections (2.47 ± 1.2) as compared to group 1 (4.4 ± 1.5). Both groups achieved significant reduction of central macular thickness (CMT) after 12 months of injection with p value <0.001. Both groups showed significant improvement of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) after 12 months with p value <0.001. Group 2 showed more significant improvement of BCVA after 6 and 12 months. The baseline CMT and the number of injections were the main predictors of the final BCVA in group 1, while the baseline BCVA was the only predictor of final BCVA in group 2.

Combined suprachoroidal injection of TA using this modified microneedle with intravitreal injection of ranibizumab resulted in more significant improvement of BCVA and reduction of CMT compared with ranibizumab monotherapy with no reported ocular or systemic side effects. The study was prospectively registered with clinical trial.gov ID (NCT04690608) in 27-12-2020.

• financial support, or sponsorship was received in this study

• blood pressure
• hypertension
• post-menopause
• pre-menopause
• retinal vein occlusion

• Adult
• Age Factors
• Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
• Blood Glucose
• Blood Pressure
• Cigarette Smoking/epidemiology
• Comorbidity
• Exercise
• Female
• Humans
• Hypertension/epidemiology
• Menopause/physiology
• Middle Aged
• Nitrates
• Republic of Korea/epidemiology
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/epidemiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Factors
• Triazoles

• HI18C0331, HR20C0021 Korea Health Industry Development Institute

We aimed to investigate the increase in resistivity of the retinal artery in the branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)-affected area, and to visualize it. Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with BRVO were measured by laser speckle flowgraphy (LSFG). The retinal artery and vein running to the BRVO-affected area and vertically symmetrical vessels in the unaffected area were examined. We applied the LSFG parameter beat strength over mean blur rate (BOM), calculated using a similar method to the pulsatility index used in Doppler flowmetry to evaluate resistivity of the vessels. Our results showed that the BOM map could clearly visualize the increase of resistivity in the retinal artery as a two-dimensional map. The BOM of the arteries in the affected area was significantly higher than that of the unaffected area (P = 0.001). Multiple regression analysis showed that the ratio of BOM in retinal arteries of the affected area to the unaffected was significantly associated with the extent of retinal hemorrhage (β = 0.447, P = 0.009). In conclusion, the index of resistivity of the retinal artery in the BRVO-affected area was higher and could be visualized in a two-dimensional map. These findings and techniques would contribute to elucidate the pathophysiology of BRVO.

This study aims to quantitatively investigate the optical coherence tomographic angiography (OCTA) findings of capillary congestion and its association with macular edema (ME) recurrence in chronic branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 115 consecutive patients with major ischemic BRVO who reached stable macula (without ME for two consecutive visits) at baseline (the first visit within the stable period). All patients were classified into a recurrence or non-recurrence groups depending on ME recurrence. Capillary congestion of deep capillary plexuses (DCP-C) and other abnormal capillary lesions were segmented, and their areas, vascular densities, and mean retinal thicknesses (MRT) were calculated. The main outcomes were differences between the two groups and risk factors for recurrence among baseline and OCTA parameters. A total of 76 eyes were included, of which 22 (28.9%) recurred. DCP-C existed in all eyes at baseline. MRT of DCP-C (p = 0.006) was greater in the recurrence group. Greater MRT of DCP-C (OR: 1.044; p = 0.002) and more frequent intravitreal injections (OR: 1.803; p < 0.001) were associated with a higher risk of relapsing ME. DCP-C may contribute to the anatomical stability of chronic BRVO and simultaneously be the source of ME.

• anticoagulation
• antiplatelet agents
• branch retinal vein occlusion
• optical coherence tomography

• Capillary plexus
• Hypertension
• OCT angiography
• Paracentral acute middle maculopathy
• Retinal vein occlusion

• Acute Disease
• Capillaries/diagnostic imaging
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Fluorescein Angiography/methods
• Fundus Oculi
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Prospective Studies
• Retinal Artery/diagnostic imaging
• Retinal Diseases/diagnosis
• Retinal Vessels/diagnostic imaging
• Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
• Visual Acuity

The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional changes occurring in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) according to the distance of the affected arteriovenous (AV) crossing to the centers of the fovea and optic disc by optic coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Forty-five patients with unilateral BRVO and 45 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this retrospective observational study. Images of the macula (3 mm × 3 mm) and affected AV crossing sites were obtained by OCTA. The fovea-AV crossing distance (FAVD), optic disc-AV crossing distance (DAVD), and optic disc-fovea distance (DFD) were measured.

The FAVD/DFD ratio was positively correlated with the vessel density in the superficial and deep affected hemifields (r = 0.430, P < 0.05 and r = 0.308, P < 0.05, respectively) and negatively correlated with the superficial foveal avascular zone and logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) visual acuity (r = –0.412, P < 0.05 and r = –0.356, P < 0.05, respectively). The DAVD/DFD ratio was not correlated with the logMAR visual acuity, superficial FAZ area or vessel densities in the affected hemifield (all P > 0.05).

The affected AV crossing site that was further away from the fovea had better visual acuity and quantitative microvascular parameters in the affected hemifields. However, this correlation was not observed for the distance between the affected AV crossing site and the optic disc.

• Arteriovenous crossing
• branch retinal vein occlusion
• optical coherence tomography angiography
• visual function

To investigate the long-time outcome of patients with branch vein occlusion (BRVO) and central vein occlusion (CRVO) treated with anti-VEGF injections compared to the dexamethasone (DEX) implant.

This retrospective real-life study included all 492 patients presenting with retinal vein occlusion (RVO) during 2012–2013 at St. Erik Eye Hospital. Maximum follow-up was 5 years.

The mean time of follow-up for patients treated for macular edema was 33.2±17.7 and 34.3±18.1 months in the BRVO and CRVO groups, respectively. At the end of follow-up, the best-corrected visual acuity improved +9.8±20.4 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters in BRVO patients receiving anti-VEGF therapy while patients treated with the DEX implant lost −2.1±23.4 letters (p<0.05). CRVO patients treated with anti-VEGF therapy improved +0.2±27.6 letters while patients receiving a DEX implant lost −9.7±32.6 letters (p=0.11). Overall, in RVO patients treated with anti-VEGF injections, the central retinal thickness decreased to 322±174μm compared to 398±174 μm in patients treated with the DEX implant (p<0.05).

In a clinical setting, a substantial part of patients is still in follow-up a long time after presentation. The visual and anatomical outcomes were better in patients treated with anti-VEGF agents compared to subjects receiving a DEX implant.

• Anti-VEGF
• Dexamethasone
• Macular edema
• Real-life
• Retinal vein occlusion

• Anti-VEGF therapy
• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Central retinal vein occlusion
• Corticosteroid therapy
• Hemi-central retinal vein occlusion
• Laser photocoagulation
• Macular edema
• Neovascular glaucoma
• Ocular neovascularization
• Panretinal photocoagulation
• Photocoagulation
• Retinal vein occlusion

• Blood-retinal barrier permeability
• Endothelial dysfunction
• Endothelin-1
• Hypoxia
• Individual outcomes
• Individualized treatment algorithms
• Macular edema
• Mathematical model
• Optical coherence tomography
• Predictive preventive personalized medicine
• Pro-inflammatory
• Ranibizumab
• Retinal vein occlusion
• Risk factors
• Vasoconstriction

To evaluate the effects of intravitreal ranibizumab injection (IVR) on metamorphopsia in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), and to assess the relationship between metamorphopsia and inner retinal microstructure and other factors. Thirty-three treatment-naïve eyes of 33 patients with macular edema caused by BRVO with at least 12 months of follow-up were included. The degree of metamorphopsia was quantified using the M-CHARTS. Retinal microstructure was assessed with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Disorganization of the retinal inner layers (DRIL) at the first month after resolution of the macular edema (early DRIL) and at 12 months after treatment (after DRIL) was studied. Central retinal thickness (CRT), and status of the external limiting membrane as well as ellipsoid zone were also evaluated. IVR treatment significantly improved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and CRT, but the mean metamorphopsia score did not improve even after 12 months. Post-treatment metamorphopsia scores showed a significant correlation with pre-treatment metamorphopsia scores (P < 0.005), the extent of early DRIL (P < 0.05) and after DRIL (P < 0.05), and the number of injections (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that the post-treatment mean metamorphopsia score was significantly correlated with the pre-treatment mean metamorphopsia score (P < 0.05). IVR treatment significantly improved BCVA and CRT, but not metamorphopsia. Post-treatment metamorphopsia scores were significantly associated with pre-treatment metamorphopsia scores, the extent of DRIL, and the number of injections. Prognostic factor of metamorphopsia was the degree of pre-treatment metamorphopsia.

• Anti-VEGF therapy
• Neovascular complications
• Optical coherence tomography
• Retinal vein occlusion
• Visual outcomes

• Dexamethasone intravitreal implant
• Ellipsoid zone
• External limiting membrane
• Macular edema
• Retinal integrity
• Retinal vascular disease

To determine whether the blood flow in the superior retina is significantly different from that in the inferior retina, and to determine whether the posture affects the blood flow in the superior and inferior retina.

The blood flow in the vessels around the optic nerve head was measured by laser speckle flowgraphy in the sitting position in 68 healthy subjects. The blood flow in the superior peripapillary retina was compared with that in the inferior peripapillary retina. The measurements of the blood flow were performed in the sitting position, and the effect of switching to a supine position was determined at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 30 minutes after the switch.

The total relative flow volume (RFV)-all, RFV-artery, and RFV-vein were significantly greater in the superior retina than in the inferior retina (all P < 0.001). The mean diameter-all and mean diameter-artery in the superior retina were significantly larger than that in the inferior retina (all P < 0.05). The mean blur rate (MBR)-all, MBR-artery, and MBR-vein in the superior retina were also greater than that in the inferior retina (P < 0.001, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively). Although the ocular perfusion pressure was significantly changed with the postural alteration, the total RFV-all remained greater in the superior retina than in the inferior retina after the postural change.

Clinicians need to be aware of the differences in the blood flow between the superior and inferior retinal peripapillary area when considering the mechanisms of retinochoroidal diseases.

• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Macular capillary network
• Macular edema
• Optical coherent tomography angiography
• Vessel density

We aimed to investigate the clinical implication of suspended scattering particles in motion (SSPiM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) among branch retinal vein occlusion disease (BRVO) cases with macular edema (ME). Medical records of BRVO patients were reviewed. Central retinal thickness (CRT), ME type, and cyst size on optical coherence tomography images were evaluated before and after intravitreal bevacizumab injection. Nonperfusion area, SSPiM, and microvascular abnormalities in OCTA images were evaluated using a Heidelberg machine. SSPiM was identified in 24 of 56 cases. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between groups with and without SSPiM. Disease duration, disease-free duration, previous injection number, microaneurysms in the superficial vascular complex, and microaneurysms in the deep vascular complex (DVC) (p = 0.003, 0.013, 0.028, 0.003, < 0.001, respectively) differed significantly between the two groups. After multivariate logistic analysis, microaneurysms in the DVC were the only different factor between the two groups (odds ratio [OR]: 0.091; p = 0.001). Furthermore, SSPiM in the DVC (OR 10.908; p = 0.002) and nonperfusion grade (OR 0.039; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with cyst response after intravitreal injection. SSPiM may be correlated with microaneurysms in the DVC and a poor anatomical response after intravitreal injection.

• branch retinal vein occlusion
• drug delivery
• liposomes
• macular edema
• topical liposome formulation

In this study, we investigated the longitudinal correlation between macular sensitivity and perfusion density (PD) in retinas affected by branch retinal vein occlusion. Retinal sensitivity was measured using microperimetry and PD was measured by optical coherence tomography angiography. We also investigated the possibility that the PD, 1 month after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment, is a predictor of retinal sensitivity after 1 year of successful macular oedema management with anti-VEGF. The correlation between measurements of retinal sensitivity and PD at baseline (1 M) and at 6 and 12 months were investigated. There was a significant positive correlation between retinal sensitivity and PD at all time points (baseline (1 M), r = 0.67, P < 0.0001; 6 months, r = 0.59, P < 0.0001; 12 months, r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) and between the PD at 1 month and retinal sensitivity at 12 months (r = 0.63, P < 0.0001). Unlike in areas that showed a mild to moderate decline in PD, retinal sensitivity in areas where the decrease in PD was severe at baseline did not show significant improvement with treatment over time. These findings suggest that the PD value measured using optical coherence tomography angiography at or soon after the baseline can predict retinal sensitivity after 1 year of anti-VEGF treatment.

To evaluate the usefulness of the retinal sensitivity in branch retinal vein occlusion (BVO) with macular edema (ME) following the anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment.

Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), microperimetry, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements were carried out in 20 patients with BVO with ME, at baseline and 1 month after the anti-VEGF treatment. The relationships among BCVA, mean retinal sensitivity (MS), macular volume (MV), central retinal thickness (CRT), integrity of ellipsoid zone (EZ), mean retinal sensitivity in the most affected quadrant (qMS), and macular volume in the most affected quadrant (qMV) were investigated. In addition, the relationships among the change in BCVA at 1 month (ΔBCVA1m), mean sensitivity in the most affected quadrant at 1 month (ΔqMS1m), MV in the most affected quadrant at 1 month (ΔqMV1m), and CRT at 1 month (ΔCRT1m) were analyzed. The optimal model for BCVA at 3 months after the treatment (BCVA3m) was identified.

There was not a significant difference in BCVA (paired Wilcoxon test, p = 0.058) between at baseline and after the treatment, but there were significant differences in MS, MV, CRT, qMS, and qMV (p < 0.05). There was a significant relationship between ΔqMS1m and ΔMV1m, ΔCRT1m, and ΔqMV1m, respectively. ΔMS1m or ΔqMS1m and BCVA at baseline and ΔBCVA1m were selected as explanatory variables in the optimal model for BCVA3m.

Retinal sensitivity was related to retinal structure, whereas this was not the case with BCVA. In addition, retinal sensitivity was useful to predict BCVA after anti-VEGF therapy.

• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• MP-3
• Macular edema
• Retinal sensitivity

• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Image analysis
• Image averaging
• Optical coherence tomography angiography

• Retinal vein occlusion
• aflibercept
• anti-VEGF
• bevacizumab
• branch retinal vein occlusion
• central retinal vein occlusion
• ranibizumab

Examine associations between the vasculature at arteriovenous (AV) crossings and the onset of branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO).

We included 78 patients with major BRVO, 35 patients with macular BRVO, and 110 controls without BRVO and determined the vessel positions at AV crossings, where the first- or second-order branches of the retinal veins associate, using a viewing angle of 12 × 12 mm² in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

We reviewed 1349 and 1276 AV crossings in BRVO patients and control subjects, respectively. The proportions of venous overcrossing were 26.5%, 28.6%, and 26.8% at non-causative crossings in BRVO eyes, non-BRVO fellow eyes, and unaffected control eyes, respectively; however, the rate of venous overcrossings at the causative crossings was 45.1%. In OCTA analyses, we divided the branches into macular- or non-macular veins. The rate of venous overcrossing was 52.5% at causative crossings in major BRVO but was 28.6% in macular BRVO. Odds ratios for whether venous overcrossing was a risk factor for BRVO were 3.09 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.96–4.88) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.44–2.00) for non-macular veins and macular veins, respectively. The patients with major BRVO caused by venous overcrossing were younger than patients for whom the cause was arterial overcrossing (P < 0.001). The onset of macular BRVO did not differ between crossing patterns at causative crossings (P = 0.60).

In eyes with BRVO, venous overcrossing was a common angiographic feature at causative crossings and might be a risk factor for major BRVO onset.

• diabetes mellitus
• meta-analysis
• retinal vein occlusion

• Diabetes Mellitus/diagnosis
• Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology
• Humans
• Odds Ratio
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/diagnosis
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/epidemiology
• Risk Factors

• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Female
• Fluorescein Angiography/methods
• Humans
• Longitudinal Studies
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Retina/pathology
• Retinal Vein Occlusion/physiopathology
• Retrospective Studies
• Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
• Visual Acuity/physiology

• Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)
• Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)
• Central retinal thickness (CRT)
• Disorganization of the retinal inner layer (DRIL)
• Macular edema
• Recurrence

We aimed to evaluate the relationship between the capillary abnormalities including nonperfusion area (NPA) in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images and the recurrence of macular edema (ME) secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) after intravitreal injection of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF; bevacizumab). The records of 40 patients who underwent intravitreal bevacizumab injection for ME secondary to BRVO and had at least six months of follow-up were reviewed. Central retinal thickness (CRT; μm) and macular edema type were evaluated prior to treatment. After ME resolution, nonperfusion areas in the 1 mm (NPA1) and 1–3 mm (NPA3) zones on the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) circle within the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) were measured using OCTA images. Furthermore, other microvascular abnormalities in the both SCP and DCP were compared between groups. ME recurred in 25 of 40 (62.5%) eyes. The NPA1 of the SCP and DCP (p = 0.002, 0.004, respectively), NPA3 of the SCP and DCP (p = 0.002, 0.008, respectively), and initial CRT (p = 0.022) differed significantly between eyes with and without ME recurrence. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, the NPA1 of the DCP (OR: 344.718; p = 0.029) and NPA3 of the SCP (OR: 4.072; p = 0.018) were significantly associated with ME recurrence. Other microvascular abnormalities were not significantly different between two groups. The central NPA and parafoveal NPA of the SCP in OCTA images correlated strongly with ME recurrence in BRVO patients after intravitreal anti-VEGF injection.

• Arteriovenous crossing
• Branch retinal vein occlusion
• Optical coherence tomography
• Optical coherence tomography angiography
• Venous overcrossing