|
1
|
Tehrani L, Tashjian M, Mayrovitz HN. Physiological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Applications of Microneedling: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2025; 17:e80510. [PMID: 40225445 PMCID: PMC11993440 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.80510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2025] [Accepted: 03/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/15/2025] Open
Abstract
Microneedling (MN), also known as percutaneous collagen induction therapy, is a minimally invasive dermatologic procedure that stimulates the skin's intrinsic wound repair cascade by creating controlled micro-injuries to the epidermis and dermis using multiple small-sized needles. This review aims to document and discuss the skin's physiological mechanisms activated through the MN process and its therapeutic applications and, where possible, to describe the impacts on changes in the skin's biophysical properties. Three databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase, were searched for relevant peer-reviewed articles published in English between 1990 and 2024. After eliminating duplicate and irrelevant articles, 70 studies were included in this review. The main physiological mechanisms associated with the MN process were collagen and elastin production, angiogenesis, transient increases in skin permeability, and improved epidermal barrier function post-treatment. Therapeutic applications targeted cosmetic improvements, scar healing, and drug delivery. As the wound repair process is initiated, fibroblasts migrate to the wounded area to initiate collagen and elastin production, contributing to the improved firmness and elasticity of the healed epidermis. The micropores created by MN increase skin permeability, allowing hydrophilic water-soluble molecules to transfer across the skin to enhance transdermal drug delivery and absorption. Multiple growth factors are secreted by monocytes upon injury and contribute to collagen production, epithelization, and angiogenesis, which increase epidermal thickness and epidermal barrier enhancement found post-procedure. Additionally, TGFM-1, a cross-linker of the protein filaggrin, and ki67, a marker of cell proliferation, are upregulated following the controlled tissue injury. These upregulated biomarkers contribute to the increase in filaggrin and the improvement of skin barrier function. Ceramides, which help retain moisture and prevent transepidermal water loss, are also increased when MN is combined with a solution containing human adipose tissue stem cell-derived exosomes. The cosmetic applications included improvements in skin texture, wrinkles, and scarring. As a minimally invasive procedure, MN is reported to have a low risk of post-procedural hyperpigmentation, scarring, or other adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lily Tehrani
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Michelle Tashjian
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Harvey N Mayrovitz
- Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Wu J, Li L, Zhang T, Lu J, Tai Z, Zhu Q, Chen Z. The epidermal lipid-microbiome loop and immunity: Important players in atopic dermatitis. J Adv Res 2025; 68:359-374. [PMID: 38460775 PMCID: PMC11785582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The promotion of epidermal barrier dysfunction is attributed to abnormalities in the lipid-microbiome positive feedback loop which significantly influences the imbalance of the epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis (AD). This imbalance encompasses impaired lamellar membrane integrity, heightened exposure to epidermal pathogens, and the regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. The lipid-microbiome loop is substantially influenced by intense adaptive immunity which is triggered by abnormal loop activity and affects the loop's integrity through the induction of atypical lipid composition and responses to dysregulated epidermal microbes. Immune responses participate in lipid abnormalities within the EIME by downregulating barrier gene expression and are further cascade-amplified by microbial dysregulation which is instigated by barrier impairment. AIM OF REVIEW This review examines the relationship between abnormal lipid composition, microbiome disturbances, and immune responses in AD while progressively substantiating the crosstalk mechanism among these factors. Based on this analysis, the "lipid-microbiome" positive feedback loop, regulated by immune responses, is proposed. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW The review delves into the impact of adaptive immune responses that regulate the EIME, driving AD, and investigates potential mechanisms by which lipid supplementation and probiotics may alleviate AD through the up-regulation of the epidermal barrier and modulation of immune signaling. This exploration offers support for targeting the EIME to attenuate AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Wu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Lisha Li
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Tingrui Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Jiaye Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China
| | - Zongguang Tai
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China; Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200443, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Topical Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200443, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Madnani N, Deo J, Dalal K, Benjamin B, Murthy VV, Hegde R, Shetty T. Revitalizing the skin: Exploring the role of barrier repair moisturizers. J Cosmet Dermatol 2024; 23:1533-1540. [PMID: 38214440 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.16171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moisturizers are designed to maintain skin health and treat dermatological conditions associated with impaired skin barrier function. However, differences in their composition account for the differences in their effect. AIMS This narrative review aims to discuss the role of barrier repair moisturizers, highlight the role of different components in a moisturizer and their role in impaired skin conditions (e.g., dry, itchy, inflamed, sensitive skin, atopic eczema), and thereby empower dermatologists and pediatricians in selecting the right moisturizer. METHODS PubMed, Embase, and Scopus electronic databases were searched from January 2000 to June 2023 for publications on skin barrier repair and use of barrier repair moisturizers for the treatment of dry, itchy, inflamed, sensitive skin, or atopic eczema. Studies conducted in humans, published in English for which full texts were freely available were included. RESULTS The structure and composition of lipid lamellae within the stratum corneum play an important role in maintaining an effective skin barrier and protecting the body from various external assaults. Endocannabinoid mediators play an active role in maintaining skin barrier function. Moisturizers containing physiological lipids and functional ingredients (e.g., endocannabinoids such as palmitoylethanolamide [PEA]) and based on the principles of biomimic technology are demonstrated to be beneficial for the management of conditions associated with a disrupted skin barrier. CONCLUSIONS Moisturizer based on the innovative biomimic formulation has good cosmetic efficacy and is generally well tolerated, and the addition of PEA might represent a new generation of compounds that may be beneficial for long-term management of impaired skin conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Madnani
- Department Coordinator, Dermatology Department, P.D. Hinduja National Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Sir H.N. Reliance Memorial Hospital & Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Jyotsna Deo
- Cutis Skin and Laser Centre, Nerul, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Upadhyay PR, Seminario-Vidal L, Abe B, Ghobadi C, Sims JT. Cytokines and Epidermal Lipid Abnormalities in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. Cells 2023; 12:2793. [PMID: 38132113 PMCID: PMC10741881 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease and presents a major public health problem worldwide. It is characterized by a recurrent and/or chronic course of inflammatory skin lesions with intense pruritus. Its pathophysiologic features include barrier dysfunction, aberrant immune cell infiltration, and alterations in the microbiome that are associated with genetic and environmental factors. There is a complex crosstalk between these components, which is primarily mediated by cytokines. Epidermal barrier dysfunction is the hallmark of AD and is caused by the disruption of proteins and lipids responsible for establishing the skin barrier. To better define the role of cytokines in stratum corneum lipid abnormalities related to AD, we conducted a systematic review of biomedical literature in PubMed from its inception to 5 September 2023. Consistent with the dominant TH2 skewness seen in AD, type 2 cytokines were featured prominently as possessing a central role in epidermal lipid alterations in AD skin. The cytokines associated with TH1 and TH17 were also identified to affect barrier lipids. Considering the broad cytokine dysregulation observed in AD pathophysiology, understanding the role of each of these in lipid abnormalities and barrier dysfunction will help in developing therapeutics to best achieve barrier homeostasis in AD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parth R. Upadhyay
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA (C.G.); (J.T.S.)
| | - Lucia Seminario-Vidal
- Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA (C.G.); (J.T.S.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Hebert AA, Rippke F, Weber TM, Nicol NH. Efficacy of Nonprescription Moisturizers for Atopic Dermatitis: An Updated Review of Clinical Evidence. Am J Clin Dermatol 2020; 21:641-655. [PMID: 32524381 PMCID: PMC7473959 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-020-00529-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Twice-daily moisturization is recommended by international guidelines as the bedrock of the management of atopic dermatitis (AD). Moisturizers should be selected based on proven clinical effectiveness in improving the skin barrier and improving the symptoms of AD. We searched the PubMed database for clinical trials assessing daily moisturization for the treatment of AD published between 2006 and 2019. Studies had to assess the efficacy of commercially available moisturizers using objective measures of corneometry, transepidermal water loss, or incidence of flare as endpoints, and treatments had to be currently available to patients. Clinical studies showed that moisturization (typically twice daily) significantly improved the skin barrier in adults and children with AD. Longer-term flare studies showed that daily moisturization reduced the incidence of flares and extended the time between flares. Proactive moisturization of infants at high risk of developing AD may reduce its manifestation. Therapeutic moisturizers for AD are specifically formulated with ingredients that target symptoms of AD, such as itch, inflammation, or compromised skin barrier. The US FDA requires that any moisturizer available in the USA and claiming to treat AD must contain colloidal oatmeal. Healthcare providers can maximize compliance and outcomes by educating patients on the benefits of liberally applying a therapeutic moisturizer twice daily to support the skin barrier and help reduce the incidence of flares. Specific recommendations should be for clinically tested moisturizers evaluated using objective, validated skin assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelaide A Hebert
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas McGovern Medical School, 6655 Travis, Suite 980, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Teresa M Weber
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf Inc., Wilton, CT, USA
| | - Noreen Heer Nicol
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Hong JY, Kim MJ, Hong JK, Noh HH, Park KY, Lee MK, Seo SJ. In vivo quantitative analysis of advanced glycation end products in atopic dermatitis—Possible culprit for the comorbidities? Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:1012-1016. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Hong
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University Hospital Seoul Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Department of Dermatology Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Jun Ki Hong
- Department of Dermatology Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Hyun Ha Noh
- Department of Dermatology Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Mi Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology Chung‐Ang University College of Medicine Seoul Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Bhanot A, Huntley A, Ridd MJ. Adverse Events from Emollient Use in Eczema: A Restricted Review of Published Data. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2019; 9:193-208. [PMID: 30771093 PMCID: PMC6522630 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-019-0284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis/eczema is a chronic inflammatory skin condition, and emollients are the first-line treatment. Despite their widespread use, there is uncertainty about the frequency and type of adverse events associated with different emollients. We conducted a restricted review of published data on adverse events associated with emollient use in eczema. Medline (Ovid) was searched from inception (1946) to June 2018. All types of studies, with the exception of reviews, were included. Eligibility was assessed using a two-stage screening process against inclusion and exclusion criteria. References of all included papers were screened for any additional eligible papers. Data were subsequently extracted from all eligible publications. A limited body of data were found in the published data: 24 papers reported on adverse events with 29 different emollients (3 containing urea, 5 containing ceramide, 4 containing glycerol, 4 were herbal and 13 contained "other" ingredients). Interpretation of the results and comparison of the emollients were difficult due to poor reporting and missing data. Many publications contained no data at all on adverse events, and no study reported serious treatment-related adverse events for any emollient. The proportion of participants in the studies experiencing treatment-related adverse events varied between 2 and 59%. The most common adverse events were skin related and often mild. The range of participants experiencing non-treatment-related adverse events varied between 4 and 43%. From this restricted review, clinicians and patients can be reassured that the emollients studied appear to be generally safe to use. Better studies and reporting of adverse events associated with emollients in common use are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Bhanot
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alyson Huntley
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Matthew J Ridd
- Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Kwon SH, Lim CJ, Jung J, Kim HJ, Park K, Shin JW, Huh CH, Park KC, Na JI. The effect of autophagy-enhancing peptide in moisturizer on atopic dermatitis: a randomized controlled trial. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 30:558-564. [PMID: 30427231 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1544407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Pentasodium tetracarboxymethyl palmitoyl dipeptide-12 (PTPD-12), a newly-synthesized peptide, enhances the autophagy activity, ultimately managing inflammation. Objective: To determine the effect of a new moisturizer containing PTPD-12 as the treatment of mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis (AD). Methods: In this double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, 43 patients with mild-to-moderate AD were randomly assigned to either the PTPD-12 or control groups. Evaluations were performed at baseline, week 2, and week 4, including SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index score, corneometry, trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), visual analog scale (VAS) for pruritus, 7-point investigator's global assessment (IGA), and collection of adverse events. Results: The PTPD-12 group showed significant improvement with respect to SCORAD score, skin hydration, TEWL, and pruritus at weeks 2 and 4 when compared with baseline. Although the control group showed significant improvement regarding the SCORAD score and skin hydration, no significant change in TEWL or pruritus was demonstrated throughout the study. The mean changes in the SCORAD index score, skin hydration, TEWL, pruritus, and number of patients with improvement in IGA were not statistically different between the two groups. Conclusion: The moisturizer with autophagy-stimulating property provides a good therapeutic option to mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis by contributing to skin barrier restoration and control of inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Hyo Kwon
- a Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Gyeonggi , Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Jung Won Shin
- a Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Gyeonggi , Korea
| | - Chang Hun Huh
- a Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Gyeonggi , Korea
| | - Kyoung Chan Park
- a Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Gyeonggi , Korea
| | - Jung Im Na
- a Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Gyeonggi , Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Lu J, Chen M, Gao L, Cheng Q, Xiang Y, Huang J, Wu K, Huang J, Li M. A preliminary study on topical ozonated oil in the therapeutic management of atopic dermatitis in murine. J DERMATOL TREAT 2018; 29:676-681. [PMID: 29466894 DOI: 10.1080/09546634.2018.1443199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether ozonated oil recovery atopic dermatitis (AD) via immunoregulation. METHODS Mice were repeatedly challenged with the triplex allergens of staphylococcal enterotoxin B, ovalbumin and calcipotriol ointment on the back to develop AD lesions, and were treated with ozonated oil. The lesional skins were scanned by reflectance confocal microscopy to measure the thickness of epidermis. The skin tissues were stained. Th1-type and Th2-type cytokines in serum and in tissues were detected by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. RESULTS Ozonated oil significantly inhibited inflammation and healed the lesions in 7 d. Ozonated oil inhibited NGF expression as compared to the groups treated with vehicle or PBS (p < .01).The serum proteins and lesional transcripts of Th2 cytokines including IL-4 and IL-31 were lower in the ozonated oil treated group than the groups treated with vehicle or PBS (p < .05). The IL-10 level was increased with treatment of ozonated oil (p < .01). On the other hand, the expressions of Th1 cytokines including IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ in the serum were not regulated by ozonated oil. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that ozonated oil could suppress inflammation in an AD murine via decreasing Th2-dominant cytokines response and increasing IL-10 expression. These suggest that ozonated oil may be a potential remedy for AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lu
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - M Chen
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - L Gao
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Q Cheng
- b Department of Physiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - Y Xiang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - J Huang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - K Wu
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - J Huang
- a Department of Dermatology , The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| | - M Li
- c Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences , Central South University , Changsha , PR China
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Lee HJ, Jeong SE, Lee S, Kim S, Han H, Jeon CO. Effects of cosmetics on the skin microbiome of facial cheeks with different hydration levels. Microbiologyopen 2017; 7:e00557. [PMID: 29193830 PMCID: PMC5911989 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic cosmetics was used by volunteers belonging to high (HHG) and low (LHG) hydration groups for 4 weeks, and bacterial communities and biophysical parameters in facial skin were analyzed. Hydration level increases and transepidermal water loss and roughness decreases were observed in both groups after cosmetic use. Bacterial diversity was greater in LHG than HHG, and increased after cosmetic use in both groups. Bray–Curtis dissimilarities that were higher in LHG than HHG increased in HHG after cosmetic use, whereas they decreased in LHG. The phyla Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes and the genera Propionibacterium, Ralstonia, Burkholderia, Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, Cupriavidus, and Pelomonas were identified as common groups and they were not significantly different between LHG and HHG except for Propionibacterium that was more abundant in HHG. After cosmetic use, Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus, and Corynebacterium decreased, whereas Ralstonia, not a core genus, increased, as did KEGG categories of lipid metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism, suggesting that Ralstonia in skin may have the ability to metabolize cosmetics components. Bacterial communities after cosmetic use were different from those in both LHG and HHG before the cosmetic use, indicating that bacterial communities in LHG were not shifted to resemble those in HHG by cosmetics use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Lee
- Department of Biology, Kunsan National University, Gunsan, Korea
| | - Sang Eun Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soyoun Lee
- Coway Cosmetics R&D Center, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
黄 松, 杨 西, 莫 立, 周 冼. [Optimization of emollient formulation for treating atopic dermatitis by skin physiological index testing]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:967-974. [PMID: 28736378 PMCID: PMC6765524 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.07.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To optimize the formulation of an emollient for treatment of atopic dermatitis prepared using ceramide, sodium hyaluronate, paeonol, and camellia-seed oil. METHODS The emollients with different ratios of the 4 components were designed according to the L9(34)orthogonal table with 4 factors and 3 levels. The efficacy of the prepared emollients was tested in 4-6 week-old BALB/c mouse models of atopic dermatitis to determine the optimal formulation of the emollient by evaluating skin water content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), pharmacodynamics and skin irritation. RESULTS Range analysis of the orthogonal table and analysis of variance showed that ceramide and camellia seed oil contents had the greatest impact on the skin water content and TEWL, respectively, and the optimal composition of the emollient contained the 4 components at the ratios of D1E1F1G1. Pharmacodynamic experiments showed that at high, medium and low doses, the emollient with the optimal formulation significantly improved the skin water content, pH and TEWL in the mice (P<0.05) with similar effects in the positive control group (P>0.05) and a skin irritation test score of 0. CONCLUSION The emollient we prepared can significantly improve skin water content, pH and TEWL in the mouse model of atopic dermatitis without skin irritations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- 松根 黄
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院皮肤科，广东 广州 510630Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
- 南方医科大学，广东 广州 510515Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 西晓 杨
- 南方医科大学深圳医院药剂科，广东 深圳 518000Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - 立乾 莫
- 南方医科大学南方医院药学部，广东 广州 510515Department of Pharmacy, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 冼苡 周
- 南方医科大学第三附属医院皮肤科，广东 广州 510630Department of Dermatology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
|
|
13
|
Lindh JD, Bradley M. Clinical Effectiveness of Moisturizers in Atopic Dermatitis and Related Disorders: A Systematic Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2015; 16:341-59. [PMID: 26267423 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-015-0146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moisturizers are widely used for atopic dermatitis (AD) and related conditions, but available evidence of their effectiveness has not been reviewed in a systematic fashion. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to investigate the effectiveness of emollients, as a group and individually, in the treatment of AD and related conditions, by means of a systematic review. DATA SOURCES Studies indexed in MEDLINE and/or Embase before 16 January 2015. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Controlled clinical studies comparing the clinical effect of a moisturizer against its vehicle, another moisturizer, or no treatment were eligible. For the outcomes transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and stratum corneum hydration, uncontrolled before-after designs were also eligible. PARTICIPANTS Participants were patients with AD, irritant hand dermatitis, and/or ichthyosis vulgaris. RESULTS Out of the 595 publications initially identified, 45 (48 studies, 3262 patients) were eligible for inclusion. A vast majority of studies indicate that moisturizers have beneficial effects on clinical symptoms [SCORAD (SCORing Atopic Dermatitis) reductions ranging from 0 to 2.7 points], TEWL (range 0 to -12.2 g/m(2)h) and stratum corneum hydration (range +8 to +100%). Direct comparisons between individual moisturizers are still scarce, but the clinical effect appears to be much more well-documented for urea and glycerin than, for example, propylene glycol, lactate, ceramide, and aluminum chlorohydrate. Compared with urea studies, glycerin studies were more often associated with a high risk of bias. LIMITATIONS Due to differences in study designs and outcome measures, a quantitative meta-analytic approach was not deemed feasible, and formal indicators of publication bias such as funnel plots could not be used. However, a large number of moderately sized studies with positive outcomes could be compatible with selective publishing of favourable results. CONCLUSIONS The clinical effect of moisturizers is well-documented. Urea-based preparations may be preferable as a first-line treatment, but there is an unmet need for well-powered comparisons between individual moisturizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan D Lindh
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Maria Bradley
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Man G, Elias PM, Man MQ. Therapeutic benefits of enhancing permeability barrier for atopic eczema. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
|
15
|
Popa I, Portoukalian J, Haftek M. Specificity in the alteration of lesional and non-lesional skin lipids in atopic dogs. World J Dermatol 2015; 4:1-7. [DOI: 10.5314/wjd.v4.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present paper is in the same time an overview of the literature concerning the alterations of lipids in the stratum corneum (SC) of atopic dogs and a review of data based on our publications. Knowing the importance of the SC barrier function for against pathogens in atopic dermatitis, we show for the first time a detailed biochemical analysis of lipids corresponding to the same amount of proteins in the successive layers of canine SC taken using tape stripping and their specificity as compared to humans. Also we show new results concerning the changes in the composition for protein-bound ceramides, and for the other lipids in involved and non-involved skin areas in atopic dogs. We show how a topical or oral treatment can restore the SC lipid composition and reconstruct the barrier integrity by up-regulating the biosynthesis of protein-bound ceramides.
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Abstract
Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease. Although most patients are well served by existing therapies, a subset of patients with severe AD are still not adequately treated. An improved understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms behind the disease has led to the development of a range of potential new drugs for this indication. Areas covered: The authors provide a narrative review of the drugs in Phase II trials listed on Clinicaltrials.gov. The authors supplement this information with recently published literature located through PubMed. The main target of new treatments appears to be the inflammation process, whereas drugs aimed at reducing itching or increasing the barrier function are fewer to nonexistent. A wide range of drugs, including small molecules and antibodies, are being tested. Expert opinion: The focus on inflammation is not only driven by the limitations posed by our current understanding of biology, but also by the broader scope of these drugs, which may be used in other diseases. In alignment with the recent drug development of other dermatological diseases, antibodies directed at key molecules in the pathogenesis of AD appear to be the most promising.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sophie Ibler
- Roskilde Hospital, Department of Dermatology , Køgevej 7-13, 4000 Roskilde , Denmark +45 47322600 ; +45 47322699 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Jung JY, Nam EH, Park SH, Han SH, Hwang CY. Clinical use of a ceramide-based moisturizer for treating dogs with atopic dermatitis. J Vet Sci 2013; 14:199-205. [PMID: 23814473 PMCID: PMC3694192 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2013.14.2.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, skin barrier dysfunction is thought to be responsible for enhanced penetration of allergens. Similar to conditions seen in humans, canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is characterized by derangement of corneocytes and disorganization of intercellular lipids in the stratum corenum (SC) with decreased ceramide levels. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of a moisturizer containing ceramide on dogs with CAD. Dogs (n = 20, 3~8 years old) with mild to moderate clinical signs were recruited and applied a moisturizer containing ceramide for 4 weeks. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin hydration, pruritus index for canine atopic dermatitis (PICAD) scores, and canine atopic dermatitis extent and severity index (CADESI) scores of all dogs were evaluated. Skin samples from five dogs were also examined with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using ruthenium tetroxide. TEWL, PICAD, and CADESI values decreased (p < 0.05) and skin hydration increased dramatically over time (p < 0.05). Electron micrographs showed that the skin barrier of all five dogs was partially restored (p < 0.05). In conclusion, these results demonstrated that moisturizer containing ceramide was effective for treating skin barrier dysfunction and CAD symptoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-young Jung
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Biotechnological production of sphingoid bases and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:4301-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4878-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
|
19
|
Kawano KI, Umemura K. Oral intake of beet extract provides protection against skin barrier impairment in hairless mice. Phytother Res 2012; 27:775-83. [PMID: 22949397 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis acts as a functional barrier against the external environment. Disturbances in the function of this barrier cause water loss and increase the chances of penetration by various irritable stimuli, leading to skin diseases such as dry skin, atopic dermatitis, and psoriasis. Ceramides are a critical natural element of the protective epidermal barrier. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the oral intake of beet (Beta vulgaris) extract, a natural product rich in glucosylceramide (GlcCer), may prevent disturbance in skin barrier function. When HR-1 hairless mice were fed a special diet (HR-AD), transepidermal water loss (TEWL) from the dorsal skin increased, with a compensatory increase in water intake after 5 weeks. Mice fed with HR-AD had dry skin with erythema and showed increased scratching behaviour. Histological examinations revealed a remarkable increase in the thickness of the skin at 8 weeks. Supplemental addition of beet extract, which contained GlcCer at a final concentration of 0.1%, significantly prevented an increase TEWL, water intake, cumulative scratching time, and epidermal thickness at 8 weeks. These results indicate that oral intake of beet extract shows potential for preventing skin diseases associated with impaired skin barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kawano
- Department of Pharmacology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-Ku, Hamamatsu, 431-3192, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Skin barrier function and its importance at the start of the atopic march. J Allergy (Cairo) 2012; 2012:901940. [PMID: 22619686 PMCID: PMC3352623 DOI: 10.1155/2012/901940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis can be due to a variety of causes from nonatopic triggers to food allergy. Control of egress of water and protection from ingress of irritants and allergens are key components of cutaneous barrier function. Current research suggests that a degraded barrier function of the skin allows the immune system inappropriate access to environmental allergens. Epidermal aeroallergen exposure may allow sensitization to allergen possibly initiating the atopic march. Further research into connections between epidermal barrier function and possible allergen sensitization will be important to undertake. Future clinical trials focused on skin barrier protection may be of value as a possible intervention in prevention of the initiation of the atopic march.
Collapse
|
|
21
|
Popa I, Remoue N, Osta B, Pin D, Gatto H, Haftek M, Portoukalian J. The lipid alterations in the stratum corneum of dogs with atopic dermatitis are alleviated by topical application of a sphingolipid-containing emulsion. Clin Exp Dermatol 2012; 37:665-71. [PMID: 22360796 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2230.2011.04313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) results from an altered skin barrier associated with defects in the lipid composition of the skin. Dogs with AD present similar clinical symptoms to humans, and may be a useful model for investigations into AD. AIM To analyse the changes occurring in the lipids of the stratum corneum (SC) of dogs with AE after 3 weeks of topical treatment with an emulsion containing ceramides, free fatty acids (FFAs) and cholesterol (skin lipid complex; SLC). METHODS Nonlesional SC was collected by tape stripping from control and treated areas. Free and protein-bound lipids were purified, and the various classes were isolated by column chromatography, analysed by thin-layer chromatography and assayed. RESULTS Ceramides, FFA and cholesterol were all found to be lower in the skin of untreated dogs with AD than in normal dogs, and the topical treatment resulted in significantly increased values for ceramides. Conversely, only trace amounts of glucosylceramides were present in normal SC, but a high concentration (27 μg per mg protein) was detected in canine atopic SC, which disappeared after treatment with SLC. There was a heterogeneous distribution of all of the lipids in the different layers of canine atopic SC, which was more pronounced for protein-bound than for free lipids. Following topical treatment, the protein-bound lipid content normalized. CONCLUSIONS Topical treatment with SLC resulted in a significant improvement of the lipid biosynthesis of keratinocytes in atopic dogs, thereby potentially enabling the formation of a tighter epidermal barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Popa
- Laboratory of Dermatological Research, University of Lyon-I, Lyon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
|
22
|
Carneiro R, Salgado A, Raposo S, Marto J, Simões S, Urbano M, Ribeiro HM. Topical emulsions containing ceramides: Effects on the skin barrier function and anti-inflammatory properties. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|