• Accidental burns
• Burns
• Child abuse
• Contact burns
• Inflicted burns
• Scalds

• CNT film
• analytical solutions
• flexible ultrasonic patch
• temperature and acoustic characterization
• thermoacoustic effect

Pediatric burns of all the ages are prevalent worldwide, posing a severe health risk to children. This study aims to examine pediatric burns' clinical characteristics and epidemiology in central China.

The pediatric patients of the Burn Research Center, Department of the First People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City from 2013 to 2019 were retrospectively studied and the relevant data were collected from the hospitalized medical records [e.g., demographic, etiology, length of stay (LOS), age, gender, burn area and depth, number of surgeries, cost, and outcome].

A total of 5,569 pediatric burn patients were included, accounting for 43.9% of the total burn population. Electric burns represented a relatively small proportion (1.17%) but were more likely to lead to disabilities or death than scalds (90.63%) and flames (5.12%). The median age was 2 years [interquartile range (IQR): 1–4] and the boys/girls ratio ranged from 1.3:1 to 1.6:1. The most commonly burnt anatomic sites were the limbs (38.3%), with a median %TBSA (total body surface area) of 6 (IQR: 4–10). The complications of shock and pneumonia accounted for 7.6 and 19.2%, respectively. The peak months of pediatric burns included January, May, and August and the rural/urban ratio reached 1.61:1. The percentage of burn wounds treated surgically increased considerably from 2013 to 2019 (3.8 vs. 37.8%). The median hospital LOS was 15 days (IQR: 8–28 days), with the three high-risk factors (e.g., more surgeries, more %TBSA, full-thickness skin burns). The median cost of hospitalization was 1,511 USD (IQR: 848–2,648 USD) and the main risk factors consisted of full-thickness burns, more %TBSA, longer LOS, and more surgical procedures. Among all the patients, LA50 was 78.63% (95% CI = 75.12–83.45) and the overall mortality reached 0.1% since seven deaths were recorded.

Scalds, flames, contact, and chemicals are the main causes of burns among children aged 1–5 years in central China. Accordingly, various prevention strategies should be employed depending upon the cause of the burn.

• burns
• cost
• epidemiology
• outcome
• pediatric
• prevention

• Burn depth classification
• Deep learning
• Encoder-decoder CNN
• Ultrasound imaging

Gene-based approaches for protein replacement therapies have the potential to reduce the number of administrations. Our previous work demonstrated that expression could be enhanced and/or the applied voltage reduced by preheating the tissue prior to pulse administration. In the current study, we utilized our 16-pin multi-electrode array (MEA) and incorporated nine optical fibers, connected to an infrared laser, between each set of four electrodes to heat the tissue to 43 °C. For proof of principle, a guinea pig model was used to test delivery of reporter genes. We observed that when the skin was preheated, it was possible to achieve the same expression levels as gene electrotransfer without preheating, but with a 23% reduction of applied voltage or a 50% reduction of pulse number. With respect to expression distribution, preheating allowed for delivery to the deep dermis and muscle. This suggested that this cutaneous delivery approach has the potential to achieve expression in the systemic circulation, thus this protocol was repeated using a plasmid encoding Human Factor IX. Elevated Factor IX serum protein levels were detected by ELISA up to 100 days post gene delivery. Further work will involve optimizing protein levels and scalability in an effort to reduce application frequency.

• Factor IX
• electroporation
• electrotransfer
• gene delivery
• gene therapy
• multi-electrode array

• R01 EB018956 NIH HHS

• A549 Cells
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry
• Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
• Antineoplastic Agents/chemistry
• Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
• Bacteria/drug effects
• Bacteria/growth & development
• Biphenyl Compounds/chemistry
• Cell Survival/drug effects
• Disk Diffusion Antimicrobial Tests
• Drug Compounding
• Free Radical Scavengers/chemistry
• Free Radical Scavengers/pharmacology
• Green Chemistry Technology
• Hep G2 Cells
• Humans
• Metal Nanoparticles
• Nanotechnology
• Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Neoplasms/pathology
• Picrates/chemistry
• Polysaccharides/chemistry
• Polysaccharides/pharmacology
• Silver Nitrate/chemistry
• Silver Nitrate/pharmacology

• Biomarkers
• Classification
• Partial least square (PLS)
• Raman spectroscopy
• Skin burns
• Support vector machine (SVM)

• burn injuries
• fire exposure
• firefighters
• skin thickness
• thermal protective clothing

• burn prevention
• endoscope light post
• endoscope ocular assembly
• endoscopic sinus surgery
• intraoperative safety
• nasal endoscope temperature
• nasal endoscopes
• patient safety
• skull base surgery
• surgeon safety

• Drinks
• Prevention
• Scald
• Temperature
• Thermoplastic

• Burn
• hot beverage
• injury
• scald

• Children
• Dermoid
• Minimally invasive
• Percutaneous drainage
• Radiofrequency coblation

• Adolescent
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Dermoid Cyst/therapy
• Drainage/methods
• Female
• Head and Neck Neoplasms/therapy
• Humans
• Infant
• Male
• Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures
• Radiofrequency Ablation/methods
• Retrospective Studies

• Biomechanics
• Hyperelasticity
• Tissue burns
• Ultrasound elastography

The present work analyzes skin burns from spills of hot rice and milk products. The traditional Norwegian rice porridge serves as an example. By testing spills on objects emulating an arm, it was concluded that spills were seldom thinner than 3 mm, and stayed in place due to the viscosity of the porridge for more than one minute. The Pennes bioheat equation was solved numerically for such spills, including heat conduction to the skin and convective heat losses from the porridge surface. Temperatures were analyzed in the porridge and skin layers, and the resulting skin injury was calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as porridge layer thickness, porridge temperature, removal of the porridge and thermal effects of post scald tempered (15 °C) water cooling were analyzed. The spilled porridge resulted in a prolonged heat supply to the skin, and the skin injury developed significantly with time. The porridge temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter. A 70 °C porridge temperature could develop superficial partial-thickness burns. Porridge temperatures at processing temperatures nearly instantly developed severe burns. It was demonstrated that prompt removal of the hot porridge significantly reduced the injury development. The general advice is to avoid serving porridge and similar products at temperatures above 65 °C and, if spilled on the skin, to remove it quickly. After such scald incidents, it is advised to cool the injured area by tempered water for a prolonged period to stimulate healing.

• damage integral
• hot porridge scalding
• numerical modeling
• thermal injury

The present work analyzes scald burns from hot beverages, such as coffee and tea, spilled on the lap, i.e., an incident that may occur in daily life. The Pennes bioheat equation is solved numerically for small spills wetting the clothing, i.e., the fabric prevents the spilled liquid from draining away. Temperatures are analyzed in the wetted fabric and the skin layers and the resulting skin injury is calculated based on the basal layer temperature. Parameters influencing burn severity, such as clothing thickness, liquid temperature, removal of fabric and thermal effects of post scald water cooling are analyzed. The fabric cools the water some but represents a threat since the entrapped water results in a prolonged heat supply. The liquid temperature turned out to be the most important injury parameter, where liquid temperature of about 80–85 °C seems to be a limit for developing superficial partial-thickness burns in the present minimum case, i.e., where the liquid just wets the fabric. Spilling water in excess of just wetting the fabric, more severe burns will develop at lower liquid temperatures due to the prolonged heat supply. Higher liquid temperatures will nearly instantly develop more severe burns. It is demonstrated that removal of the clothing within the first seconds after the spill may significantly reduce the scalding severity. The general advice is therefore to avoid excessive heating of beverages and, if the beverage is spilled, to quickly remove the wetted clothing. Prolonged tempered water cooling is advised to improve the healing processes.

• damage integral
• fabric
• numerical modeling
• scalding
• thermal injury

• flame exposure
• numerical modeling
• pre-cooled
• thermal injury
• wet skin

• Burns
• Fires
• Humans
• Male
• Models, Theoretical
• Skin Temperature
• Temperature
• Water

• Burn imaging
• Burning experiment protocols
• Review
• Soft tissue burns
• Thermal injury mechanisms
• Thermal injury simulations

• Burns/diagnostic imaging
• Burns/pathology
• Burns/physiopathology
• Elastic Modulus/physiology
• Humans
• Models, Biological
• Skin/anatomy & histology
• Skin/pathology
• Skin Physiological Phenomena
• Subcutaneous Tissue/pathology
• Thermal Conductivity

• R01 EB010037 NIBIB NIH HHS
• R01 CA197491 NCI NIH HHS
• R44 OD018334 NIH HHS
• R01 EB014305 NIBIB NIH HHS
• R01 EB009362 NIBIB NIH HHS
• R01 HL119248 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 EB005807 NIBIB NIH HHS

• Burn injury threshold
• Time to burning
• Time-temperature relationship

Scald injuries, which describe burns to living tissue from hot liquids, are a very common injury that occur across geographical, social, economic, and national boundaries. Despite their ubiquitous nature, a complete understanding of the conditions which are required to cause scald burns is not yet available. In addition, clear guidance to medical practitioners is available through various guidelines however in actual situations, the extent of the burn is not fully known and this lack of knowledge complicates care. Here, a comprehensive review is made of the available knowledge of temperatures and scald durations which lead to skin-burn injuries. The range of volumes and liquid temperatures are typical of those found in heated consumer beverages. This review can help medical practitioners design initial treatment protocols and can be used by manufacturers of hot-liquid products to avoid the most severe burns. Next, within the context of this ability to quantify burn depths, a review of current burn treatment guidelines is given. Included in this review is a visual recognition of the extent of burns into the dermal layer as well as decision guidelines for selection of patients which would benefit from referral to a dedicated burn center. It is hoped that by bringing together both the quantified burn-depth information and current treatment guidelines, this review can be used as a resource for persons in the medical, manufacturing, beverage service, and other industries to reduce the human impact of scald injuries.

• Scald injury
• Skin burns
• Biological heating
• Hot beverages
• Burn depth

• Burns
• Child abuse
• Cigarette lighter
• Non-accidental injury

• Animals
• Biomarkers/metabolism
• Burns/pathology
• Dermis/pathology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Doppler Effect
• Female
• Humans
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional
• Lasers
• Reproducibility of Results
• Staining and Labeling
• Sus scrofa
• Temperature
• Water

• Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute/Children's Health Queensland Program Grant
• National Health and Medical Research Council

• Bioheat transfer
• burns
• hot beverages
• scalds
• thermal injury