• And sex
• Anxiety
• Body mass index
• Depression
• Pubertal development
• Somatic complaints

• Univerzita Palackého v Olomouci
• Palacky University Olomouc

• Mendelian randomization
• age at first birth
• age at menarche
• age at menopause
• low back pain
• reproductive factors

• Humans
• Low Back Pain/etiology
• Low Back Pain/epidemiology
• Female
• Mendelian Randomization Analysis
• Genome-Wide Association Study
• Menarche
• Menopause
• Risk Factors
• Adult
• Menstrual Cycle
• Age Factors
• Middle Aged

• children’s behavioural difficulties
• maternal depressiveness
• maternal pain
• perceived pain
• recurrent pain
• socioeconomic status

• Cluster analysis
• Disability
• Functioning
• Internalizing symptoms
• Youth

• Gymnastics
• low back pain
• risk factors

The number of school age children with excessive body weight and perception of musculoskeletal pain is on the rise.

The aim of this study is to identify the most common sites of acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in school children with excessive body weight and obesity.

A survey included 1315 children aged 9-14 years from September 2016 to January 2017 in the Primary schools of Canton Tuzla. The weight and height were measured for each subject based on which a body mass index was determined and two groups were categorized: a group of children with excessive BMI and obesity (N = 406), and the remaining respondents were part of the control group. The Nordic questionnaire was utilized to examine places of perception of musculoskeletal pain experienced by children in the preceding 7 days (acute) or preceding 1 year (chronic pain).

Prevalence of overweight and obesity in school children is 31% (significantly higher in boys than in girls, 38%: 25%). The incidence of acute and chronic pain in children with normal BMI 49% is significantly higher than in excessive BMI 45% or in children with overweight 39.1%. Obesity and overweight are risk factors for the development of nonspecific musculoskeletal pain (OR = 1.161, 95% CI, 1.020-1.322). The most common places for chronic pain associated with overweight and obesity are neck (OR = 1.212, 95% CI, 0.893-1.644) and knee (OR = 1.103, 95% CI, 0.690-1.760). While the most common place of acute pain is knee (OR = 1.127 , 95% CI, 0.673-1.890).

The relationship between excessive body weight and chronic musculoskeletal pain (MSP) in the neck and knees indicates the cumulative effect of exposure to excessive body weight and obesity in BiH school children.

• BMI
• musculoskeletal pain
• obesity
• overweight
• schoolchildren

• headache
• neck pain
• prevalence
• school-age adolescents
• self-reported musculoskeletal pain

• adolescent
• children's health and exercise
• exercise testing
• maturation
• sporting injuries

• Fatigue
• Primary immune deficiency disorder
• USIDnet

Back pain is a common condition that starts early in life and seems to increase markedly during puberty. A systematic review was performed in order to investigate the link between puberty and back pain, using some Bradford Hill criteria for causality.

We sought to obtain answers to the following questions: 1) Is there an association between puberty and back pain? If so, how strong is this association? And do the results remain unchanged also when controlling for age and sex? 2) Are the results of the studies consistent? 3) Is there a dose-response, showing a link between the increasing stages of puberty and the subsequent prevalence of back pain? 4) Is there a temporal link between puberty and back pain?

A systematic critical literature review.

Systematic searches were made in March 2014 in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and PsycINFO including longitudinal or cross-sectional studies on back pain for subjects <19 years, written in French or English. The review process followed the AMSTAR recommendations. Interpretation was made using some of the Bradford-Hill criteria for causality.

Four articles reporting five studies were included, two of which were longitudinal. 1) Some studies show a weak and others a strong positive association between puberty and back pain, which remains after controlling for age and sex; 2) Results were consistent across the studies; 3) There was a linear increase of back pain according to the stage of puberty 4) Temporality has not been sufficiently studied.

All our criteria for causality were fulfilled or somewhat fulfilled indicating the possibility of a causal link between puberty and back pain. Future research should focus on specific hypotheses, for example investigating if there could be a hormonal or a biomechanical aspect to the development of back pain at this time of life.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12998-014-0027-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Adolescent
• Aetiology
• Back pain
• Cause
• Puberty
• Systematic review

In this review article, we describe a social-signaling perspective of human pain and pain empathizing behaviors which is based on the premise that pain percepts evolved to serve both intrapersonal as well as interpersonal, communicative functions. This perspective offers a generative framework for understanding the natural origin and proximate expression of felt pain and pain empathizing behaviors. The basic thesis is that humans evolved sensory-behavioral heuristics for perceiving and inhibiting exogenous and endogenous pain sensations as part of more general expressive styles characterized by the demonstration of vulnerability gestures (i.e., trustworthiness cues) versus empowerment gestures (i.e., capacity cues), and these styles ultimately facilitate broader self-protection and social novelty-seeking life-history behavior strategies, respectively. We review the extant literature on how social contextual factors (e.g., audience characteristics) and how structural and functional components of individual’s social network appear to influence the expression of pain behaviors in ways that support basic predictions from the social-signaling perspective. We also show how the perspective can be used to interpret conventional findings of sex differences in pain percepts and pain empathizing behaviors and for predicting how the situational context and individual’s peer networks modulate these differences in vitro and in vitro. We conclude the article by describing how pain researchers may better understand how varying levels and divergent directions of changes in affect tend to co-occur with systematic changes in internal vs external pain sensitivities, and thus why, from an evolutionary perspective, pain may occur in the presence and absence of physical tissue damage.

• Pain behaviors
• Psychology
• Social support
• Sex differences
• Communication

• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Chronic Disease
• Circadian Rhythm
• Disease Progression
• Female
• Headache/complications
• Headache/diagnosis
• Headache/psychology
• Headache/therapy
• Humans
• Italy
• Male
• Sex Distribution
• Sleep Wake Disorders/complications
• Sleep Wake Disorders/diagnosis
• Sleep Wake Disorders/psychology
• Sleep Wake Disorders/therapy

• children with special health care needs
• chronic condition
• family impact
• fatigue
• quality of life

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Caregivers/psychology
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Chronic Disease/classification
• Chronic Disease/psychology
• Family/psychology
• Fatigue/psychology
• Female
• Health Status
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Parents/psychology
• Quality of Life/psychology
• Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic/psychology

• K23 HD057146 NICHD NIH HHS
• U01 AR052181 NIAMS NIH HHS

• functional somatic symptoms
• pain
• pubertal development
• gender differences

• Adolescent
• Chronic fatigue syndrome
• Fatigue
• Sleepiness

• adolescent oncology patients
• cancer-related fatigue
• instrument development and testing

• Adolescent
• Fatigue/etiology
• Fatigue/physiopathology
• Female
• Humans
• Male
• Neoplasms/complications
• Reproducibility of Results
• Surveys and Questionnaires/standards

• P30 CA021765 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 NR007610 NINR NIH HHS
• P30 CA21765 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 NR7610 NINR NIH HHS

Studies on school students are indicating that somatic complaints and pain have increased during the past decades. Throughout this period there has been a change in methodology from proxy reports by parents to having the students themselves act as the respondents, possible explaining some of the increase in prevalence. The aim of this study was to compare the agreement of answers from students with answers given by their parents regarding the students' medical background and subjective rating of perceived health with specific focus on frequency of headache, musculoskeletal pain and tiredness.

The participating students came from eleven different schools in Sweden. The schools were a sub sample of randomly selected schools originally participating in a larger multidisciplinary base study. Those 8^th grade students present at school on the test date became the subjects of the investigation. A total of 232 students answered, assisted by the test leader, a specially designed self-complete questionnaire at school. Their parents were, at the same time, contacted and 200 answered a similar mailed-out questionnaire. One hundred and eighty-six (186) corresponding student-same parent questionnaires were registered for which comparisons of answers could be made and analysis conducted.

When a child is in good health, in absence of diseases, pain and injuries, his or her assessment matches up with their parent. Children and parents also showed agreement in cases of severe injuries and frequent (daily) complaints of knee pain. Less frequent headaches, back- and musculoskeletal pain and other complaints of minor injuries and less wellbeing, such as students' tiredness, were all under-reported and under-rated by their parents.

When assessing the perceived health and wellbeing of students, their own expressions should be the basis for the data collection and analysis rather than relying entirely on parental reports.

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Attitude to Health
• Child
• Child Welfare
• Fatigue/epidemiology
• Female
• Headache/epidemiology
• Health Status
• Humans
• Male
• Musculoskeletal System/physiopathology
• Parents/psychology
• Proxy
• Psychometrics
• Reproducibility of Results
• Self Concept
• Students/psychology
• Surveys and Questionnaires
• Sweden/epidemiology
• Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology