Risk factors for thoracic-osteoporotic thoracic vertebral compression fractures during the normalized prevention and control period of COVID-19

Table 1 Comparison of general data, mean ± SD

Parameter	Observation group (n = 230)	Control group (n = 236)	χ2	P value
Gender	56 males, 174 females	49 males, 187 females	-1.539	0.125
Age (years)	75.96 ± 6.00	76.76 ± 5.44	-1.518	0.130
BMI (kg/m2)	21.80 ± 2.31	22.05 ± 2.41	-1.107	0.269
BMD (g/cm2)	-2.31 ± 0.83	-2.40 ± 0.67	1.280	0.201

BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density.

Table 2 Comparison of fracture location and cause between the two groups, n (%)

Item	Observation group (n = 230)	Control group (n = 236)	χ2	P value
Fracture location
Thoracolumbar segment (T11-L2)	124 (53.9)	190 (80.5)	37.485	< 0.01a
Lumbar segment (L3-L5)	9 (3.9)	26 (11.0)	8.462	0.0036a
Thoracic segment (T1-T10)	97 (42.2)	20 (8.5)	70.348	< 0.01a
Cause of fracture
Fall at the same level	68 (29.6)	111 (47.0)	15.024	0.0001a
Fall from height	26 (11.3)	55 (23.3)	11.681	0.0006a
Sprain	26 (11.3)	31 (13.1)	0.363	0.546
Lifting heavy objects	22 (9.6)	24 (10.2)	0.0478	0.826
Non-cough causes of fracture	142	221
Cough	88 (38.2)	15 (6.4)	68.864	< 0.01a

^aP < 0.05 vs the control group.

T: Thoracic vertebrae; L: Lumbar vertebrae.

Table 3 Comparison of pain and activity ability at different time points after surgery between the two groups, mean ± SD

Item	Observation group (n = 230)	Control group (n = 236)	t	P value
VAS score (points)
Pre-operation	7.8 ± 1.3	7.4 ± 1.5	2.097	0.037
1 day post-operation	4.4 ± 0.9a	4.2 ± 1.1a	1.457	0.146
1 month post-operation	2.3 ± 0.5a	2.2 ± 0.4a	1.681	0.094
Activity ability score (points)
Pre-operation	3.3 ± 0.8	3.4 ± 1.0	0.807	0.420
1 day post-operation	1.8 ± 0.5a	1.7 ± 0.6a	1.328	0.185
1 month post-operation	1.3 ± 0.4a	1.2 ± 0.3a	1.942	0.053

^aP < 0.05 vs pre-operation.

VAS: Visual analogue scale.

Table 4 Comparison of influencing factors of nucleic acid test results, n (%)

Item	Negative subgroup (n = 145)	Positive subgroup (n = 85)	χ2	P value
Fracture location
Thoracolumbar segment (T11-L2)	108 (74.5)	11 (12.9)	81.279	< 0.001a
Lumbar segment (L3-L5)	17 (11.7)	6 (7.1)	1.295	0.255
Thoracic segment (T1-T10)	20 (13.8)	68 (80.0)	99.437	< 0.001a
Cause of fracture
Fall at the same level	58 (40.90)	10 (28.24)	20.515	< 0.001a
Fall from height	30 (22.76)	0 (11.76)	20.224	< 0.001a
Sprain	21 (14.48)	1 (9.41)	10.968	0.0009a
Lifting heavy objects	14 (10.66)	1 (9.41)	6.149	0.0131a
Cough	2 (6.21)	73 (41.18)	174.127	< 0.001a

^aP < 0.05 vs the negative subgroup.

T: Thoracic vertebrae; L: Lumbar vertebrae.

Table 5 Binary logistic regression analysis (enter method)

Variable	B	SE	P value	Exponentiated B
Gender	0.244	0.666	0.714	1.276
Age	0.410	0.383	0.284	1.507
Cause of fracture	1.298	0.197	0.000	3.660
Nucleic acid test result	1.573	0.613	0.010	4.821
BMI	1.546	0.406	0.000	4.691
BMD	1.259	0.424	0.003	3.521
Constant	-13.451	2.461	0.000	0.000

BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density.

Table 6 Predictive accuracy of each influencing factor

Variable	AUC	SE	95%CI
Probability	0.961	0.0130	0.927-0.982
BMI	0.730	0.0304	0.667-0.786
BMD	0.684	0.0314	0.620-0.744
Cause of fracture	0.911	0.0237	0.867-0.945
Nucleic acid test result	0.738	0.0324	0.676-0.794

AUC: Area under the curve; CI: Confidence interval; BMI: Body mass index; BMD: Bone mineral density.