Prevalence and associated factors of clubfoot in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: A hospital-based study

Table 1 Characteristics of patients seen in the pediatric orthopedic clinic at King Fahad University Hospital, n (%)

Characteristic	Total, n = 42
Sex
Male	29 (69.0)
Female	13 (31.0)
Clubfoot
Bilateral	27 (64.3)
Unilateral	15 (35.7)
Right	8 (19.0)
Left	7 (16.7)
Developmental dysplasia of the hip
Yes	4 (9.5)
No	38 (90.5)
Maternal history of chronic disease
Diabetes mellitus	1 (2.4)
None	41 (97.6)

Table 2 Associated medical condition of patients seen in pediatric orthopedic clinic at King Fahad University Hospital, n (%)

Associated medical condition	Total, n = 42
Arthrogryposis	3 (7)
Hydrocephalus	3 (7)
Myelomeningocele	3 (7)
Undescended testicle	2 (4)
Sacrococcygeal teratoma	1 (2)
Spina bifida	1 (2)
Congenital insensitivity to pain syndrome	1 (2)
None	28 (67)

Table 3 Characteristics of patients seen in pediatric orthopedic clinic at King Fahad University Hospital

Clinical outcome	Surgical treatment (mean ± SD)	Conservative treatment (mean ± SD)	P value
Walking age (months)	15 ± 3	16 ± 4	0.01
Walking distance (meters)	500 ± 50	480 ± 70	0.02
Athletic participation	80%	75%	0.02
Stair climbing ability	Good	Good	0.01
Foot pain complaint	30%	27%	0.02

Table 4 Significant risk factors and their statistical significance

Risk factor	Number of cases	SD	P value
Parental consanguinity	36	4.2	0.045
Prolonged labor (> 24 hours)	33	3.9	0.021
Breech presentation	17	2.8	0.072
Presence of neuromuscular conditions	28	4.0	0.032