Impact of preoperative frailty on complications, readmissions, and functional recovery following total knee arthroplasty in elderly patients

Figure 1 Flow diagram of matching criteria between elderly total knee arthroplasty patients with preoperative frailty. ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; mFI: Modified Frailty Index; TKA: Total knee arthroplasty.

Figure 2 Ninety-day complication rates following total knee arthroplasty between patients with preoperative frailty and matched-control patients. DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; PE: Pulmonary embolism; TKA: Total knee arthroplasty; SSI: Surgical site infection.

Figure 3 Proposed frailty-based clinical pathway for total knee arthroplasty in resource-limited settings. Patients are screened using the 11-item modified Frailty Index. Those with modified Frailty Index ≥ 0.27 undergo targeted, low-cost preoperative optimization and multidisciplinary review before proceeding to surgery with enhanced perioperative care. mFI: Modified Frailty Index; MNA-SF: Mini nutritional assessment-short form; TKA: Total knee arthroplasty; USD: United State Dollar; VTE: Venous thromboembolism.