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Copyright ©The Author(s) 2026.
World J Orthop. Jan 18, 2026; 17(1): 111911
Published online Jan 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i1.111911
Figure 1
Figure 1 Molecular mechanisms of molecular hydrogen therapy in musculoskeletal ailments. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; IL: Interleukin; JNK: C-Jun N-terminal kinase; ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Wnt: Wingless/integrated.
Figure 2
Figure 2 Molecular hydrogen -mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH associated protein 1 signaling pathway. Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; sMaf: Small Maf protein; ARE: Antioxidant response element.
Figure 3
Figure 3 Molecular hydrogen therapy in musculoskeletal ailments.