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World J Orthop. May 18, 2026; 17(5): 116449
Published online May 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i5.116449
Published online May 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i5.116449
Risk prediction models for re-fractures following hip fracture in older adults: A methodological evaluation
Min Qian, Jia-Jia Liu, Hua-Jie Yang, Department of VIP/International Medical Service, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
Yi-Xiao Chen, Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
Guo-Qing Li, Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100035, China
Co-first authors: Min Qian and Yi-Xiao Chen.
Author contributions: Qian M and Chen YX were responsible for writing original draft, methodology, and funding acquisition as co-first authors; Liu JJ was responsible for methodology; Yang HJ was responsible for methodology; Li GQ was responsible for writing review and editing, supervision, and funding acquisition; all of the authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript to be published.
AI contribution statement: We did use AI tools for language polishing and writing assistance (e.g., Grammarly, ChatGPT, and Deepseek) to improve the readability and English expression of the manuscript. The entire main text (Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion) was drafted and critically revised by the authors themselves. AI was not used to generate the core scientific content, data, or conclusions. No AI tool was used in study design, data interpretation, figure/image generation, or statistical analysis.
Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 82402789; Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Youcai Plan, No. KYYC202402; and Beijing JST Research Funding, No. HL202402.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All authors declare no conflict of interest in publishing the manuscript.
PRISMA 2020 Checklist statement: The authors have read the PRISMA 2020 Checklist, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the PRISMA 2020 Checklist.
Corresponding author: Guo-Qing Li, MD, Principal Investigator, Senior Scientist, Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, National Center for Orthopaedics, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 31 Xinjiekou East Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100035, China.
Received: November 13, 2025
Revised: November 23, 2025
Accepted: February 27, 2026
Published online: May 18, 2026
Processing time: 188 Days and 0.7 Hours
Revised: November 23, 2025
Accepted: February 27, 2026
Published online: May 18, 2026
Processing time: 188 Days and 0.7 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: This study systematically evaluates existing models designed to predict re-fractures after hip fracture in older adults. By critically examining their development, validation, and methodological rigor, the review highlights substantial limitations in bias control, generalizability, and clinical applicability. Despite showing moderate to high predictive per