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World J Orthop. May 18, 2026; 17(5): 116068
Published online May 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i5.116068
Published online May 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i5.116068
Comparison of neurohormone and callus volume formation in long bone fractures associated with or without traumatic brain injury
Prabu Mounisamy, Hrushikesh Singh, Department of Orthopaedics, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
Balasubramaniyan Vairappan, Department of Biochemistry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
Gopikrishnan Rajasekar, Department of Neurosurgery, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry 605006, India
Sushma Chandrashekar, Department of Orthopaedic Oncology, HCG Hospitals, Bengaluru 560027, Karnataka, India
Naveen Jeyaraman, Madhan Jeyaraman, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
Naveen Jeyaraman, Madhan Jeyaraman, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Agathisha Institute of Stemcell and Regenerative Medicine, Chennai 600030, Tamil Nadu, India
Co-corresponding authors: Prabu Mounisamy and Madhan Jeyaraman.
Author contributions: Mounisamy P and Singh H contributed to conceptualization; Mounisamy P, Singh H, Virappan B, Rajasekar G, Chandrashekar S, and Jeyaraman N contributed to acquiring clinical data and performing the data analysis; Singh H, Virappan B, and Jeyaraman N contributed to manuscript writing; Mounisamy P and Jeyaraman M helped in manuscript revision; Singh H contributed to image acquisition; Jeyaraman M contributed to proofreading; Jeyaraman M and Mounisamy P contributed to administration. Jeyaraman M and Mounisamy P have contributed equally in preparing the protocol, writing and revision of the manuscript, and they are co-corresponding authors. All authors have agreed to the final version to be published and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.
Institutional review board statement: Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, No. JIP/IEC-OS/185/2023.
Informed consent statement: Informed consent has been obtained for this study.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
STROBE statement: The authors have read the STROBE Statement-checklist of items, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the STROBE Statement-checklist of items.
Data sharing statement: All data is contained within the manuscript.
Corresponding author: Madhan Jeyaraman, MD, PhD, Department of Orthopaedics, ACS Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Velappanchavadi, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India. madhanjeyaraman@gmail.com
Received: November 2, 2025
Revised: November 26, 2025
Accepted: February 10, 2026
Published online: May 18, 2026
Processing time: 198 Days and 5.8 Hours
Revised: November 26, 2025
Accepted: February 10, 2026
Published online: May 18, 2026
Processing time: 198 Days and 5.8 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) show enhanced fracture healing, potentially due to elevated systemic levels of growth hormone and parathyroid hormone. This prospective study reveals that growth hormone and parathyroid hormone positively correlate with increased callus volume, while interleukin-6 exhibits a variable role. Understanding these biochemical mediators may lead to novel therapeutic strategies that mimic TBI-associated osteogenesis to improve fracture outcomes in non-TBI patients.