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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Orthop. Jan 18, 2026; 17(1): 108554
Published online Jan 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i1.108554
Published online Jan 18, 2026. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v17.i1.108554
Advancements in the diagnosis and management of complex trimalleolar ankle fractures: A comprehensive review
Lorenzo Lucchetta, Giampiero Mastroeni, Giuseppe Rinonapoli, Auro Caraffa, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, University of Perugia, Perugia 06100, Italy
Saran Singh Gill, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW72AZ, United Kingdom
Valerio Pace, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, “Media Valle del Tevere - Pantalla” Hospital, Pantalla 06059, Italy
Author contributions: Lucchetta L, Mastroeni G, and Gill SS designed the article; Lucchetta L, Mastroeni G, Rinonapoli G, Caraffa A, Gill SS, and Pace V performed the research and literature review, analyzed data, wrote and finalized the review; Gill SS finalized the review and undertook a review of the article; and all authors thoroughly reviewed and endorsed the final manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Valerio Pace, Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, “Media Valle del Tevere - Pantalla” Hospital, Via del Buda, Pantalla 06059, Italy.
Received: April 17, 2025
Revised: July 16, 2025
Accepted: November 10, 2025
Published online: January 18, 2026
Processing time: 267 Days and 15.6 Hours
Revised: July 16, 2025
Accepted: November 10, 2025
Published online: January 18, 2026
Processing time: 267 Days and 15.6 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: The management of trimalleolar ankle fractures is often complex, with high incidence rates and substantial economic impact. Advanced imaging techniques, particularly computer tomography, have improved fracture assessment, influencing surgical planning and outcomes. Surgery management remains the gold standard, with timing and techniques being crucial to minimize complications and costs.