Mastrantonakis K, Karvountzis A, Yiannakopoulos CK, Kalinterakis G. Mechanisms of shoulder trauma: Current concepts. World J Orthop 2024; 15(1): 11-21 [PMID: 38293258 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v15.i1.11]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Konstantinos Mastrantonakis, MSc, Doctor, Department of Orthopedic, General Hospital of Rethymnon, Trantallidou 19-21, Rethymnon 73100, Crete, Greece. mastrantonakis.k@gmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Orthopedics
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Christos K Yiannakopoulos, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
Georgios Kalinterakis, Department of Orthopedics, Mediterraneo Hospital, Athens 16675, Greece
Co-first authors: Konstantinos Mastrantonakis and Georgios Kalinterakis.
Co-corresponding authors: Konstantinos Mastrantonakis and Georgios Kalinterakis.
Author contributions: Mastrantonakis K reviewed the literature, contributed to manuscript drafting, and was responsible for the revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; Karvountzis A, Yiannakopoulos C, and Kalinterakis G reviewed the literature and contributed to manuscript drafting; all authors read and approved the final manuscript. Mastrantonakis K conceptualized and designed the research, reviewed the literature, contributed to manuscript drafting, and was responsible for the revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content; Kalinterakis G reviewed the literature and contributed to manuscript drafting. Mastrantonakis K and Kalinterakis G conceptualized and designed the research; All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript; Both authors have made crucial and indispensable contributions towards the completion of the project and thus qualified as the co-first authors of the paper; Both Mastrantonakis K and Kalinterakis G have played important and indispensable roles in the, data interpretation and manuscript preparation as the co-corresponding authors; Mastrantonakis K conceptualized, designed, and supervised the whole process of the project; He searched the literature, revised and submitted the early version of the manuscript with the focus on shoulder dislocation trauma; Kalinterakis G searched the literature, revised and submitted the early version of the manuscript with the focus on proximal humerus fractures and shoulder trauma in sports; This collaboration between Mastrantonakis K and Kalinterakis G is crucial for the publication of this manuscript and other manuscripts still in preparation.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors declare having no conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Konstantinos Mastrantonakis, MSc, Doctor, Department of Orthopedic, General Hospital of Rethymnon, Trantallidou 19-21, Rethymnon 73100, Crete, Greece. mastrantonakis.k@gmail.com
Received: October 8, 2023 Peer-review started: October 8, 2023 First decision: November 29, 2023 Revised: December 8, 2023 Accepted: December 29, 2023 Article in press: December 29, 2023 Published online: January 18, 2024 Processing time: 99 Days and 16.8 Hours
Abstract
Acute traumatic injuries to the glenohumeral articulation are common. The types of injuries depend on age, muscle strength, bone density, and biomechanics of the traumatic event. Understanding the different mechanisms of trauma and how they affect the functional anatomical structures of the shoulder joint is crucial for the treatment of these lesions. Therefore, when clinicians have knowledge of these mechanisms they can accurately diagnose and treat shoulder pathology and predict distinct injury patterns. Here, we have described the fundamentals of the mechanisms of injury of the glenohumeral dislocation, dislocation with fracture of the humeral head, and the proximal humerus fracture. We have focused on common injury mechanisms and the correlation with radiological diagnostics. Radiological and laboratory findings of distinct types of injury were also discussed.
Core Tip: The biomechanics of shoulder trauma have not been fully investigated. In this review, we discuss the factors in addition to age, muscle strength, and bone density that play an important role in the development of different types of injury. Knowledge of specific injuries based on the mechanism of the injury will enable the clinician to diagnose and treat the injury even if radiological imaging must be delayed or if detailed radiological imaging is unavailable. In addition, knowledge of shoulder trauma mechanisms will enable clinicians to reduce the possibility of falsely omitting negative imaging findings.
