In vitro laboratory infection research in orthopaedics: Why, when, and how

Abstract

The musculoskeletal system involves multiple tissues which are constantly exposed to being exposed to various biological and mechanical stimuli. As such, isolating and studying a particular system from a complex human clinical environment is not always a realistic expectation. On top of that, recruitment limitations, in addition to the nature of orthopaedic interventions and their associated cost, sometimes preclude consideration of human trials to answer a clinical question. Therefore, in this mini review, we sought to rationalize the rapid evolution of biomedical research at a basic scientific level and explain why the perception of orthopaedic conditions has fundamentally changed over the last decades. In more detail, we highlight that the number of orthopaedic in vitro publications has soared since 1990. Last but not least, we elaborated on the minimum requirements for conducting a scientifically sound infection-related laboratory experiment to offer valuable information to clinical practitioners. We also explained the rationale behind implementing molecular biology techniques, ex vivo experiments, and artificial intelligence in this type of laboratory research.

Keywords: Biofilm; In vitro; Laboratory research; Methodology

Core Tip: This paper highlights some major orthopaedic research advances at a basic science level. On top of that, it is highlighted that the perception of orthopaedic conditions has fundamentally changed recently, reflecting on clinical practice. We also described the basic aspects of a successful in vitro infection laboratory experiment and expanded on recent evidence relating to molecular biology, ex vivo investigations, and artificial intelligence in orthopaedics.