• Cartilage rejuvenation
• Cholesterol metabolism
• Hydrogel
• Lipid nanoparticles
• Osteoarthritis

• Hydrogels/chemistry
• Nanoparticles/chemistry
• Animals
• Osteoarthritis/drug therapy
• Osteoarthritis/metabolism
• Cholesterol/metabolism
• Cholesterol/chemistry
• Regeneration/drug effects
• Chondrocytes/metabolism
• Chondrocytes/drug effects
• Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism
• Chondrogenesis/drug effects
• Cell Differentiation/drug effects
• Humans
• Cartilage/drug effects
• Cartilage/metabolism
• Male
• Lipids/chemistry
• Synovial Membrane/metabolism
• Mice
• Cells, Cultured
• Cartilage, Articular/drug effects
• Cartilage, Articular/metabolism
• Liposomes

• 2020CXGC010502 Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program
• Grant No. 81672185 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Grant No. 81702152 the National Natural Science Foundation of China
• No. tsqn202211348 the Taishan Scholars Program for Young Experts of Shandong Province
• Grant No.ZR2022MH222 the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province
• Grant No.ZR2023MH209 the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province

• Humans
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip
• Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
• Hypoglycemic Agents/administration & dosage
• Male
• Female
• Retrospective Studies
• Aged
• Middle Aged
• Insulin/administration & dosage
• Glycemic Control/methods
• Administration, Oral
• Blood Glucose/analysis
• Blood Glucose/drug effects
• Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy

• aspirin
• pulmonary embolism (pe)
• thromboprophylaxis
• total hip arthroplasty (tha)
• venous thromboembolism (vte)

• Metallosis
• Stryker Accolade TMZF
• Total hip arthroplasty
• Trunnion dissociation
• Trunnion failure
• Trunnionosis

• Hip dysplasia
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• Scoliosis

• Child
• Adolescent
• Humans
• Child, Preschool
• Infant
• Prader-Willi Syndrome/complications
• Prader-Willi Syndrome/diagnosis
• Prader-Willi Syndrome/drug therapy
• Scoliosis/etiology
• Retrospective Studies
• Human Growth Hormone/therapeutic use
• Obesity/complications

• 2021C03094 Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology
• 2021C03094 Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology
• 2021C03094 Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology
• 2021C03094 Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology
• 2021C03094 Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology
• 81371215 & 81670786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81371215 & 81670786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81371215 & 81670786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81371215 & 81670786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• 81371215 & 81670786 National Natural Science Foundation of China
• Key R&D Projects of the Zhejiang Provincial Department of Science and Technology

• Corticosteroid
• Hip osteoarthritis
• Intra-articular corticosteroid injection
• Rapidly progressive osteoarthritis

• conservative treatment
• hip osteoarthritis
• injectables
• medications
• non-operative

• The Arthritis Foundation and Hospital for Special Surgery funded the 2023 Hip Osteoarthritis Clinical Studies Conference, with support from Stryker, Alexion, and Smith+Nephew.

• Finite element analysis
• Gait
• Hip biomechanics
• Musculoskeletal system

• Hip osteoarthritis
• Hyaluronic acid
• Ultrasound-guided injection
• Viscosupplementation

• analgesia
• arthritis
• interventional radiology
• pain management
• thermal ablation

The increased prevalence of obesity has resulted in orthopedic surgeons being likely to face many patients with a high body mass index (BMI) who warrant total hip arthroplasties (THAs) over the coming years. Studies' findings considered the postoperative clinical, and functional outcomes in these patients are controversial, and selecting the most appropriate surgical approach remains debatable.

To compare pain-levels, functionality, and quality-of-life in obese and nonobese osteoarthritic patients who have undergone primary total hip arthroplasty through either direct-anterior-approach (DAA) or Hardinge-approach.

One hundred and twenty participants (> 50 years) were divided into four groups according to the surgical approach (DAA or Hardinge) and patients' BMI (nonobese < 30 kg/m² vs obese ≥ 30 kg/m²). Outcomes were measured preoperatively and postoperatively (6^th and 12^th week). Pain was measured with Face Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R). Functionality was measured with Timed Up & Go (TUG) test and Modified Harris Hip Score-Greek version (MHHS-Gr). Quality-of-life was evaluated with the 12-item-International Hip Outcome Tool-Greek version (iHOT12-Gr) (Clinical Trial Identifier: ISRCTN15066737).

DAA vs Hardinge: (week 6) DAA-patients showed 12.2% less pain, more functionality (14.8% shorter TUG-performance time, 21.5% higher MHHS-Gr), and 38.16% better quality-of-life (iHOT12-Gr) compared to Hardinge-patients (all P values < 0.001). These differences were further increased on week 12 (all P values ≤ 0.05)]. DAA-obese vs Hardinge–obese: (week 6) DAA-obese patients had less pain, shorter TUG-performance time, better MHHS-Gr and iHOT12-Gr scores than Hardinge-obese (all P values < 0.01). (Week 12) Only the TUG-performance time of DAA-obese was significantly shortened (22.57%, P < 0.001). DAA-nonobese vs DAA-obese: no statistically significant differences were observed comparing the 6^th and 12^th weeks' outcomes.

DAA-groups reported less pain, more functionality and better quality-of-life, compared to the Hardinge-groups. The DAA benefited obese and nonobese patients, similarly yet faster, suggesting that it should be the more preferred choice for obese patients, instead of Hardinge. However, more comparative studies with more extended follow-up periods are needed to confirm our results and better evaluate all patients' long-term outcomes.

• Total hip arthroplasty
• Osteoarthritis
• Obesity
• Pain
• Functional ability
• Quality-of-life

• dual mobility
• dual-mobility bearings
• dual-mobility cup
• dual-mobility total hip arthroplasty
• intraprosthetic dislocation

An increase in hip joint contact forces (HJCFs) is one of the main contributing mechanical causes of hip joint pathologies, such as hip osteoarthritis, and its progression. The strengthening of the surrounding muscles of the joint is a way to increase joint stability, which results in the reduction of HJCF. Most of the exercise recommendations are based on expert opinions instead of evidence-based facts. This study aimed to quantify muscle forces and joint loading during rehabilitative exercises using an elastic resistance band (ERB). Hip exercise movements of 16 healthy volunteers were recorded using a three-dimensional motion capture system and two force plates. All exercises were performed without and with an ERB and two execution velocities. Hip joint kinematics, kinetics, muscle forces, and HJCF were calculated based on the musculoskeletal simulations in OpenSim. Time-normalized waveforms of the different exercise modalities were compared with each other and with reference values found during walking. The results showed that training with an ERB increases both target muscle forces and HJCF. Furthermore, the ERB reduced the hip joint range of motion during the exercises. The type of ERB used (soft vs. stiff ERB) and the execution velocity of the exercise had a minor impact on the peak muscle forces and HJCF. The velocity of exercise execution, however, had an influence on the total required muscle force. Performing hip exercises without an ERB resulted in similar or lower peak HJCF and lower muscle forces than those found during walking. Adding an ERB during hip exercises increased the peak muscle and HJCF but the values remained below those found during walking. Our workflow and findings can be used in conjunction with future studies to support exercise design.

• OpenSim
• elastic resistance band
• hip joint contact force
• hip strengthening exercises
• muscle force
• musculoskeletal simulations
• rehabilitation

• A2AR null mouse
• Autophagy
• Chondrocyte transcriptome
• Osteoarthritis
• Stress response

• Animals
• Animals, Newborn
• Chondrocytes/metabolism
• Chondrocytes/pathology
• Humans
• Mice
• Mice, Inbred C57BL
• Mice, Knockout
• Osteoarthritis/genetics
• Osteoarthritis/metabolism
• Osteoarthritis/pathology
• Receptor, Adenosine A2A/deficiency
• Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
• Sequence Analysis, RNA/methods
• Transcription Factors/genetics
• Transcription Factors/metabolism
• Transcriptome/physiology

• T32 GM136573 NIGMS NIH HHS
• R01 AR056672 NIAMS NIH HHS
• UL1 TR000038 NCATS NIH HHS
• R01 AR054897 NIAMS NIH HHS
• National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
• NYU-HHC Clinical and Translational Science Institute
• National Institutes of Health (US)
• National Institutes of Health

Chondrocyte apoptosis is an important factor in the development and progression of osteoarthritis (OA). Cryptotanshinone (CTS) can inhibit chondrocyte apoptosis, but the specific mechanism remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore how CTS may affect chondrocyte apoptosis. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were used to validate microRNA (miR)-574-5p, YY1-associated factor 2 (YAF2), Bcl-2 and Bax expression levels. H&E, Safranin O and TUNEL staining assays were used to evaluate the apoptosis of arthritic chondrocytes in vivo. A Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and flow cytometry were performed to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis of chondrocytes in vitro. The methylation level of the miR-574-5p promoter was measured via methylation specific PCR. The degree of chondrocyte apoptosis and the expression levels of YAF2 and Bcl-2 were decreased in the mice with OA, and were increased in the OA + CTS mice, while the expression levels of miR-574-5p and Bax showed opposite changes. Furthermore, the degree of chondrocyte apoptosis and the expression levels of the aforementioned key factors in chondrocytes were consistent with those observed in vivo. The methylation degree of the miR-574-5p promoter was increased by the addition of CTS, and was reduced after the addition of a methylation inhibitor, 5-aza-CdR, indicating that CTS could regulate the methylation of miR-574-5p promoter. The present study suggested that CTS could downregulate the expression of miR-574-5p by regulating its methylation, and thus, could improve YAF2 expression and affect chondrocyte apoptosis.

• cryptotanshinone
• chondrocyte apoptosis
• osteoarthritis
• microRNA‑574‑5p
• YY1‑associated factor 2

• Chondrocyte apoptosis
• Extracellular matrix
• Long non-coding RNA
• Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis is the most common cause of disability in elderly. Hip osteoarthritis is the second most frequent form affecting a large joint and the social and economic impact on society of its related disability is expected to increase. The purpose of this study was to verify the efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided viscosupplementation with high weight hyaluronic acid in hip osteoarthritis.

183 patients with painful hip OA (Kellgren-Lawrence 1-2-3) were treated from January 2014 to December 2016 with viscosupplementation. Patients were evaluated before injection (T0) and after 1,2,3,4 (T1-T2-T3-T4) years through the VAS scale and Harris Hip Score (HHS). Patients who underwent to subsequent injections were followed and assessed. Subjects who underwent prosthesis were analyzed for a minimum of 6 months in order to detect any early postoperative complication.

The mean improvement of HHS and VAS between T0 and T1 was statistically significant. Patients who underwent subsequent injections showed a higher improvement even if statistical significance was not observed. Results showed that patients with grade 2 of osteoarthritis had the higher change in the scores. No adverse effects were registered. No early complications were reported in those patients who needed prosthesis.

Results observed confirm that ultrasound-guided viscosupplementation with high weight hyaluronic acid could be a possibility in the treatment of hip osteoarthritis, especially in patients with Kellgren-Lawrence grade 2 of disease. Subsequent injections are not characterized by similar positive effects. Outcomes of prosthetic surgery are not influenced by viscosupplementation.

• acetabular labrum
• femoroacetabular impingement
• hip
• hip arthroscopy
• sports medicine

• Digital image correlation
• Experimental validation
• Finite element analysis
• Short stem
• Total hip arthroplasty

• arthroplasty
• dislocation
• dual‐mobility
• hip
• iatrogenic

• Clinical applications
• Direct-to-consumer marketing
• Efficacy
• Ethics
• Legislation
• Litigation
• Stem cells

• bilateral
• direct anterior approach
• total hip arthroplasty

• Aged
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/methods
• Female
• Hawaii
• Humans
• Length of Stay/statistics & numerical data
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Operative Time
• Postoperative Period
• Retrospective Studies

• Expression profile
• Long-coding ribonucleicacids
• Microarray
• Osteoarthritis

• I01 CX002015 CSRD VA

• developmental dysplasia of the hip
• high throughput sequencing
• knock-in mouse

• acetabulum
• arthroscopic surgery
• cartilage
• chondral defect
• clinical outcome
• hip

• FAI
• contralateral
• femoroacetabular impingement
• hip

• hip osteoarthrosis
• hyaluronic acid
• physical therapy
• viscosupplementation

In patients with osteoarthritis (OA), bone marrow lesions (BMLs) are intimately linked to disease progression. We hypothesized that aberrant multipotential stromal cell (also known as mesenchymal stem cell [MSC]) responses within bone tissue contributes to BML pathophysiology. The aim of this study was to investigate BML and non‐BML native subchondral bone MSCs for numeric, topographic, in vitro functional, and gene expression differences.

Ex vivo 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the femoral heads of 20 patients with hip OA was performed. MRI‐determined BML and non‐BML regions were excised and enzymatically treated to extract cells and quantify MSCs using flow cytometry and colony‐forming unit–fibroblast (CFU‐F) assay. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine in vivo CD271+ MSC distribution. Culture‐expanded CD271+ cells were analyzed for tripotentiality and gene expression.

BML regions were associated with greater trabecular bone area and cartilage damage compared with non‐BML regions. The proportion of CD45−CD271+ MSCs was higher in BML regions compared with non‐BML regions (median difference 5.6‐fold; P < 0.001); the CFU‐F assay showed a similar trend (median difference 4.3‐fold; P = 0.013). Immunohistochemistry revealed CD271+ cell accumulation in bone adjacent to cartilage defects and areas of osteochondral angiogenesis. BML MSCs had lower proliferation and mineralization capacities in vitro and altered expression of TNFSF11/RANKL and CXCR4/stromal cell–derived factor 1 receptor. OA MSCs showed up‐regulated transcripts for CXCR1 and CCR6 compared with MSCs derived from healthy or osteoporotic bone.

This study is the first to show numeric and topographic alterations in native MSCs in the diseased bone of patients with hip OA. Given the associated functional perturbation of MSCs, these data suggest that subchondral bone MSC manipulation may be an OA treatment target.

• Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Humans
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methods
• Neural Networks, Computer
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/diagnostic imaging
• Radiography/methods

Osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip is a disease that entails a major burden for patients and the society as a whole. One way of measuring this burden for the patient is through impact on Health-related Quality of Life (HRQL). The Oxford Hip Score (OHS) is a well-known tool to measure HRQL in patients with OA of the hip. This study aims to assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish-adapted version of the OHS, including its reliability, validity, and sensitivity to change.

Prospective observational study that included 361 patients diagnosed with hip OA (according to the criterion of the American College of Rheumatology) from 3 different Spanish regions. Their HRQL was assessed using a generic questionnaire, the EQ-5D-5 L, and two specific ones (the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, WOMAC, and the OHS) adapted to Spanish. There was a follow-up period of 6 months, and the acceptability, psychometric properties, presence of ceiling and floor effects, validity, reliability, and sensitivity to changes of the OHS were measured.

The OHS was fully answered in 99.4% of cases with no indication of ceiling or floor effects. Its factor structure can be explained in a single dimension. Its discriminative capacity was very good compared to the groups generated by the WOMAC and the EQ-5D-5 L. The correlation between the OHS and dimensions of the WOMAC or EQ-5D-5 L utilities was ≥0.7. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.992; CI95%: 0.994–0.998) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.928) were observed. The minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was 7.0 points, and the minimum detectable change (MDC) was 5.5 points. The effect size for moderate improvement in perceived HRQL was 0.73, similar to that of WOMAC dimensions and higher than the EQ-5D-5 L.

The Spanish-adapted version of the OHS is a useful, acceptable tool for the assessment of perceived HRQL in patients with hip OA, and has psychometric properties similar to those of the WOMAC that allow for discriminating both a patient’s condition at a given moment and changes that can occur over time.

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1568-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

• Health status
• Hip
• Osteoarthritis
• Quality of life
• Validation studies

• hip
• knee
• osteoarthritis
• prevalence
• related factors
• spine

• Age Factors
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Anthropometry
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Health Surveys
• Humans
• Korea/epidemiology
• Life Style
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/epidemiology
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/psychology
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/epidemiology
• Osteoarthritis, Knee/psychology
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/epidemiology
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/psychology
• Prevalence
• Quality of Life
• Socioeconomic Factors

A comparative study between two stems (Linea Anatomic and Minihip) has been performed in order to analyse the differences in their biomechanical behaviour, concerning stem micromotions and load transmission between stem and bone. From the corresponding finite element models, a parametric study was carried out to quantify ranges of micromotions taking into account: friction coefficient in the stem-bone interface, press-fit and two types of gait cycle. Micromotions were evaluated for each stem at six different levels along repeated gait cycles. An initial and marked stem subsidence at the beginning of the simulation was observed, followed by an asymptotic decrease due to friction forces. Once migration occurs, a repeated reversible cyclic micromotion is developed and stabilized as gait cycle times are simulated. The general motion pattern exhibited higher amplitude of micromotion for Minihip compared to Linea stem. The load transmission mechanism was analyzed, identifying the main internal forces. The results show higher local forces for Minihip stem up to 80% greater than for Linea stem. The differences of design between Minihip and Linea conditioned different distributions of load, influencing the posterior stress-shielding. Consequently, short stems require high bone stock and quality should, being indicated for young patients with high bone quality.

• Bone-Implant Interface
• Friction
• Gait
• Hip Prosthesis
• Humans
• Models, Biological
• Stress, Mechanical
• Weight-Bearing

• Hip arthroplasty
• Osteoarthritis
• Outcome
• Predictors
• Review

• HOOS
• Hip bone marrow edema pattern
• Hip cartilage
• Hip imaging
• Hip osteoarthritis
• Hip pain
• Magnetic resonance imaging
• SHOMRI
• Semi-quantitative scoring

To analyze quality of life in people with symptomatic spine osteoarthritis (OA) using the results of a cross-sectional, nationwide survey.

This study used data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V-5; 2010–2012). After excluding ineligible subjects, the total number of subjects in the study was 8,963, including 4,091 males and 4,872 females. All participants reported disabilities related to spine OA. Plain radiographs of the spine were taken for all participants.

Age, sex, smoking, drinking, education, and income level were significantly related to spine OA morbidity (P<0.05). OA morbidity was significantly higher in female ex-smokers (OR; 2.94, P<0.05). Quality of life (EQ-5D: L1~5) was significantly compromised in the group with spine OA compared to the group without spine OA (P<0.05). Overall, LQ 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 domain scores were significantly higher in the group with spine OA (P<0.05). In the group with spine OA, quality of life was reduced on more than three questions for 34.3% of the group (EQ-5D: grade≥2); on two questions, for 18.5% of the group; and on one question, for 11.1% of the group. Mental stress, melancholy, and suicidal thinking were also more common in the group with spine OA (P<0.05). The group with radiographic spine OA but without symptoms did not have compromised EQ-5D scores, whereas the group with radiographic OA and symptoms showed a significantly reduced quality of life.

Quality of life was significantly reduced in the group with symptomatic spine OA in a large cross-sectional analysis. Physicians should consider quality of life in the treatment of patients with spine OA

• Activities of Daily Living
• Aged
• Case-Control Studies
• Cross-Sectional Studies
• Female
• Health Surveys
• Humans
• Male
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/epidemiology
• Osteoarthritis, Spine/etiology
• Quality of Life
• Radiography
• Republic of Korea
• Self Care/statistics & numerical data
• Smoking/epidemiology
• Socioeconomic Factors

• Gait mechanics
• Hip arthroplasty
• Neuromuscular reeducation
• Rehabilitation

• disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs
• joint
• knee osteoarthritis
• pain
• structural modification

• active shape modelling
• epidemiology
• hip shape
• morphology
• osteoarthritis
• radiography
• statistical shape modelling
• total hip replacement
• validation

• Adult
• Aged
• Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip
• Case-Control Studies
• Female
• Follow-Up Studies
• Hip Joint/diagnostic imaging
• Hip Joint/pathology
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Models, Statistical
• Netherlands
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/diagnosis
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/diagnostic imaging
• Osteoarthritis, Hip/pathology
• Outcome Assessment, Health Care
• Predictive Value of Tests
• Prospective Studies
• Radiography
• Software
• United Kingdom

• 20194 Arthritis Research UK

• GFP reporter
• Knee destabilization
• Mineral apposition of fibrocartilage
• Non-decalcified cryohistology
• TRAP in chondrocytes

• Acid Phosphatase/metabolism
• Animals
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries
• Calcification, Physiologic/physiology
• Cartilage, Articular/pathology
• Chondrocytes/metabolism
• Disease Models, Animal
• Female
• Femur/pathology
• Fibrocartilage/pathology
• Fibrocartilage/physiopathology
• Genes, Reporter
• Green Fluorescent Proteins
• Isoenzymes/metabolism
• Joint Instability/metabolism
• Joint Instability/pathology
• Joint Instability/physiopathology
• Mice, Transgenic
• Tartrate-Resistant Acid Phosphatase
• Tibia/pathology

• R01 AR052374 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R21-AR055750 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01 AR043457 NIAMS NIH HHS
• T90-DE021989 NIDCR NIH HHS
• T90 DE021989 NIDCR NIH HHS
• R21 AR055750 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01-AR052374 NIAMS NIH HHS

• 6 minute walk test
• HOOS
• Labrum
• cartilage
• gait

Coculture of mesenchymal stem cells with chondrocytes increases production of cartilaginous matrix. Chondrocytes isolated from late stage osteoarthritic patients usually lost their phenotype of producing cartilaginous matrix. Fibroblast growth factor 18 is believed to redifferentiate OA chondrocyte into functionally active chondrocytes. The aim of this study is to investigate the supportive effects of MSCs on OA chondrocytes and test if FGF18 could enhance the responsiveness of OA chondrocytes to the support of MSCs in a coculture system. Both pellet and transwell co-cultures were used. GAG quantification, hydroxyproline assay, and qPCR were performed. An ectopic models of cartilage formation was also applied. Our data indicated that, in pellets coculture of MSCs and OA chondrocytes, matrix production was increased in the presence of FGF18, comparing to the monoculture of chondrocytes. Results from transwell coculture study showed that expression of matrix producing genes in OA chondrocytes increased when cocultured with MSCs with FGF18 in culture medium, while hypertrophic genes were not changed by coculture. Finally, coimplantation of MSCs with OA chondrocytes produces more matrix than chondrocytes only. In conclusion, FGF18 can restore the responsiveness of OA chondrocytes to the trophic effects of MSCs. Coimplantation of MSCs and OA chondrocytes treated with FGF18 may be a good alternative cell source for regenerating cartilage tissue that is degraded during OA pathological changes.

• Athlete
• Groin
• Hip
• Pain