Reference Citation Analysis: Find an Article, Find a Category, Find a Journal, Find a Scholar

For: Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Gomez-Perez FJ, Cruz-Bautista I, Arellano-Campos O, Navarrete-Lopez M, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Total and high molecular weight adiponectin have similar utility for the identification of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010;9:87. [PMID: 21143879 PMCID: PMC3014885 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open

For:	Almeda-Valdes P, Cuevas-Ramos D, Mehta R, Gomez-Perez FJ, Cruz-Bautista I, Arellano-Campos O, Navarrete-Lopez M, Aguilar-Salinas CA. Total and high molecular weight adiponectin have similar utility for the identification of insulin resistance. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2010;9:87. [PMID: 21143879 PMCID: PMC3014885 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-9-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open

Number

Cited by Other Article(s)

Kawamoto R, Kikuchi A, Ninomiya D, Kumagi T, Abe M. Alcohol consumption and high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels are interactively associated with all-cause mortality among community-dwelling persons. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2025;49:1097-1105. [PMID: 40156115 PMCID: PMC12098804 DOI: 10.1111/acer.70037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2025] [Indexed: 04/01/2025]

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Decreased levels of high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin are associated with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance. This relationship may be further confounded by alcohol consumption, which plays a role in the development of liver dysfunction. In Japan, few studies have investigated the relationship between HMW adiponectin levels and alcohol consumption with mortality.

METHODS

The study included 845 male participants (mean age, 61 ± 13 years; range, 20-89 years) and 1065 female participants (mean age, 63 ± 11 years; range, 22-88 years). Of the participants, 809 (42.4%) were classified as nondrinkers, 561 (29.4%) as occasional drinkers, 346 (18.1%) as daily light drinkers, and 194 (10.2%) as daily heavy drinkers. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) for all-cause mortality, adjusting for various confounders, including HMW adiponectin levels.

RESULTS

Individuals who abstained from alcohol consumption (hazard ratio [HR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.00-1.52) or engaged in daily heavy drinking (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.04-1.86) exhibited significantly higher overall mortality than occasional drinkers. Additionally, those with the 3rd standard deviation (SD) level of HMW adiponectin (HR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.07-1.80) and 4th SD level (HR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.23-2.23) had a similarly increased risk of all-cause mortality compared to those with the lowest levels. After adjusting for confounders, the HR for individuals with the 3rd + 4th SD levels of HMW adiponectin was significantly elevated in nondrinkers (HR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.29), occasional drinkers (HR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.05-3.21), and daily heavy drinkers (HR, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.05-3.44), but not in daily light drinkers. The interaction between alcohol consumption and HMW adiponectin levels was significantly associated with all-cause mortality.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that alcohol consumption and elevated HMW adiponectin levels are interactively associated with all-cause mortality in community-dwelling individuals.

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Ramandi A, George J, Behnoush AH, Delavari A, Mohammadi Z, Poustchi H, Malekzadeh R. The Association Between Serum Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase and Gastrointestinal Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Med 2025;14:e70581. [PMID: 39817495 PMCID: PMC11736428 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 12/26/2024] [Accepted: 12/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2025] Open

Gong S, Gan S, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Zhou Q. Gamma-glutamyl transferase to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is a more powerful marker than TyG index for predicting metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023;14:1248614. [PMID: 37854188 PMCID: PMC10579940 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1248614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open

Abstract

Purpose

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing globally and has become a global and national public health problem that cannot be ignored as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, cancer and all-cause mortality. γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and oxidative stress. This study was designed to explore the relationship and predictive performance between γ-glutamyl transferase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (GGT/HDL-C) and MetS.

Methods

This was a cross-sectional study. MetS was diagnosed from biochemical and anthropometric data in subjects with T2DM. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyses the relationship between GGT/HDL-C ratio, TyG index and HOMA-IR and MetS in subjects with T2DM. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn and the areas under the curve (AUC) were used to assess the ability of these indexes in screening MetS in subjects with T2DM. Statistical differences between the AUC values of these indexes were compared. In addition, we performed subgroup analyses and interactions.

Results

769 (70.55%) patients with T2DM were defined as having MetS. patients with MetS had higher anthropometric values and biochemical indicators compared to those without MetS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of GGT/HDL-C ratio was an independent risk factor for MetS (Per 1 SD increase, OR = 2.49, 95% CI: 1.51, 4.10). According to ROC curve analysis, the value of GGT/HDL-C ratio in predicting MetS in subjects with T2DM was superior to that of TyG index and HOMA-IR. The best cut-off value for GGT/HDL-C prediction was 19.94.

Conclusions

GGT/HDL-C ratio may be an important predictor of MetS in subjects with T2DM, and its predictive power is stronger than that of TyG index and HOMA-IR. The risk of MetS in subjects with T2DM is increased in the presence of a higher GGT/HDL-C ratio.

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You A, Li Y, Shen C, Fan H, He J, Liu Z, Xue Q, Zhang Y, Zheng L. Associations of non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors and body mass index with metabolic syndrome in the Chinese elderly population. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2023;15:129. [PMID: 37322514 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-023-01047-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a clustering of traditional cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), is currently one of the major global public health burdens. However, associations between MetS and non-traditional CVRF represented by uric acid (UA), homocysteine (HCY) and hypersensitive C-reactive protein (HsCRP) have not been well explored in the elderly population, especially when considering body mass index (BMI).

METHODS

Participants from the Shanghai Elderly Cardiovascular Health (SHECH) study cohort in 2017 were analyzed. MetS was defined using the modified American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Logistic regression models were used to assess associations of non-traditional CVRF, BMI with MetS.

RESULTS

Of the 4360 participants analyzed, 2378 (54.5%) had MetS, the mean (SD) UA was 331 (86) µmol/L, and the median (IQR) HCY and HsCRP were 15 (13-18) µmol/L and 1.0 (0.5-2.1) mg/L, respectively. Participants with higher non-traditional CVRF tended to have a higher significant risk of MetS (P < 0.001), which did not changed substantially in most population subgroups (P-interaction > 0.05). BMI mediated 43.89% (95%CI: 30.38-57.40%), 37.34% (95% CI: 13.86-60.83%) and 30.99% (95%CI: 13.16-48.83%) of associations of hyperuricemia (HUA), hyperhomocysteinemia (HHCY) and high HsCRP (HHsCRP) with MetS, respectively. Abnormal non-traditional CVRF combined with overweight/obesity greatly increased MetS risk (adjusted OR(95%CI): HUA + Overweight: 5.860(4.059-8.461); 6.148(3.707-10.194); HHCY + Overweight: 3.989(3.107-5.121); HHCY + Obese: 5.746(4.064-8.123); HHsCRP + Overweight: 4.026(2.906-5.580); HHsCRP + Obese: 7.717(4.508-13.210)).

CONCLUSIONS

In the Chinese elderly population, HUA, HHCY, and HHsCRP were all significantly and independently associated with MetS, supporting the potential of focusing on non-traditional CVRF interventions for preventing and controlling MetS. BMI played moderate mediating roles in associations between non-traditional CVRF and MetS, and abnormal non-traditional CVRF combined with overweight/obesity had significant synergistic effects on MetS risk, highlighting the importance of better weight management in the elderly population.

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Affiliation(s)

Aijun You Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
Yaxin Li Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
Chaonan Shen Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
Huimin Fan Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
Jia He Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China Department of Health Statistics, Faculty of Health Service, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
Zhongmin Liu Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
Qian Xue Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
Yuzhen Zhang Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
Liang Zheng Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China. Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China. Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Cardiovascular Chronic Diseases, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.

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Kim YG, Han K, Jeong JH, Roh SY, Choi YY, Min K, Shim J, Choi JI, Kim YH. Metabolic Syndrome, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death. J Clin Med 2022;11:jcm11071781. [PMID: 35407389 PMCID: PMC8999874 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome is associated with a significantly increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). However, whether temporal changes in the metabolic syndrome status are associated with SCD is unknown. We aimed to determine whether metabolic syndrome and gamma-glutamyl transferase (ɣ-GTP), including their temporal changes, are associated with the risk of SCD. Methods: We performed a nationwide population-based analysis using the Korean National Health Insurance Service. People who underwent a national health check-up in 2009 and 2011 were enrolled. The influence of metabolic syndrome and ɣ-GTP on SCD risk was evaluated. Results: In 2009, 4,056,423 (848,498 with metabolic syndrome) people underwent health screenings, 2,706,788 of whom underwent follow-up health screenings in 2011. Metabolic syndrome was associated with a 50.7% increased SCD risk (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.507; p < 0.001). The SCD risk increased linearly as the metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria increased. The ɣ-GTP significantly impacted the SCD risk; the highest quartile had a 51.9% increased risk versus the lowest quartile (aHR = 1.519; p < 0.001). A temporal change in the metabolic syndrome status and ɣ-GTP between 2009 and 2011 was significantly correlated with the SCD risk. Having metabolic syndrome in 2009 or 2011 indicated a lower SCD risk than having metabolic syndrome in 2009 and 2011 but a higher risk than having no metabolic syndrome. People with a ≥20-unit increase in ɣ-GTP between 2009 and 2011 had an 81.0% increased SCD risk versus those with a change ≤5 units (aHR = 1.810; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and ɣ-GTP significantly correlated with an increased SCD risk. SCD was also influenced by temporal changes in the metabolic syndrome status and ɣ-GTP, suggesting that appropriate medical treatment and lifestyle modifications may reduce future SCD risk.

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Affiliation(s)

Yun Gi Kim Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Kyungdo Han Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea;
Joo Hee Jeong Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Seung-Young Roh Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Yun Young Choi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Kyongjin Min Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Jaemin Shim Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)
Jong-Il Choi Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.) Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-920-5445; Fax: +82-2-927-1478
Young-Hoon Kim Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea; (Y.G.K.); (J.H.J.); (S.-Y.R.); (Y.Y.C.); (K.M.); (J.S.); (Y.-H.K.)

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Association of High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and Alcohol Consumption on Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022;19:ijerph19052571. [PMID: 35270264 PMCID: PMC8909415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]

Li F, Yu Y, Guo M, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Qu M, Sun X, Li Z, Zhai Y, Tan Z. Integrated analysis of physiological, transcriptomics and metabolomics provides insights into detoxication disruption of PFOA exposure in Mytilus edulis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021;214:112081. [PMID: 33677383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]

Affiliation(s)

Fengling Li Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Yongxing Yu Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
Mengmeng Guo Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Yao Lin Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Yanhua Jiang Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Meng Qu Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Xiaojie Sun Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Zhaoxin Li Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Yuxiu Zhai Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
Zhijun Tan Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.

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Zayed Mohamed N, Aly HF, moneim El-Mezayen HA, El-Salamony HE. Effect of co-administration of Bee honey and some chemotherapeutic drugs on dissemination of hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. Toxicol Rep 2019;6:875-888. [PMID: 31516840 PMCID: PMC6727247 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open

Choi KM, Han K, Park S, Chung HS, Kim NH, Yoo HJ, Seo JA, Kim SG, Kim NH, Baik SH, Park YG, Kim SM. Implication of liver enzymes on incident cardiovascular diseases and mortality: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Sci Rep 2018;8:3764. [PMID: 29491346 PMCID: PMC5830612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19700-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open

Valjevac A, Rebic D, Hamzic-Mehmedbasic A, Sokolovic E, Horozic D, Vanis N, Hadzovic-Dzuvo A. The value of gamma glutamyltransferase in predicting myocardial infarction in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Future Cardiol 2018;14:37-45. [DOI: 10.2217/fca-2017-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open

Ndrepepa G, Colleran R, Kastrati A. Gamma-glutamyl transferase and the risk of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease. Clin Chim Acta 2018;476:130-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]

Ali SS, Oni ET, Blaha MJ, Veledar E, Feiz HR, Feldman T, Agatston AS, Blumenthal RS, Conceicao RD, Carvalho JAM, Santos RD, Nasir K. Elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase is associated with subclinical inflammation independent of cardiometabolic risk factors in an asymptomatic population: a cross-sectional study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016;13:37. [PMID: 27195017 PMCID: PMC4870806 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0097-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Shozab S Ali Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; University of Manchester School of Medicine, Manchester, UK ; Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL USA
Ebenezer T Oni Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; Department of Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, affiliate of Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Brooklyn, NY USA
Michael J Blaha Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
Emir Veledar Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
Hamid R Feiz Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, FL USA
Theodore Feldman Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
Arthur S Agatston Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA
Roger S Blumenthal Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
Raquel D Conceicao Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Jose A M Carvalho Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Raul D Santos Preventive Medicine Center, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Brazil ; Lipid Clinic-Heart Institute (InCor), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
Khurram Nasir Center for Healthcare Advancement and Outcomes, Baptist Health Medical Group, 1691 Michigan Avenue Suite 500, Miami, FL 33139 USA ; Johns Hopkins Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Heart Disease, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA ; Robert Stempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA ; Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL USA

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Kawamoto R, Katoh T, Ninomiya D, Kumagi T, Abe M, Kohara K. Synergistic association of changes in serum uric acid and triglycerides with changes in insulin resistance after walking exercise in community-dwelling older women. Endocr Res 2016;41:116-23. [PMID: 26727147 DOI: 10.3109/07435800.2015.1094085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Serum Uric Acid Is Positively Associated with Handgrip Strength among Japanese Community-Dwelling Elderly Women. PLoS One 2016;11:e0151044. [PMID: 27078883 PMCID: PMC4831672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open

Moreto F, Kano HT, Torezan GA, de Oliveira EP, Manda RM, Teixeira O, Michelin E, Correa CR, Burini RC. Changes in malondialdehyde and C-reactive protein concentrations after lifestyle modification are related to different metabolic syndrome-associated pathophysiological processes. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2015;9:218-222. [PMID: 25956753 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]

Tuttolomondo A, Maida C, Pinto A. Diabetic foot syndrome: Immune-inflammatory features as possible cardiovascular markers in diabetes. World J Orthop 2015;6:62-76. [PMID: 25621212 PMCID: PMC4303791 DOI: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcerations have been extensively reported as vascular complications of diabetes mellitus associated with a high degree of morbidity and mortality. Diabetic foot syndrome (DFS), as defined by the World Health Organization, is an "ulceration of the foot (distally from the ankle and including the ankle) associated with neuropathy and different grades of ischemia and infection". Pathogenic events able to cause diabetic foot ulcers are multifactorial. Among the commonest causes of this pathogenic pathway it's possible to consider peripheral neuropathy, foot deformity, abnormal foot pressures, abnormal joint mobility, trauma, peripheral artery disease. Several studies reported how diabetic patients show a higher mortality rate compared to patients without diabetes and in particular these studies under filled how cardiovascular mortality and morbidity is 2-4 times higher among patients affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus. This higher degree of cardiovascular morbidity has been explained as due to the observed higher prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factor, of asymptomatic findings of cardiovascular diseases, and of prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in diabetic patients with foot complications. In diabetes a fundamental pathogenic pathway of most of vascular complications has been reported as linked to a complex interplay of inflammatory, metabolic and procoagulant variables. These pathogenetic aspects have a direct interplay with an insulin resistance, subsequent obesity, diabetes, hypertension, prothrombotic state and blood lipid disorder. Involvement of inflammatory markers such as IL-6 plasma levels and resistin in diabetic subjects as reported by Tuttolomondo et al confirmed the pathogenetic issue of the a "adipo-vascular" axis that may contribute to cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. This "adipo-vascular axis" in patients with type 2 diabetes has been reported as characterized by lower plasma levels of adiponectin and higher plasma levels of interleukin-6 thus linking foot ulcers pathogenesis to microvascular and inflammatory events. The purpose of this review is to highlight the immune inflammatory features of DFS and its possible role as a marker of cardiovascular risk in diabetes patients and to focus the management of major complications related to diabetes such as infections and peripheral arteriopathy.

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Chang JB, Shang HS, Yang BH, Perng CL, Tang SH, Lin CM. Correlation between liver function tests and metabolic syndrome in hepatitis-free elderly. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.4103/1011-4564.167708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open

Pei D, Hsia TL, Chao TT, Lin JD, Hsu CH, Wu CZ, Hsieh CH, Liang YJ, Chen YL. γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in men and alanine aminotransferase in women are the most suitable parameters among liver function tests for the prediction of metabolic syndrome in nonviral hepatitis and nonfatty liver in the elderly. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015;21:158-64. [PMID: 26021775 PMCID: PMC4455146 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.157564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Nonalchoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been reported as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (MetS); it is common and accounts for 80% of the cases with abnormal liver function tests (LFTs). In addition, several studies have proved that there is a correlation between abnormal LFTs and MetS. Therefore, LFTs may represent the abnormal metabolic status of livers in the patients with MetS. To identify the early state of metabolic dysfunction, we investigate the value of LFTs for the future MetS development in the relatively healthy (non-NAFLD) elderly.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 16,912 subjects met the criteria for analysis. In the first stage of this study, subjects were enrolled in the cross-sectional study in order to find out the optimal cutoff value in different LFTs with higher chances to have MetS. In the second stage of the present study, subjects with MetS at baseline were excluded from the same study group, and a median 5.6-year longitudinal study was conducted on the rest of the group.

RESULTS

Among all LFTs, only aspartate aminotransferase in both genders and the α-fetal protein in women failed to show the significance in distinguishing subjects with MetS by the receiver operating characteristic curve. In the Kaplan-Meier plot, only γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GT) in men and the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in women could be used to successfully separate subjects with higher risk of developing the MetS from those with lower risk. Finally, in the multivariant Cox regression model, similar results were identified. Still, the hazard ratio (HR) to have future MetS, γ-GT in men, and ALT in women showed significance (HR = 1.511 in men and 1.504 in women).

CONCLUSION

Among all the different LFTs, γ-GT (>16 U/L) in male and ALT (>21 U/L) in female were the best predictors for the development of MetS in healthy elderly. These two liver markers could be an ancillary test in predicting future MetS development/diagnosis. Elevation of the LFTs without underlying liver diseases should be treated as a warning sign of the possible MetS development in the elderly.

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Zhu Y, Gong Y, Zhu R, Liu X, Sun Y, Wang Y, Qi L, Liang J. Relationship between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase levels and prehypertension in Chinese adults: the cardiometabolic risk in Chinese study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2014;16:760-5. [PMID: 25113653 PMCID: PMC8031597 DOI: 10.1111/jch.12381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]

Kawada T. Insulin-related biomarkers to predict the risk of metabolic syndrome. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2013;11:e10418. [PMID: 24719625 PMCID: PMC3969000 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open

Kawamoto R, Tabara Y, Kohara K, Kusunoki T, Abe M, Miki T. Plasma Resistin Levels Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in Older Japanese Men from a Rural Village. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2012;10:380-6. [DOI: 10.1089/met.2012.0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open

Kawamoto R, Kohara K, Kusunoki T, Tabara Y, Abe M, Miki T. Alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase ratio is the best surrogate marker for insulin resistance in non-obese Japanese adults. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012;11:117. [PMID: 23020992 PMCID: PMC3499385 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open

Relationship between several markers and presence of metabolic syndrome or components of the metabolic syndrome in Japanese workers. J Occup Environ Med 2012;54:984-8. [PMID: 22544164 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31825335ae] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]

Association between butyrylcholinesterase activity and low-grade systemic inflammation. Ann Hepatol 2012. [PMID: 22481455 DOI: 10.1016/s1665-2681(19)30932-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]

den Engelsen C, Koekkoek PS, Gorter KJ, van den Donk M, Salomé PL, Rutten GE. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein to detect metabolic syndrome in a centrally obese population: a cross-sectional analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012;11:25. [PMID: 22417460 PMCID: PMC3359236 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open

Abstract

Background

People with central obesity have an increased risk for developing the metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. However, a substantial part of obese individuals have no other cardiovascular risk factors, besides their obesity. High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation and a predictor of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is associated with the metabolic syndrome and its separate components. We evaluated the use of hs-CRP to discriminate between centrally obese people with and without the metabolic syndrome.

Methods

1165 people with central obesity but without any previous diagnosis of hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes or cardiovascular disease, aged 20-70 years, underwent a physical examination and laboratory assays to determine the presence of the metabolic syndrome (NCEP ATP III criteria). Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to assess which metabolic syndrome components were independently associated with hs-CRP. A ROC curve was drawn and the area under the curve was calculated to evaluate whether hs-CRP was capable to predict the presence of the metabolic syndrome.

Results

Median hs-CRP levels were significantly higher in individuals with central obesity with the metabolic syndrome (n = 417; 35.8%) compared to individuals with central obesity without the metabolic syndrome (2.2 mg/L (IQR 1.2-4.0) versus 1.7 mg/L (IQR 1.0-3.4); p < 0.001). Median hs-CRP levels increased with an increasing number of metabolic syndrome components present. In multivariable linear regression analyses, waist circumference and triglycerides were the only components that were independently associated with hs-CRP after adjusting for smoking, gender, alcohol consumption and the other metabolic syndrome components. The area under the ROC curve was 0.57 (95%-CI 0.53-0.60).

Conclusions

Hs-CRP has limited capacity to predict the presence of the metabolic syndrome in a population with central obesity.

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Hayashi T, Kawashima S, Nomura H, Itoh H, Watanabe H, Ohrui T, Yokote K, Sone H, Hattori Y, Yoshizumi M, Ina K, Kubota K. Age, gender, insulin and blood glucose control status alter the risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke among elderly diabetic patients. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:86. [PMID: 21978180 PMCID: PMC3200162 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open

Abstract

Background

We analyzed the effects of insulin therapy, age and gender on the risk of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular accident (CVA) according to glycemic control.

Methods and Results

We performed a prospective cohort study (Japan Cholesterol and Diabetes Mellitus Study) of type 2 diabetes patients (n = 4014) for 2 years. The primary endpoint was the onset of fatal/non-fatal IHD and/or CVA, which occurred at rates of 7.9 and 7.2 per 1000 person-years, respectively. We divided diabetic patients into four groups based on age (≤ 70 and > 70) and hemoglobin A1C levels (≤ 7.0 and > 7.0%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that IHD was associated with high systolic blood pressure and low HDL-C in patients under 70 years of age with fair glycemic control and was associated with low diastolic blood pressure in the older/fair group. Interestingly, insulin use was associated with IHD in the older/poor group (OR = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.11-5.89; p = 0.026) and was associated with CVA in the older/fair group (OR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.06-4.25; p = 0.028). CVA was associated with lower HDL-C and longer duration of diabetes in younger/poor glycemic control group. Results by stepwise analysis were similar. Next, patients were divided into four groups based on gender and diabetic control(hemoglobinA1C < or > 7.0%). Multiple regression analysis revealed that IHD was associated with high systolic blood pressure in male/fair glycemic control group, age in male/poor control group, and short duration of diabetic history in females in both glycemic control groups. Interestingly, insulin use was associated with IHD in the male/poor group(OR = 4.11, 95% CI = 1.22-8.12; p = 0.018) and with CVA in the female/poor group(OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 1.12-6.24; p = 0.02). CVA was associated with short duration of diabetes in both female groups.

Conclusions

IHD and CVA risks are affected by specific factors in diabetics, such as treatment, gender and age. Specifically, insulin use has a potential role in preventing IHD but may also be a risk factor for CVA among the diabetic elderly, thus revealing a need to develop improved treatment strategies for diabetes in elderly patients. The Japan Cholesterol and Diabetes Mellitus Study was formulated to evaluate them(Umin Clinical Trials Registry, clinical trial reg. no. UMIN00000516; http://www.umin.ac.jp/ctr/index.htm).

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Valjevac A, Dzubur A, Nakas-Icindic E, Hadzovic-Dzuvo A, Lepara O, Kiseljakovic E, Jadric R. Is γ-glutamyl transferase activity a potential marker of left ventricular function during early postmyocardial infarction period? Future Cardiol 2011;7:705-13. [DOI: 10.2217/fca.11.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open

Serum uric acid level and its association with metabolic syndrome and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:72. [PMID: 21816063 PMCID: PMC3163178 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open

Kawamoto R, Tabara Y, Kohara K, Miki T, Kusunoki T, Takayama S, Abe M, Katoh T, Ohtsuka N. Association between fasting plasma glucose and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein: gender differences in a Japanese community-dwelling population. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:51. [PMID: 21663637 PMCID: PMC3135517 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open

Masoudkabir F, Karbalai S, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Aliabadi LL, Boroumand MA, Aiatollahzade-Esfahani F, Pashing M, Hakki E, Goodarzynejad H, Saadat S. The association of liver transaminase activity with presence and severity of premature coronary artery disease. Angiology 2011;62:614-9. [PMID: 21561994 DOI: 10.1177/0003319711405312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]

Guessous I, Bonny O, Paccaud F, Mooser V, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Bochud M. Serum calcium levels are associated with novel cardiometabolic risk factors in the population-based CoLaus study. PLoS One 2011;6:e18865. [PMID: 21533040 PMCID: PMC3080882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Associations of serum calcium levels with the metabolic syndrome and other novel cardio-metabolic risk factors not classically included in the metabolic syndrome, such as those involved in oxidative stress, are largely unexplored. We analyzed the association of albumin-corrected serum calcium levels with conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors in a general adult population.

METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS

The CoLaus study is a population-based study including Caucasians from Lausanne, Switzerland. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors considered included: fat mass, leptin, LDL particle size, apolipoprotein B, fasting insulin, adiponectin, ultrasensitive CRP, serum uric acid, homocysteine, and gamma-glutamyltransferase. We used adjusted standardized multivariable regression to compare the association of each cardio-metabolic risk factor with albumin-corrected serum calcium. We assessed associations of albumin-corrected serum calcium with the cumulative number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors. We analyzed 4,231 subjects aged 35 to 75 years. Corrected serum calcium increased with both the number of the metabolic syndrome components and the number of non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, independently of the metabolic syndrome and BMI. Among conventional and non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors, the strongest positive associations were found for factors related to oxidative stress (uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase). Adiponectin had the strongest negative association with corrected serum calcium.

CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE

Serum calcium was associated with the metabolic syndrome and with non-conventional cardio-metabolic risk factors independently of the metabolic syndrome. Associations with uric acid, homocysteine and gamma-glutamyltransferase were the strongest. These novel findings suggest that serum calcium levels may be associated with cardiovascular risk via oxidative stress.

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Tenenbaum A, Fisman EZ. "The metabolic syndrome... is dead": these reports are an exaggeration. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:11. [PMID: 21269524 PMCID: PMC3036609 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-10-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open

Abstract

The debates continue over the validity of the metabolic syndrome concept. The continuous increment of the obesity pandemic is almost worldwide paralleled by rising rates of metabolic syndrome prevalence. Then, it seems obvious that these debates drove the need for further investigations as well as a deeper cooperation between relevant national and international organizations regarding the issue. Instead, part of the scientific community elected to totally "dismiss" the concept of the metabolic syndrome. Meanwhile, the best available evidence from three consecutive large meta-analyses has systematically shown that people with metabolic syndrome are at increased risk of cardiovascular events. The most recent and largest of them included near one million patients (total n = 951,083). The investigators concluded that the metabolic syndrome is associated with a 2-fold increase in cardiovascular outcomes and a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality rates. One of the ways to hit the metabolic syndrome is an utterly simplistic view on this concept as a predictive tool only. Of course, the presence of the metabolic syndrome possesses a definite predictive value, but first of all it is a widely accepted concept regarding a biological condition based on the complex and interrelated pathophysiological mechanisms starting from excess central adiposity and insulin resistance. Therefore, it is completely unfair to compare it with statistically constructed predictive tools, including stronger prognostic variables even unrelated to each other from the biological point of view. For example, in the criteria for metabolic syndrome (in contrast to Framingham score) age and cholesterol--presumably low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)--levels are not included, as well as a variety of strong predictors used in other risk-stratification scores: previous myocardial infarction, heart failure, smoking, family history, etc. However, the metabolic syndrome identifies additional important residual vascular risk mainly associated with insulin resistance and atherogenic dyslipidemia (low high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), high triglycerides, small, dense LDL-C). Therefore, the metabolic syndrome could be a useful additional contributor in estimation of global cardiovascular risk beyond age, high LDL-C or other standard risk factors. The components of the metabolic syndrome have partially overlapping mechanisms of pathogenic actions mediated through common metabolic pathways. Therefore their total combined effect could be less than the summed of the individual effects. The concept that the metabolic syndrome is a consequence of obesity and insulin resistance, provides a useful "life-style changes" approach for prevention and treatment: caloric restriction, weight-loss and increased physical activity. The next step could theoretically be pharmacological interventions such as metformin, acarbose, fibrates, weight-loss drugs (currently only orlistat is practically available) and perhaps glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists. A third step should probably be kept for bariatric surgery.

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