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Kuramoto A, Miwa T, Seo A. Cumulative workload comparison between lifting routes of heavy lifting tasks from a biomechanical perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2025; 31:267-273. [PMID: 39620270 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2024.2430884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2025]
Abstract
Heavy lifting tasks at work sites can cause musculoskeletal disorders. One strategy to avoid such disorders is to choose a work motion with low cumulative physical workload during the work. This study investigated whether the cumulative workload between different work motions can be compared from a biomechanical perspective. The work motions were analyzed biomechanically by a digital human model. The cumulative workload was calculated using the time integrated value of the product of the torque and the amount of motion at each joint, i.e., an index proposed by a previous study. The results showed that the lifting operation with the shortest route is not always optimal in terms of cumulative workload on the whole body. This indicates the importance of selecting work motions based on a cumulative workload index obtained by mechanical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akisue Kuramoto
- Department of Systems and Control Engineering, Institute of Science Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Miwa
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Akihiko Seo
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
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Berriel GP, Cardoso AS, da Silva ES, Schons P, Melo OUM, Bernardo RT, Fritsch CG, Ferreira NS, Kruel LFM, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Relationship between knee extensor and flexor muscle strength and age in professional volleyball players. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:3577-3588. [PMID: 36440752 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2146530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the relationship of peak torque (PT) of the knee extensors (Ext) and flexors (Fle) with age, and the relationship between conventional ratio and age progression in volleyball players. A total of 41 elite male volleyball players (age: 25.0 ± 6.1 years, body mass: 93.0 ± 9.8 kg, height: 198.0 ± 6.8 cm) were evaluated in a isokinetic dynamometer at speeds of 60, 180 and 300 deg/s, and at dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) legs. In general, the knee flexor and extensor muscles varied greatly among the athletes (from 81 to 156 N.m for flexors; from 116 to 250 N.m for extensors at 300 deg/s and at dominant side). The mass-specific PT of knee extensors showed strong and negative correlation with ageing at 60 and 180 deg/s (r = -0.52-0.62, p < 0.01). The conventional ratio showed regular and positive relationship at all evaluated velocities (60°.s-1, r = 0.453, p < 0.01; 180°.s-1, r = 0.498, p < 0.01; 300°.s-1, r = 0.316, p = 0.04). The results demonstrated that volleyball players are susceptible to age-related effects on muscular performance during their career; this finding illustrates the importance of adopting training strategies to improve the production of strength in the lower limbs, which is essential for vertical jumps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edson Soares da Silva
- Exercise Research Exercise, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Pedro Schons
- Exercise Research Exercise, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo Torma Bernardo
- Exercise Research Exercise, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Cicchella A, Zhang C. Isokinetic assessment of the female's soccer player's knee. A systematic review of outcomes measures. J Orthop Surg Res 2024; 19:629. [PMID: 39367376 PMCID: PMC11452982 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-024-05124-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Isokinetic normative data in females' soccer players is scarce in comparison to males. Furthermore, evaluation protocols employed to obtain those data in female's studies, strongly differ from each other, using different ranges of speeds and movement patterns, thus producing different output data. Thus, it is difficult for the researcher and the clinician to choose a correct protocol for knee isokinetic test in female soccer players. Aim of this paper is to review the literature to provide updated information on how to interpret a knee isokinetic testing in healthy females. METHODS Google Scholar, PubMed, Sport Discus, and Psych info databases were queried, and 17 papers were selected. Following PRISMA methodology and PEDro scale, we classified the retrieved papers and assessed the quality. RESULTS In this review some common features of isokinetic testing in female soccer players of various levels of qualification are highlighted. The isokinetic performance indexes widely accepted are the hamstring/quadriceps (H/Q) ratio and dominant/non-dominant (D/ND) ratio. It also emerges that, 3 reps at the speed of 60°/sec in knee flexion/extension are preferable due to the higher reliability and that the optimal H/Q ratio in healthy female soccer players of different level of qualification and age is 50%, while the interlimb differences (D/ND) should be below 10%. CONCLUSIONS Normative data and methodologies reviewed can be useful for the isokinetic test of female soccer players. It emerges that simplifying test procedures limiting at few testing speed and considering selected H/Q and D/ND gives all the necessary relevant informations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cicchella
- International College of Football, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Department for Quality-of-Life Studies, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Cheng Zhang
- International College of Football, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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Fristrup B, Krustrup P, Kristensen KH, Rasmussen S, Aagaard P. Test-retest reliability of lower limb muscle strength, jump and sprint performance tests in elite female team handball players. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2577-2589. [PMID: 38592403 PMCID: PMC11365832 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05470-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the reliability of lower limb muscle function (knee extensor/flexor peak torque, rate of torque development (RTD), impulse, and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance) and sprint performance (acceleration capacity). METHODS CMJ performance was evaluated on a force plate. MVIC, RTD and impulse variables were investigated using a portable isometric dynamometer and sprint performance was assessed with dual-beam photocells in elite female athletes. RESULTS CMJ test variables maximal vertical jump height, peak and mean power, concentric work, and body center of mass displacement demonstrated good-to-excellent test-retest correlations between Test 1 and Test 2 (ICC ≥ 0.70, CWw-s = 3.4-11.0%). Peak MVIC torque for the knee extensors and flexors demonstrated excellent test-retest correlations (both ICC = 0.84) along with CVw-s values of 6.8 and 6.0%, respectively. Late-phase (0-100 ms, 0-200 ms) RTD for the knee flexors demonstrated excellent test-retest correlations (ICC = 0.89-0.91, CVw-s = 4.8-8.5%). Sprint times at 10- and 20-m demonstrated excellent test-retest reproducibility (ICC = 0.83 and ICC = 0.90, respectively) with CVw-s values of 1.9 and 1.5%. For 5-m sprint times, test-retest reproducibility was good (ICC = 0.71) with CVw-s of 2.8%. Sprint testing performed while dribbling a handball improved (p < 0.05) from test to retest at 5-, 10- and 20-m. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the force plate, the mobile isometric dynamometer, and dual-beam photocells provide reproducible tools for field-based testing of countermovement jump performance, knee extensor and flexor strength and sprint performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics (MoB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Danish Institute for Advanced Study (DIAS), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Kevin Højer Kristensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics (MoB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Steffen Rasmussen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics (MoB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics (MoB), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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França C, Martins F, Przednowek K, Marques A, Ihle A, Sarmento H, Gouveia ÉR. Knee and Hip Muscle Strength of Male Soccer Players from Different Competitive Levels. J Hum Kinet 2024; 93:17-27. [PMID: 39132414 PMCID: PMC11307174 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/185217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In soccer, knee and hip muscle strength assessments have been recommended for injury prevention. The aims of this study were threefold: (1) to compare knee and hip muscle strength between professional players competing at different levels; (2) to compare strength performance according to the preferred leg (PL) and the non-preferred leg (NPL); and (3) to compare knee and hip muscle strength performance at two moments of the season. This study included 33 professional soccer players: 13 were in the elite group (EG), and 20 were in the sub-elite group (SEG). Body composition, isokinetic knee strength at 60º/s, and hip adduction strength were assessed at two different moments (M1 and M2). Values of peak torque (PT), peak torque/bodyweight (PT/BW), and the hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio (H:Q) for knee extensors (KEs) and knee flexors (KFs) for both legs were used for analysis. The statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney U and the Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests. At M1, the EG presented a significantly better performance in KF PT/BW and in the squeeze strength test for the PL and the NPL (p ≤ 0.01). At M2, the EG performed substantially better in KE PT/BW and KF PT/BW (p ≤ 0.01). No substantial strength differences were observed in knee and hip muscle performance between the PL and the NPL. From M1 to M2, significant increases were found in knee strength in both groups (p ≤ 0.01). Overall, the EG players outperformed significantly their lower-division peers in strength assessments. The results indicate significant knee and hip muscle strength increases during the season, probably as a response to the exposure to training and competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia França
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Francisco Martins
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
| | - Krzysztof Przednowek
- Institute of Physical Culture Sciences, Medical College, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Adilson Marques
- CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- ISAMB, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Ihle
- Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Centre of Expertise in Life Course Research LIVES, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Education (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Élvio Rúbio Gouveia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Madeira, Funchal, Portugal
- LARSYS, Interactive Technologies Institute, Funchal, Portugal
- Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Gam S, Petz AK, Bjerre LR, Bøgild J, Nielsen AB, Sørensen RN, Kolind MI, Gram B, Hansen S, Aagaard P. Intersession reliability of lower limb muscle strength assessments in adults with obesity eligible for bariatric surgery. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2024; 44:303-312. [PMID: 38462744 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to examine the test-retest reliability in lower limb muscle strength and rate of torque development (RTD) using isokinetic dynamometry in adults with obesity, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 kg/m2. METHOD Thirty-two adults with a BMI of 43.8 ± 6.6 kg/m2 eligible for bariatric surgery were enroled in the study. Isokinetic and isometric knee extensor (KE) and flexor (KF) strength were assessed in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex 4) during three test sessions separated by 3-7 days. RESULTS There were no statistical differences in peak KE and KF torque for any test modalities between sessions. Intraclass correlation (ICC) was 0.91-0.94 between sessions 1 and 2 and 0.94-0.97 between sessions 2 and 3. Standard error of measurement (SEM%) and coefficient of variation (CV) ranged across test sessions from 4.3% to 7.3%. KE RTD showed high test-retest reliability following familiarization, with ICC, CV and SEM% values ranging from 0.84 to 0.90, 13.3%-20.3% and 14.6%-24.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION Maximal lower limb muscle strength measured by isokinetic dynamometry showed excellent test-retest reliability manifested by small measurement errors and low CV. Reliability was slightly improved by including a familiarization session. KE RTD but not KF RTD demonstrated high test-retest reliability following familiarization. The present data indicate that isokinetic dynamometry can be used to detect even small changes in lower limb muscle strength in adults with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Gam
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders K Petz
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lukas R Bjerre
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Bøgild
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders B Nielsen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rikke N Sørensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mikkel I Kolind
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bibi Gram
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Research unit of Endocrinology: Bariatrics and Diabetes, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
| | - Stinus Hansen
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
- Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Heap-Eldridge KL, Thompson BJ, Fisher C, Louder TJ, Carey J. A Comprehensive Examination of Age-Related Lower Limb Muscle Function Asymmetries across a Variety of Muscle Action Types. Geriatrics (Basel) 2024; 9:79. [PMID: 38920435 PMCID: PMC11202539 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics9030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has found that lower limb muscle asymmetries increase with age and are linked to fall and injury risks. However, past studies lack a wide variety of muscle function modes and measures as well as comparison to a comparable younger age group. The purpose of this study was to examine age-related lower limb muscle function asymmetries across a variety of muscle action types and velocities in young and old adults. Lower limb balance, strength, power, and velocity were evaluated with concentric, isometric, isotonic, and eccentric muscle actions during a single-leg stance test and on single- and multi-joint dynamometers in 29 young (age = 21.45 ± 3.02) and 23 old (age = 77.00 ± 4.60) recreationally active men and women. Most (15 of 17) variables showed no statistical (p > 0.05) or functional (10% threshold) limb asymmetry for either age group. There was a significant main effect (p = 0.046; collapsed across groups) found for asymmetry (dominant > non-dominant) for the isotonic peak velocity variable. There was a significant (p = 0.010) group × limb interaction for single-joint concentric peak power produced at a slow (60 deg/s) velocity due to the non-dominant limb of the young group being 12.2% greater than the dominant limb (p < 0.001), whereas the old group was not asymmetrical (p = 0.965). The findings of this investigation indicate there is largely no age-related asymmetry of the lower limbs across a range of muscle function-related variables and modes, with a couple of notable exceptions. Also, the significant asymmetries for the isotonic peak velocity variable perhaps show the sensitivity of this uncommonly used measure in detecting minimally present muscle function imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylee L. Heap-Eldridge
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Brennan J. Thompson
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Cody Fisher
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Talin J. Louder
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jon Carey
- Kinesiology and Health Science Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
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Müller S, Bühl L, Nüesch C, Pagenstert G, Mündermann A, Egloff C. Favorable Patient-Reported, Clinical, and Functional Outcomes 2 Years After ACL Repair and InternalBrace Augmentation Compared With ACL Reconstruction and Healthy Controls. Am J Sports Med 2023; 51:3131-3141. [PMID: 37675973 PMCID: PMC10543955 DOI: 10.1177/03635465231194784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) preservation and repair after proximal ACL tears has been resurrected. Although good clinical outcomes have been reported in the literature with adequate patient selection, to date detailed scientific evidence for the functional benefit of primary ACL repair with ligament augmentation is scarce. PURPOSE To compare patient-reported, clinical, and functional outcomes in patients 2 years after ACL repair and InternalBrace augmentation (ACL-IB) with age- and sex-matched patients 2 years after ACL reconstruction (ACL-R) and with matched healthy controls. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS In total, 29 patients 2 years after ACL-IB, 27 sex- and age- matched patients 2 years after ACL-R (hamstring autografts), and 29 matched healthy controls were included. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the International Knee Documentation Committee score, Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, EQ-5D-5L, Tegner Activity Scale, and Anterior Cruciate Ligament Return to Sports after Injury scale. Surgery time was recorded. For clinical outcomes, range of motion and thigh and shank circumference were measured, and passive anterior translation was determined using the Rolimeter. Isokinetic muscle strength was measured using a Biodex dynamometer. The limb symmetry index (operated/contralateral or nondominant/dominant × 100), side-to-side differences (operated - contralateral, nondominant - dominant), and hamstring-quadriceps ratios were calculated for functional parameters. Failure and reoperation rates were not compared. RESULTS Two years after surgery, patients treated with ACL-IB showed good to excellent patient-reported outcomes comparable with those of patients after ACL-R. Surgery time, including concomitant surgeries, was significantly shorter in the ACL-IB group (mean, 81 minutes) compared with the ACL-R group (mean, 97 minutes) (P = .024). Isokinetic muscle strength was comparable between patient groups without significant differences in extensor and flexor strength or in hamstring-quadriceps ratios. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ACL-IB achieves comparable patient-reported, clinical, and functional outcomes with ACL-R at 2 years postoperatively and, after careful patient selection, should be considered as a valuable early treatment alternative for proximal ACL tears. REGISTRATION NCT04429165 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Müller
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linda Bühl
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Corina Nüesch
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Geert Pagenstert
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Clarahof Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annegret Mündermann
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Egloff
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Mandroukas A, Michailidis Y, Metaxas T. Muscle Strength and Hamstrings to Quadriceps Ratio in Young Soccer Players: A Cross-Sectional Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:70. [PMID: 37367234 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the concentric isokinetic peak torque of the knee flexors and extensors muscles, as well as their ratio, in young soccer players. Two hundred and sixty-five (n = 265) young soccer players were divided into five groups: U-12 (n = 43, mean age 11.5 ± 0.4 yrs), U-14 (n = 63, mean age 13.6 ± 0.3 yrs), U-16 (n = 64, mean age 15.4 ± 0.5 yrs), U-18 (n = 53, mean age 17.5 ± 0.4 yrs) and U-20 (n = 42, mean age 19.3 ± 0.6 yrs). Three maximal voluntary isokinetic leg extensions and flexions at angular velocities of 60, 180, and 300°·s-1, and H:Q strength ratio was determined. The largest H:Q strength ratio for all ages, with the exception of age group U-12, appears at a slow angular velocity of 60°·s-1, and the smallest H:Q ratio at a fast angular velocity of 300°·s-1. In age group U-12, at an angular velocity of 60°·s-1, the strength of the quadriceps muscle was almost twice the strength of the hamstrings. The H:Q strength ratio was smaller in age group U-12 and greater in group U-20. In age group U-12, the greatest H:Q strength ratio appeared at an angular velocity of 180°·s-1, while in the other age groups, it appeared at 60°·s-1. Strength training of hamstring muscles remains inadequate across ages. The small H:Q strength ratio in younger ages and the large H:Q ratio in older ages suggest that high-intensity training may increase the H:Q strength ratio, which, in turn, may protect the knee joint from excessive and burdensome loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Mandroukas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yiannis Michailidis
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Metaxas
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Thompson BJ, Xu J. Isokinetic Dynamometer Leg Extensor Peak Torque Measurement: A Time-Delayed Reliability and Score Selection Analysis Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8020062. [PMID: 37218858 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reliability of isokinetic peak torque (PT) has been reported mostly using a short-term (<~10 day) inter-trial testing time frame. However, many studies and programs utilize a long-term (several weeks to months) inter-trial testing period. Additionally, the methods by which the PT value is selected and reported from a multiple rep testing scheme have not been well investigated for both reliability and PT absolute performance comparisons. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term reliability of isokinetic and isometric PT of the leg extensors with an emphasis on the differences among several PT score selection methods. Thirteen men and women (age = 19.5 years) underwent two testing trials separated by 28.8 (±1.8) days. Testing included maximal voluntary contractions of three sets of three reps for two isokinetic contraction conditions of 60 (Isok60) and 240 (Isok240) deg/s velocities, and three sets of one rep of isometric contractions for the leg extensors. The PT score was derived from seven different methods (see text for descriptions). Reliability as assessed from intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) varied widely across contraction conditions and PT score selection parameters. The Isok60 velocity overall had lower reliability (ICCs = 0.48-0.81) than Isok240 (0.77-0.87) across the conditions whereas the isometric PT variables showed moderate reliability (0.71-0.73). Overall the set 1 PT score selection parameters were generally lower (p ≤ 0.05) than those that involved sets two and three. Systematic error (p ≤ 0.05) was shown for 6 out of the 17 PT selection variables. On a subjective interpretation basis, when taking everything into account the best overall combination of time/trial efficiency, reliability, best/highest PT score parameter, and reduced risk of systematic bias appears to be the PT variable that uses the average of the highest two reps of the first two sets of three reps-i.e., averaging the highest two values of the six total reps from the first two sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
- Movement Research Clinic, Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Jennifer Xu
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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11
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Dean JM, Murton AJ, Glover SQ, Gutierrez I, Andersen CR, Herndon DN, Lee JO, Suman OE. Use of Isokinetic Dynamometry To Assess Muscle Function In Burned Patients Is A Reliable Tool To Assist Progressive Resistance Exercise Prescription. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:546-550. [PMID: 30649359 PMCID: PMC10152992 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irz003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Isokinetic dynamometry is used during exercise testing and rehabilitation to obtain a quantitative strength measurement on which progressive strength training programs can be based. This study assesses the test-retest reliability of isokinetic leg function in the knee flexors and extensors at 150°/s in children and young adults with severe burns to be used for rehabilitation exercise program prescription. In 39 severely burned patients (49 ± 14% total body surface area burn [TBSA], mean ± SD; 34 ± 21% TBSA 3rd degree; 14 ± 5 years, 153.3 ± 16.5 cm height; 53.8 ± 17.9 kg) knee flexion/extension isokinetic dynamometry at 150°/s was performed on each patient's dominant leg in two sessions. The patient was acquainted with the test and performed 1 set of 10 repetitions at 150°/s. A second session of 1 set of 10 repetitions at 150°/ was performed within 24 h of the first. Muscle function outcomes were knee flexion/extension peak torque, average peak torque, and average power. One-sample paired t tests were performed for all muscle function outcomes; intraclass correlation coefficients and r2 values with session two as a function of session one were calculated. Sessions did not differ significantly in knee extension or flexion for any muscle function outcome or the hamstrings to quadriceps ratio. All intraclass correlation coefficients were >0.89 and r2 > 0.79. Test-retest isokinetic dynamometry functional measurements in the knee flexors and extensors at 150°/s are reliable in the burn population and may aid resistance rehabilitation program prescriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna M Dean
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, TX
| | - Andrew J Murton
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - Shauna Q Glover
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - Ileana Gutierrez
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - Clark R Andersen
- Office of Biostatistics, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - David N Herndon
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - Jong O Lee
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
| | - Oscar E Suman
- Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Texas Medical BranchGalveston, TX
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12
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Veeck F, Ruas CV, Pinto MD, Grazioli R, Cardoso GP, Albuquerque T, Schipper L, Valente HG, Santos VH, Dornelles M, Rabaldo P, Rocha CS, Baroni BM, Cadore EL, Pinto RS. Low Pre-Season Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Strength Ratio Identified in Players Who Further Sustained In-Season Hamstring Strain Injuries: A Retrospective Study from a Brazilian Serie A Team. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11040089. [PMID: 37104163 PMCID: PMC10140913 DOI: 10.3390/sports11040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A common pre-season injury prevention assessment conducted by professional football clubs is the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratio calculated by peak torque (PT). However, it is debatable whether players that present low pre-season H:Q ratios are more susceptible to further sustaining in-season hamstring strain injuries (HSI). Based upon retrospective data from a Brazilian Serie A football squad, a particular season came to our attention as ten out of seventeen (~59%) professional male football players sustained HSI. Therefore, we examined the pre-season H:Q ratios of these players. H:Q conventional (CR) and functional (FR) ratios, and the respective knee extensor/flexor PT from the limbs of players further sustaining in-season HSI (injured players, IP) were compared to the proportional number of dominant/non-dominant limbs from uninjured players (UP) in the squad. FR and CR were ~18-22% lower (p < 0.01), whereas quadriceps concentric PT was ~25% greater for IP than UP (p = 0.002). Low scores of FR and CR were correlated (p < 0.01) with high levels of quadriceps concentric PT (r = -0.66 to -0.77). In conclusion, players who sustained in-season HSI had lower pre-season FR and CR compared to UP, which appears to be associated with higher levels of quadriceps concentric torque than hamstring concentric or eccentric torque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Veeck
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Cassio V Ruas
- Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, Institute of Physics Gleb Wataghin, University of Campinas, São Paulo 13083-854, Brazil
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Matheus Daros Pinto
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup 6027, Australia
| | - Rafael Grazioli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Pacheco Cardoso
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
| | - Thiago Albuquerque
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
| | - Lucas Schipper
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Henrique Gonçalves Valente
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Victor H Santos
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
| | - Márcio Dornelles
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
| | - Paulo Rabaldo
- Medical and Technical Department, Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, Porto Alegre 90250-590, Brazil
| | - Clarice S Rocha
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90690-200, Brazil
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13
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Xu J, Thompson BJ, Spencer SB, Studenka BE, Bressel E. Effects of Flywheel Resistance Training on Muscle Function and Sport-Specific Performance in Collegiate Club Water Polo Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:98-109. [PMID: 35294316 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1942417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study investigated the effects of flywheel squat training on lower body muscle function adaptations and sport-specific performance in collegiate club water polo players. Methods: Thirteen collegiate club water polo athletes (5 women, 8 men) performed flywheel squat training for 4 weeks. Isokinetic knee extension (KE) peak power (PP) and peak torque (PT), flywheel squat peak power (FPP) and mean power (FMP), countermovement jump (CMJ), in-water jump height (WJH) and foot speed were assessed at baseline (Pre1), 4 weeks (Pre2), and 8 weeks (Post) with the first 4 week block being a control period and the second 4 week block being the experimental training. Throughout the training period muscle soreness was assessed using a VAS scale, and FPP and FMP were assessed during every other session. Results: Isokinetic KE PP and PT increased from Pre1 to Post, and FPP and FMP increased between Pre1 and Post, and Pre2 and Post. CMJ and foot speed were unchanged. WJH displayed a change between Pre1 and Post. FPP increased 19% from session 2 to 4 and FMP increased 27% from session 2 to 6, and each remained elevated through session 8. Conclusion: 4 weeks of flywheel squat training in collegiate club water polo players elicited large gains (47-52%) in flywheel-specific squat power, but did not influence sport-specific performance measures including CMJ, WJH, and foot speed. Water-based exercises and stretch-shortening cycle movements (plyometrics) in combination with effective resistance training programs, which may include flywheel-based training, are likely needed for marked sport skill improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Xu
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University
| | | | - Steven B Spencer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University
| | | | - Eadric Bressel
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University
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Transfer Effects of a Multiple-Joint Isokinetic Eccentric Resistance Training Intervention to Nontraining-Specific Traditional Muscle Strength Measures. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11010009. [PMID: 36668713 PMCID: PMC9865736 DOI: 10.3390/sports11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Relatively few investigations have examined the transfer effects of multiple-joint isokinetic eccentric only (MJIE) resistance training on non-specific measures of muscle strength. This study investigated the transfer effects of a short-term MJIE leg press (Eccentron) resistance training program on several non-specific measures of lower-body strength. Fifteen participants performed Eccentron training three times/week for four weeks and were evaluated on training-specific Eccentron peak force (EccPF), nontraining-specific leg press DCER one-repetition maximum (LP 1 RM), and peak torques of the knee extensors during isokinetic eccentric (Ecc30), isokinetic concentric (Con150) and isometric (IsomPT) tasks before and after the training period. The training elicited a large improvement in EccPF (37.9%; Cohen's d effect size [ES] = 0.86). A moderate transfer effect was observed on LP 1 RM gains (19.0%; ES = 0.48) with the magnitude of the strength improvement being about one-half that of EccPF. A small effect was observed on IsomPT and Ecc30 (ES = 0.29 and 0.20, respectively), however, pre-post changes of these measures were not significant. Con150 testing showed no effect (ES = 0.04). These results suggest a short term MJIE training program elicits a large strength improvement in training-specific measures, a moderate strength gain transfer effect to DCER concentric-based strength of a similar movement (i.e., LP 1 RM), and poor transfer to single-joint knee extension measures.
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Kielė D, Solianik R. Four-Week Application of Kinesiotaping Improves Proprioception, Strength, and Balance in Individuals With Complete Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rupture. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:213-219. [PMID: 35438677 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kielė, D and Solianik, R. Four-week application of kinesiotaping improves proprioception, strength, and balance in individuals with complete anterior cruciate ligament rupture. J Strength Cond Res 37(1): 213-219, 2023-Kinesiotaping (KT) is common in musculoskeletal rehabilitation, but whether it is efficacious for surgically untreated anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures is unknown. Therefore, we evaluated whether a strategy of physiotherapy plus KT would be superior to a strategy of physiotherapy alone on subsequent proprioception and motor function. Men aged 28.1 ± 6.7 years with complete ACL ruptures were randomized to either a control (physiotherapy) or an experimental group (physiotherapy + KT) for a 4-week period. Changes in balance were assessed on the injured leg using a force platform. Knee angle reproduction, maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), and rate of force development (RFD) were measured using dynamometry, and pain was recorded using a visual analog scale. Decreases in knee pain and improvements in angle reproduction were observed in both groups ( p < 0.05), with a greater effect on angle reproduction in the experimental group ( p < 0.05). Both groups demonstrated increased isometric knee flexor MVC and RFD values ( p < 0.05), but an increase in RFD of the knee extensors was observed only in the experimental group ( p < 0.05). Furthermore, the MVC of concentric knee flexors at 60°·s -1 increased only in the experimental group ( p < 0.05), whereas concentric MVC at 180°·s -1 -resulting in greater hamstring-to-quadriceps ratios-increased in both groups ( p < 0.05). Balancing ability on the injured leg increased only in the experimental group ( p < 0.05). Thus, KT plus physiotherapy was beneficial in the treatment of proprioception, strength, and static balance in these individuals with an ACL rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Kielė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania ; and.,Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Rima Solianik
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania ; and.,Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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16
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Bregenhof B, Aagaard P, Nissen N, Creaby MW, Thorlund JB, Jensen C, Torfing T, Holsgaard-Larsen A. The Effect of Progressive Resistance Exercise on Knee Muscle Strength and Function in Participants with Persistent Hamstring Deficit Following ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023; 53:40-48. [PMID: 36306171 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2022.11360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of progressive resistance exercise compared with low-intensity home-based exercises on knee-muscle strength and joint function in people with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction and persistent hamstring strength deficits at 12-24 months after surgery. DESIGN: Randomized controlled superiority trial with parallel groups, balanced randomization (1:1), and blinded outcome assessment. METHODS: People with ACL reconstruction (hamstring autograft) and persistent hamstring muscle strength asymmetry were recruited 1 to 2 years postsurgery and randomized to either 12 weeks of supervised progressive strength training (SNG), or 12 weeks of home-based, low-intensity exercises (CON). The primary outcome was between-group difference in change in maximal isometric knee flexor muscle strength at 12-week follow-up. RESULTS: Fifty-one participants (45% women, 27 ± 6 years) were randomized to SNG (n = 25) or CON (n = 26), with 88% follow-up rate at 12 weeks. People in the SNG group improved their knee flexor muscle strength (0.18 N·m/kg, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.07, 0.29; P = .002) more than the CON group, from baseline to 12 weeks. The SNG group also had superior Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores for Pain (4.6, 95% CI: 0.4, 8.7; P = .031) and daily living function (4.7, 95% CI: 1.2, 8.2; P = .010) compared to the CON group. CONCLUSION: In people with persistent hamstring muscle strength deficits after ACL reconstruction, 12 weeks of supervised progressive strength training was superior to low-intensity home-based exercises for improving maximal knee flexor muscle strength and some patient-reported outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023;53(1):40-48. Epub: 17 October 2022. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11360.
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17
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Abad CCC, Lopes MWR, Lara JPR, Oliveira AJS, da Silva RPC, Facin EA, Izar AJ, Teixeira FG. Long-Term Changes in Vertical Jump, H:Q Ratio and Interlimb Asymmetries in Young Female Volleyball Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16420. [PMID: 36554299 PMCID: PMC9778845 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the changes that occurred in vertical jump and isokinetic dynamometer (ISK) performances at the beginning of a preparatory period (PRE) and at the start of the competitive period (POST). Sixteen U-17 elite female volleyball players, from a national level (15.34 ± 1.19 years; 66.35 ± 7.95 kg; 169.22 ± 24.79 cm), performed bilateral squat jump (SJ), bilateral and unilateral countermovement jump (CMJ) and unilateral ISK tests for knee flexors (Fl) and extensors (Ex) both at 60°/s and at 300°/s. Peak torque (PT) and the hamstring-to-quadriceps (H:Q) ratio were assessed by concentric actions. Asymmetries were calculated by the percentage differences between dominant (DOM) and nondominant legs (NDOM). The paired Student's t-test was used for comparisons at a level of significance of 5%. The effect size was also calculated. A significant increase was found for both SJ (15%; p = 0.004; ES = 0.82) and CMJ (12%; p = 0.017; ES = 0.62). The PT of NDOM flexors at 60°/s was significantly lower than DOM both at PRE (4.6%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.22) and POST (6.3%; p = 0.037; ES = -0.33). The NDOM extensors at 60°/s had a significantly lower PT than DOM at POST (7.0%; p = 0.048; ES = -0.23). Both DOM and NDOM flexors at 60°/s had a PT enhancement at POST related to PRE (6.7%; p = 0.031; ES = 0.51 and 5.6%; p = 0.037; ES = 0.48, respectively). The PT of NDOM extensors at 300°/s increased at POST in comparison to PRE (7.9%; p = 0.038; ES = 0.27). The NDOM at 300°/s had a H:Q ratio higher than DOM both in PRE and POST (8.6%; p = 0.041; ES = 0.37 and 11.6%; p = 0.013; ES = 0.71, respectively), and the highest H:Q ratios were lower than the reference values (<80%). The asymmetry of the unilateral CMJ was higher at POST than at PRE (102%; p = 0.03; ES = 0.81). The PT for the flexors at 300°/s and the H:Q ratio at POST exceeded 10%. In conclusion, a training program of 15 weeks increased the neuromuscular performance of young volleyball athletes, but many H:Q ratios and asymmetries remained out of the normal recommendation. Volleyball professionals should carefully apply an adequate training program to enhance physical fitness performance without increasing the risk of lower limb injuries concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Cavinato Cal Abad
- Reference Centre of Sport Science of Social Service of Industry, CRCE-SESI, São Paulo 05574-001, Brazil
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18
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Nuñez FJ, Ritzmann R, Hernandez-Abad F, Martinez JC, Suarez-Arrones L. Muscle Architecture, Morphology, and Mechanical and Functional Properties of Biceps Femoris Long Head in Professional Soccer Players with a Prior Healed Injured Hamstring. J Clin Med 2022; 11:7222. [PMID: 36498796 PMCID: PMC9738030 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to compare the fascicle length, pennation angle, muscle thickness and stiffness of the biceps femoris long head, and eccentric hamstring strength between injured dominant limbs, injured non-dominant limbs, uninjured dominant limbs and uninjured non-dominant legs in previously injured players, and between dominant and non-dominant legs in uninjured elite soccer players. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty elite soccer players participated in this study. Ultrasound imaging and MyotonPRO were used to determine the morphological and mechanical properties of the biceps femoris long head. Isokinetic and Nordic hamstring exercises were used to assess eccentric hamstring strength. RESULTS Previously injured players showed substantially lower fascicle length and muscle thickness, and significantly higher biceps femoris long head stiffness than uninjured players, without differences between limbs. CONCLUSION The morphological and mechanical properties of elite soccer players with hamstring injury history were different from those in uninjured players. The lack of differences between limbs showed that these values are characteristics of individual players that must be considered in the design of programs to prevent BFlh injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramona Ritzmann
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Fernando Hernandez-Abad
- Department of Sport Sciences, European University of the Canary Islands, 38300 Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Department of Sport Sciences, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Performance Departament, FC Lugano, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
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Watson MD, Collins BK, Davies GJ, Riemann BL. The Influence of Hip Flexion and Isokinetic Velocity on Hamstrings-Quadriceps Strength Ratios in Healthy Females. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022; 93:695-701. [PMID: 34735309 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1908508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Context: Measurements of the concentric hamstrings-quadriceps strength ratio (Hc:Qc) are almost exclusively recorded in the upright, seated position (hip flexion 80-100°) on an isokinetic dynamometer at angular velocities ranging from 30°/s to 360°/s. Further, there is a scarcity of data examining Hc:Qc ratio in females. Objective: To compare the effects of hip-flexion position (0°, 45°, and 90°) and isokinetic velocity (60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s) on knee-extension and knee-flexion torques and the Hc:Qc ratio of females. Design: Single-session, repeated measures. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory. Participants: Twenty-seven healthy young female adults. Intervention: Participants completed five repetitions of isokinetic, concentric knee-flexion and knee-extension at hip flexions of 0° (supine), 45° (midrange), and 90° (traditional), at 60°/s, 180°/s, and 300°/s. Main Outcome Measures: Knee extension and flexion average peak torque (PT) and resultant Hc:Qc ratios. Results: Knee-extension average PT was significantly influenced by isokinetic velocity but hip-flexion position was not. Compared to 90°, knee-flexion average PT was significantly greater in the 45° and 0° hip positions, coupled with greater average PT decreases between 60°/s and 180°/s than between 180°/s and 300°/s. Hc:Qc ratios in the 0° position were significantly greater than in the other positions and increased significantly as testing velocity increased. Conclusions: Exclusively using a seated, upright position during knee isokinetic testing on females may misrepresent knee strength at more-functional hip positions. We recommend evaluating isokinetic knee strength using a supine position to better reflect hip positions during daily and sporting activities, throughout movement specific velocities.
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20
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Ritzmann R, Strütt S, Torreno I, Riesterer J, Centner C, Suarez-Arrones L. Neuromuscular characteristics of agonists and antagonists during maximal eccentric knee flexion in soccer players with a history of hamstring muscle injuries. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277949. [PMID: 36455059 PMCID: PMC9714924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle strain injuries (MSIs) in the hamstrings are among the most prevalent injuries in elite soccer. We aimed to examine the relation between biomechanical maladaptation in eccentric strength and neuromuscular factors separated by their time and frequency domains. METHODS 20 elite soccer players with a previous history of unilateral MSI in the M. biceps femoris (BF) long head and 20 without MSI participated. Knee flexion torques, rate of torque development (RTD) and electromyographic signals (EMG) of the BF, the M. semitendinosus (SMT) and knee extensors were obtained during unilateral maximal eccentric knee flexions performed at slow (30°/s) and fast (120°/s) angular speeds. Root mean squares and mean power frequency (MF) was calculated. RESULTS In the group with a history of MSI, reduced maximal eccentric flexion torque (slow eccentrics -8±11, p<0.05; fast eccentrics -18±13 N*m, p<0.05) and RTD (-33±28 N*m/s, p<0.05; -95±47 N*m/s, p<0.05) concomitantly occurred with diminished agonistic myoelectrical activities (-4±5% of MVC, p<0.05; -10±7% of MVC, p<0.05) and MFs (-24±13 Hz, p<0.05; -24±18 Hz, p<0.05) in the BF. Simultaneously, antagonistic myoelectric activity was elevated (+4±3% of MVC, p<0.05; +3±3% of MVC, p<0.05) in MSI affected legs as compared to unaffected legs for both eccentric contractions. Deficits in myoelectrical activity (r2 = 0.715, p<0.05; r2 = 0.601, p<0.05) and MF (r2 = 0.484, p<0.05; r2 = 0.622, p<0.05) correlated with deficits in maximal torque in the affected leg in the MSI group. Analysis of SMT demonstrated no significant differences. CONCLUSION Positive relationships between neuromuscular deficits and the reduced eccentric strength profile underpin neuronal inhibition after MSI. This persistent involvement of dysfunctional synergist and antagonist neural hamstring function in strength weakness is of clinical relevance in sports medicine for prevention and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Ritzmann
- Department of Sports and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sarah Strütt
- Praxisklinik Rennbahn AG, Muttenz, Switzerland
- FC Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- FC Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Section of Physical Education and Sports, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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21
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Schneider C, Van Hooren B, Cronin J, Jukic I. The Effects of Training Interventions on Modifiable Hamstring Strain Injury Risk Factors in Healthy Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. Strength Cond J 2022. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Esmaeili H, Sharifi A. Bilateral asymmetry of hamstring to quadriceps isokinetic torque ratio in different angular velocities in professional basketball players. Knee 2022; 37:3-9. [PMID: 35660537 DOI: 10.1016/j.knee.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral symmetry evaluation in lower limb is used for injury prevention, and is an indicator of returning to post-injury activity. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of different angular velocities on asymmetry of the hamstring-to-quadriceps strength ratio. METHOD Isokinetic concentric hamstring to quadriceps (H:Q) peak torque ratio of the 27 male and female professional basketball players was measured at seven angular velocities (60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 180, 240, 300 deg s-1) on both dominant and non-dominant legs with Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Repeated measure analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of angular velocity and limb side on our outcomes (p≤ 0.05). RESULTS The results showed that with increasing angular velocity, the ratio of hamstrings to quadriceps increases (p = 0.001). There was no difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs in the H:Q peak torque ratio (p = 0.254). In addition, velocity of measurement did not affect the bilateral asymmetry of peak torque ratio of the H:Q of both sides (p = 0.852). CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that measurement velocity does not affect the bilateral asymmetry of the H:Q peak torque ratio of the dominant and non-dominant limbs. In clinical assessments of H:Q bilateral asymmetry, we suggest that physical trainer can assess bilateral asymmetry of H:Q with arbitrary angular velocities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Esmaeili
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Sharifi
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
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23
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Differences in the recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway between the biceps femoris and rectus femoris muscles. Brain Res 2022; 1790:147963. [PMID: 35679903 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular activity in the hamstring and quadriceps muscles is vital for rapid force control during athletic movements. This study aimed to investigate the recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway of the biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. Thirty-two male subjects were participated in this study. Corticospinal excitability was investigated for BFlh and RF during the isometric knee flexion and extension tasks, respectively, using transcranial magnetic stimulation. A sigmoidal relationship was observed between the stimulus intensity and amplitude of motor-evoked potentials and characterized by a plateau value, maximum slope, and threshold. Compared with RF, BFlh had a significantly lower plateau value (P < 0.001, d = 1.17), maximum slope (P < 0.001, r = 0.79), and threshold (P = 0.003, d = 0.62). The results showed that the recruitment properties of the corticospinal pathway significantly differ between BFlh and RF. These results reveal that when a sudden large force is required during athletic movements, the RF can produce force through a rapid increase in the recruitment of motor units. The BFlh, on the other hand, requires larger or more synchronized motor commands for enabling the proper motor unit behavior to exert large forces. These differences in the neurophysiological factors between the hamstrings and quadriceps can have a substantial effect on the balance of force generation during athletic activities.
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MacLennan RJ, Mota JA, Thompson BJ, Stock MS. Effects of Strength and Conditioning on Maximal Isometric Strength, Motor Unit Behavior, and Concentric Isokinetic Peak Torque in Middle-School Boys'. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1318-1326. [PMID: 33780394 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT MacLennan, RJ, Mota, JA, Thompson, BJ, and Stock, MS. Effects of strength and conditioning on maximal isometric strength, motor unit behavior, and concentric isokinetic peak torque in middle-school boys. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1318-1326, 2022-It has long been theorized that improvements in muscle strength in young athletes are mediated by motor unit adaptations. The ability to decompose surface electromyographic signals obtained during isometric contractions now allow for such research questions to be answered. We examined changes in isometric and concentric isokinetic strength, as well as vastus lateralis motor unit behavior, after 16 weeks of strength training and conditioning in middle-school aged boys. Nine boys (mean ± SD age = 12 ± 1 years) participated in training. Five boys (age = 13 ± 1 years) served as control subjects. The training subjects performed 90 minutes of high-intensity, multi-joint exercise twice per week. Assessments of unilateral maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force of the knee extensors, concentric peak torque at velocities of 60, 180, and 300°·s-1, and vastus lateralis motor unit data during 50 and 80% MVIC tests were performed. Strength training and conditioning did not improve MVIC force. Greater training-induced strength increases were observed at faster isokinetic velocities, with a large effect size at 300°·s-1 (d = 0.813). The slopes and y-intercepts of the mean firing rate vs. recruitment threshold relationship and the action potential amplitude vs. recruitment threshold relationship were unaffected by training. Sixteen weeks of middle-school strength and conditioning did not enhance maximal isometric strength or vastus lateralis motor unit control, but improvements were observed during rapid isokinetic muscle actions. Given the lack of training (multi-joint) vs. testing (single-joint) specificity, we propose that motor unit adaptations in youth are task specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J MacLennan
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Jacob A Mota
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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25
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Comparison of the Agonist/Antagonist Tensional Balance of the Knee between Two Isokinetic Positions: A Pilot Study on a Sample of High-Level Competitive Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095397. [PMID: 35564792 PMCID: PMC9099487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Isokinetic knee dynamometry evolves towards more precise techniques, such as the calculation of the functional ratio. This study evaluated the influence of an intermediate hip position called the unified reclined position (URP) compared to the classic sitting position, (CSP) on hamstring eccentric PT values (Hexc30) and conventional (Hcon60/Qcon60) and functional (Hexc30/Qcon60) ratios. Twenty Spanish high-level competitive soccer players (20.4 ± 4.44 years) were evaluated in CSP and in URP. The hip angle in URP (44°) was determined with a passive extensibility test (quadriceps and hamstrings), looking for an agonist/antagonist tension balance. The following were performed: three repetitions (60°/s) and five repetitions (240°/s) in concentric quadriceps and hamstrings mode; and three repetitions (30°/s) in concentric and eccentric for the hamstrings. At 30°/s, the CSP presents higher values of maximal eccentric hamstring strength than URP, (Dom + N-Dom leg (Nm): CSP = 148.3 ± 19.5 vs. URP 143.5 ± 23.2); p = 0.086 (n.s.). The conventional relationship did not show data justifying the preference for URP over CSP (p = 0.86 (n.s.)). However, although the functional index did not show significant values (p = 0.97 (n.s.), it did show a greater number of subjects with imbalances measured in URP (five in URP vs. two in CSP). An assessment angle of the hip closer to sports reality seems to favor the use of the URP as a complementary method to the CSP. These data stimulate new studies using URP together with the classic protocol.
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26
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Voukelatos D, Evangelidis PE, Pain MTG. The hamstrings to quadriceps functional ratio expressed over the full angle-angular velocity range using a limited number of data points. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:210696. [PMID: 35601451 PMCID: PMC9043738 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hamstring to quadriceps (H : Q) strength ratio is widely used to identify individuals at risk of sustaining hamstring strain injuries. However, its efficacy is not supported by the current evidence. Current methods for the calculation of the H : Q ratio provide only a one- or two-dimensional ratio, often ignoring fundamental muscle mechanical properties. Based on isokinetic torque measurements of the knee flexors and extensors (0-400° s-1) in 25 young, physically active males, we derived a model equation that creates a three-dimensional H : Q functional ratio profile. The model robustness was tested against a different number of input torque data (8, 11, 14 and 17 pairs of points) and small perturbation of the knee joint angle data (5°). The model was consistent and behaved well under all conditions apart from the eight pairs of points (R 2 = 0.84-0.96; RMSE = 0.14-0.25; NRMSE = 0.12-0.27), and the H : Q functional ratio was successfully described even at angles and velocities that cannot be normally assessed with isokinetic dynamometry. Overall, our results suggest that the model can provide a fast and accurate three-dimensional description of the knee joint muscle strength balance using as few as 11 experimental data points and this could be an easy-to-employ screening tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Voukelatos
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | | | - Matthew T. G. Pain
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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27
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Read PJ, Trama R, Racinais S, McAuliffe S, Klauznicer J, Alhammoud M. Angle specific analysis of hamstrings and quadriceps isokinetic torque identify residual deficits in soccer players following ACL reconstruction: a longitudinal investigation. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:871-877. [PMID: 34983321 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.2022275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Analysing the isokinetic curve is important following ACL reconstruction as there may be deficits in torque production at specific points throughout the range of motion. We examined isokinetic (60°.s-1) torque-angle characteristics in 27 male soccer players (24.5 ± 3.9 years) at 3 time-points (17 ± 5; 25 ± 6; and 34 ± 7 weeks post-surgery). Extracted data included knee flexor and extensor peak torque, conventional hamstrings: quadriceps (H/Q) ratio, and angle-specific torque using Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM). There were significant involved limb increases in extension peak torque at each assessment (p<0.001); however, asymmetry favouring the un-involved limb was observed (p<0.01). Flexion peak torque was greater on the un-involved limb at assessments 1 and 2 only (p<0.05). The angle of peak torque was not significantly different at individual time-points or within-limbs across the 3 assessments. SPM revealed involved limb angle-specific reductions in extension torque across the full range of motion at time-points 1 and 2 (p<0.001) but only in angles [51-80°] at assessment 3 (p<0.05). Between limb H/Q angle differences [33-45°] were shown at assessments 2 and 3. The ratio ranged from 1.60-0.74 depending on the angle tested. Angle-specific moment curves are useful for monitoring patterns of strength development during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Read
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Institute of Sport Exercise and Health, London, UK.,Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.,School of Sport and Exercise, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, UK
| | - Robin Trama
- Univ Lyon, Ucb Lyon 1, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de La Motricité, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Sean McAuliffe
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar.,Health Research Board, Dublin, Ireland.,College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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Wu R, De Vito G, Lowery MM, O'Callaghan B, Ditroilo M. Age-related fatigability in knee extensors and knee flexors during dynamic fatiguing contractions. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 62:102626. [PMID: 34998161 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dynamic knee extension and flexion fatiguing task on torque and neuromuscular responses in young and older individuals. Eighteen young (8 males; 25.1 ± 3.2 years) and 17 older (8 males; 69.7 ± 3.7 years) volunteered. Following a maximal voluntary isometric contraction test, participants performed a fatiguing task involving 22 maximal isokinetic (concentric) knee extension and flexion contractions at 60°/s, while surface EMG was recorded simultaneously from the knee extensors (KE) and flexors (KF). Fatigue-induced relative torque reductions were similar between age groups for KE (peak torque decrease: 25.15% vs 26.81%); however, KF torque was less affected in older individuals (young vs older peak torque decrease: 27.6% vs 11.5%; p < 0.001) and this was associated with greater increase in hamstring EMG amplitude (p < 0.001) and hamstrings/quadriceps peak torque ratio (p < 0.01). Furthermore, KE was more fatigable than KF only among older individuals (peak torque decrease: 26.8% vs 11.5%; p < 0.001). These findings showed that the age-related fatigue induced by a dynamic task was greater for the KE, with greater age-related decline in KE compared to KF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Biomedical Sciences Department, Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Madeleine M Lowery
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ben O'Callaghan
- School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Massimiliano Ditroilo
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Mikami K, Samukawa M, Oba K, Nakamura K, Suzumori Y, Ishida Y, Matsumoto H, Aoki Y, Ishida T, Yamanaka M, Tohyama H. Torque-angle curve of the knee flexors in athletes with a prior history of hamstring strain. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 54:29-35. [PMID: 34929533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the knee flexor torque-angle curve after hamstring strain injury using different muscle action types and angular velocities. DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING Controlled laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen collegiate athletes injured hamstring strain (21.0 ± 0.8 years; 173.9 ± 6.5 cm; 70.1 ± 10.5 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Concentric and eccentric knee flexor torque was measured at 60 & 300°/sec. Peak torque and average torque every 10° were determined from torque-angle curve and injured side was compared with non-injured side. RESULTS No significant differences were found in the concentric muscle actions. However, the eccentric peak torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec (p = 0.048) and at 300°/sec (p = 0.002). The average eccentric torque was significantly lower on the injured side at 60°/sec from 10° to 20° of knee flexion (p = 0.012-0.018) and at 300°/sec from 10° to 60° of knee flexion (p = 0.005-0.049). CONCLUSION The knee flexor torque-angle curve changes with eccentric muscle action after hamstring injury. Eccentric torque declines were close to full knee extension at 60°/sec and a wide range of knee flexion at 300°/sec. The assessment and rehabilitation of eccentric hamstring strength may be important to consider the effect of the angular velocity after hamstring strain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Oba
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sapporo Spine Clinic, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Suzumori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hitsujigaoka Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuko Ishida
- Sports Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisashi Matsumoto
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimitsu Aoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokushin Orthopaedic Hospital, Sapporo, Japan; Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masanori Yamanaka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido Chitose College of Rehabilitation, Chitose, Japan
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Grazioli R, Sobieski N, Wilhelm EN, Brusco CM, Rech A. Divergent isokinetic muscle strength deficits in street running athletes. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Kolodziej M, Nolte K, Schmidt M, Alt T, Jaitner T. Identification of Neuromuscular Performance Parameters as Risk Factors of Non-contact Injuries in Male Elite Youth Soccer Players: A Preliminary Study on 62 Players With 25 Non-contact Injuries. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:615330. [PMID: 34734178 PMCID: PMC8559431 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.615330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Elite youth soccer players suffer increasing numbers of injuries owing to constantly increasing physical demands. Deficits in neuromuscular performance may increase the risk of injury. Injury risk factors need to be identified and practical cut-off scores defined. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess neuromuscular performance parameters within a laboratory-based injury risk screening, to investigate their association with the risk of non-contact lower extremity injuries in elite youth soccer players, and to provide practice-relevant cut-off scores. Methods: Sixty-two elite youth soccer players (age: 17.2 ± 1.1 years) performed unilateral postural control exercises in different conditions, isokinetic tests of concentric and eccentric knee extension and knee flexion (60°/s), isometric tests of hip adduction and abduction, and isometric tests of trunk flexion, extension, lateral flexion and transversal rotation during the preseason period. Non-contact lower extremities injuries were documented throughout 10 months. Risk profiling was assessed using a multivariate approach utilizing a Decision Tree model [Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method]. Results: Twenty-five non-contact injuries were registered. The Decision Tree model selected the COP sway, the peak torque for knee flexion concentric, the functional knee ratio and the path of the platform in that hierarchical order as important neuromuscular performance parameters to discriminate between injured and non-injured players. The classification showed a sensitivity of 0.73 and a specificity of 0.91. The relative risk was calculated at 4.2, meaning that the risk of suffering an injury is four times greater for a player, who has been classified as injured by the Decision Tree model. Conclusion: Measuring static postural control, postural control under unstable condition and the strength of the thigh seem to enable a good indication of injury risk in elite youth soccer players. However, this finding has to be taken with caution due to a small number of injury cases. Nonetheless, these preliminary results may have practical implications for future directions in injury risk screening and in planning and developing customized training programs to counteract intrinsic injury risk factors in elite youth soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Kolodziej
- Department of Strength and Conditioning and Performance, Borussia Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Kevin Nolte
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Marcus Schmidt
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tobias Alt
- Department of Biomechanics, Performance Analysis and Strength and Conditioning, Olympic Training and Testing Centre Westphalia, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Jaitner
- Institute for Sports and Sport Science, Technical University (TU) Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
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Radaelli R, Brusco CM, Machado CLF, Martins D, Sakugawa RL, Diefenthaeler F, Pinto RS. Muscle function and muscle balance in lower limbs are not impaired in individuals with general joint hypermobility. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00824-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Baumgart C, Kurz E, Freiwald J, Hoppe MW. Effects of Hip Flexion on Knee Extension and Flexion Isokinetic Angle-Specific Torques and HQ-Ratios. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2021; 7:41. [PMID: 34120217 PMCID: PMC8197694 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00330-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and Methods During isokinetic knee strength testing, the knee flexion angles that correspond to the measured torque values are rarely considered. Additionally, the hip flexion angle during seated testing diverges from that in the majority of daily life and sporting activities. Limited information concerning the influence of hip angle, muscle contraction mode, and velocity on the isokinetic knee strength over the entire range of motion (ROM) is available. Twenty recreational athletes (10 females, 10 males; 23.3 ± 3.2 years; 72.1 ± 16.5 kg; 1.78 ± 0.07 m) were tested for isokinetic knee flexion and extension at 10° and 90° hip flexion with the following conditions: (i) concentric at 60°/s, (ii) concentric at 180°/s, and (iii) eccentric at 60°/s. The effects of hip angle, contraction mode, and velocity on angle-specific torques and HQ-ratios as well as conventional parameters (peak torques, angles at peak torque, and HQ-ratios) were analyzed using statistical parametric mapping and parametric ANOVAs, respectively. Results Generally, the angle-specific and conventional torques and HQ-ratios were lower in the extended hip compared to a flexed hip joint. Thereby, in comparison to the knee extension, the torque values decreased to a greater extent during knee flexion but not consistent over the entire ROM. The torque values were greater at the lower velocity and eccentric mode, but the influence of the velocity and contraction mode were lower at shorter and greater muscle lengths, respectively. Conclusions Isokinetic knee strength is influenced by the hip flexion angle. Therefore, a seated position during testing and training is questionable, because the hip joint is rarely flexed at 90° during daily life and sporting activities. Maximum knee strength is lower in supine position, which should be considered for training and testing. The angle-specific effects cannot be mirrored by the conventional parameters. Therefore, angle-specific analyses are recommended to obtain supplemental information and consequently to improve knee strength testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Baumgart
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Fuhlrottstraße 10, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
| | - Eduard Kurz
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jürgen Freiwald
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Fuhlrottstraße 10, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilhelm Hoppe
- Institute of Movement and Training Science I, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany
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Neuromuscular Fatigue After Long-Duration Adventure Racing in Adolescent Athletes. Pediatr Exerc Sci 2021; 33:103-111. [PMID: 33958502 DOI: 10.1123/pes.2020-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the acute effects of a long-duration adventure race on knee extensor (KE) fatigue and the knee functional ratio in adolescent athletes. METHODS Twenty trained male adolescents (aged 14-17 y) performed an adventure race of 68.5 km. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) KE and knee flexor torques were measured before and immediately after the race. Central and peripheral components of neuromuscular fatigue were quantified from the maximal voluntary activation level and the doublet peak torque (Tw100), respectively. The peak eccentric knee flexor torque to concentric KE torque ratio was also measured to determine functional ratio. RESULTS The race completion time was 05:38 (00:20) hours. Significant reductions in MVICKE (-14.7%, P < .001) and MVICKF (-17.0%, P < .01) were observed after the race. Voluntary activation level decreased by 8.3% (P < .001) while Tw100 remained unchanged. Peak eccentric knee flexor torque decreased 16.0% (P < .001) while peak concentric KE torque did not change. This resulted in a significant reduction in functional ratio (-12.0%, P < .01). CONCLUSION The adventure race induced a moderate fatigue, which was mainly explained by central factors without significant peripheral fatigue. However, particular attention should be paid to the knee muscular imbalance incurred by the race, which could increase the risk of ligament injury in adolescent athletes.
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Grooms DR, Criss CR, Simon JE, Haggerty AL, Wohl TR. Neural Correlates of Knee Extension and Flexion Force Control: A Kinetically-Instrumented Neuroimaging Study. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 14:622637. [PMID: 33613205 PMCID: PMC7890238 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.622637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The regulation of muscle force is a vital aspect of sensorimotor control, requiring intricate neural processes. While neural activity associated with upper extremity force control has been documented, extrapolation to lower extremity force control is limited. Knowledge of how the brain regulates force control for knee extension and flexion may provide insights as to how pathology or intervention impacts central control of movement. Objectives: To develop and implement a neuroimaging-compatible force control paradigm for knee extension and flexion. Methods: A magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) safe load cell was used in a customized apparatus to quantify force (N) during neuroimaging (Philips Achieva 3T). Visual biofeedback and a target sinusoidal wave that fluctuated between 0 and 5 N was provided via an MRI-safe virtual reality display. Fifteen right leg dominant female participants (age = 20.3 ± 1.2 years, height = 1.6 ± 0.10 m, weight = 64.8 ± 6.4 kg) completed a knee extension and flexion force matching paradigm during neuroimaging. The force-matching error was calculated based on the difference between the visual target and actual performance. Brain activation patterns were calculated and associated with force-matching error and the difference between quadriceps and hamstring force-matching tasks were evaluated with a mixed-effects model (z > 3.1, p < 0.05, cluster corrected). Results: Knee extension and flexion force-matching tasks increased BOLD signal among cerebellar, sensorimotor, and visual-processing regions. Increased knee extension force-matching error was associated with greater right frontal cortex and left parietal cortex activity and reduced left lingual gyrus activity. Increased knee flexion force-matching error was associated with reduced left frontal and right parietal region activity. Knee flexion force control increased bilateral premotor, secondary somatosensory, and right anterior temporal activity relative to knee extension. The force-matching error was not statistically different between tasks. Conclusion: Lower extremity force control results in unique activation strategies depending on if engaging knee extension or flexion, with knee flexion requiring increased neural activity (BOLD signal) for the same level of force and no difference in relative error. These fMRI compatible force control paradigms allow precise behavioral quantification of motor performance concurrent with brain activity for lower extremity sensorimotor function and may serve as a method for future research to investigate how pathologies affect lower extremity neuromuscular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Grooms
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation and Communication Sciences, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Cody R Criss
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States.,Translational Biomedical Sciences Program, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Janet E Simon
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Adam L Haggerty
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Athletic Training, School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness, College of Health Sciences and Professions, Ohio University, Grover Center, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Timothy R Wohl
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States.,Division of Physical Therapy, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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MacLennan RJ, Ogilvie D, McDorman J, Vargas E, Grusky AR, Kim Y, Garcia JM, Stock MS. The time course of neuromuscular impairment during short-term disuse in young women. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14677. [PMID: 33426809 PMCID: PMC7797948 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle disuse results in rapid functional declines. Previous studies have typically been at least 1 week in duration and focused on the responsiveness of men. Herein, we report the timeline of initial impairments in strength, voluntary activation (VA), and motor unit control during 2 weeks of knee joint immobilization. Thirteen women (mean age =21 years) underwent 2 weeks of left knee joint immobilization via ambulation on crutches and use of a brace. Participants visited the laboratory for testing on seven occasions (two familiarization visits, pretest, 48 and 72 h, 1 and 2 weeks). Knee extensor isometric and concentric isokinetic strength at two velocities (180 and 360 degrees⋅s-1 ), VA, and submaximal vastus lateralis motor unit activity were evaluated. Moderate-to-large decreases in isometric and concentric strength at 180 degrees⋅s-1 and VA were observed within 48 hours. Isometric strength continued to decline beyond 72 h, whereas other variables plateaued. The B-term of the motor unit mean firing rate versus action potential amplitude relationship demonstrated a moderate increase 1 week into immobilization, suggesting that greater firing rates were necessary to maintain pretest torque levels. Concentric strength at a velocity of 360 degrees s-1 was not affected. Decreases in knee extensor strength occur within a matter of days after immobilization, although the time course and magnitude vary among assessment methods. These changes are mediated by the nervous system's capacity to activate skeletal muscle. Clinically appropriate interventions which target nervous system plasticity should be implemented early to minimize the rapid functional impairments associated with disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob J MacLennan
- Applied Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - David Ogilvie
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - John McDorman
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Ernest Vargas
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Arielle R Grusky
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Youngdeok Kim
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jeanette M Garcia
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
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Differences in gait and muscle strength of patients with acute and chronic anterior cruciate ligament injury. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 80:105161. [PMID: 32961508 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most common injuries of the area surrounding the knee. Muscle strength deficiency is observed following an ACL injury. Determining differences in muscle strength and gait between patients with acute and chronic ACL injury will provide crucial information for assessments and treatment plans. METHODS We evaluated 60 patients with ACL rupture. Patients were classified into acute and chronic groups. We compared measurements of anthropometric parameters, muscle strength, gait and functional questionnaire. FINDINGS The muscle strength of both knee extensors and flexors was higher in the chronic group than in the acute group. The muscle strength index for extensors was 57% in the acute group and 73% in the chronic group. However, the hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio for peak torque of the injured leg in the acute and chronic groups was similarly high at 98% and 101%, respectively. In gait, asymmetry in the hip and knee was observed in the acute group but not in the chronic group. The Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) for symptoms, pain, activities of daily living, sports and recreational activities were higher in the chronic group than in the acute group. INTERPRETATION Compared with the acute group, the gait of the chronic group is more symmetrical, and the score of KOOS is also higher. The muscle training protocols could be strategically planned according to these differences. Patients with ACL injury are characterized high hamstrings-to quadriceps peak torque ratio.
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Fristrup B, Krustrup P, Andersen JL, Hornstrup T, Løwenstein FT, Larsen MA, Helge JW, Póvoas SCA, Aagaard P. Effects of small-sided recreational team handball training on mechanical muscle function, body composition and bone mineralization in untrained young adults-A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241359. [PMID: 33206670 PMCID: PMC7673568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged physical inactivity in young adults may lead to deficiencies in musculoskeletal fitness, and thus a need exists to develop physical activity and exercise programmes that are effective of increasing musculoskeletal fitness. The aim of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effects of small-sided team handball training on lower limb muscle strength, postural balance and body composition in young adults. Twenty-six men and twenty-eight women were stratified for peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and body fat percentage and randomly allocated to either 12 wks of small-sided recreational team handball training (THG: 14 men and 14 women, age 24.1±2.6 yrs (mean±SD), VO2peak 39.8±5.9 ml/kg/min and body fat percentage 32.7±8.7%) or serving as non-exercising controls (CON: 12 men and 14 women, age 24.8±3.1 yrs, VO2peak 39.7±5.0 ml/kg/min, body fat percentage 31.7±9.7%). THG trained on average 1.8 times/week for 12 wks. At 0 and 12 wks, lower limb muscle strength, rate of force development (RFD), vertical jump height and power, postural balance, body composition and muscle biopsies were assessed. No training effects were observed for maximal isokinetic or isometric knee extensor strength, maximal vertical jump height or take-off power, fibre type distribution or capillarization. Late phase (RFD) increased (+7.4%, p<0.05) and postural sway excursion length was improved after training (-9%, p<0.05) in THG with no difference from CON (p>0.05). Further, THG demonstrated a decrease in body fat percentage (-3.7%) accompanied by increases in whole-body fat free mass (FFM) (+2.2%), leg FFM (+2.5%), total bone mineral content (BMC) (+1.1%), leg BMC (+1.2%), total hip bone mineral density (+1.6%) and hip T-score (+50%) which differed from CON (all p<0.05). In conclusion, recreational small-sided team handball training appears to effectively improve rapid force capacity, postural balance, lean and fat body mass and bone health in previously untrained young adults. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04247724). ClinicalTrials.gov ID number: NCT04247724
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Fristrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sport and Health Sciences, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Shanghai University of Sport (SUS), Shanghai, China
| | - Jesper L Andersen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Therese Hornstrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frederik T Løwenstein
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel A Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susana C A Póvoas
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Raymond-Pope CJ, Dengel DR, Fitzgerald JS, Bosch TA. Association of Compartmental Leg Lean Mass Measured by Dual X-Ray Absorptiometry With Force Production. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:1690-1699. [PMID: 29878983 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Raymond-Pope, CJ, Dengel, DR, Fitzgerald, JS, and Bosch, TA. Association of compartmental leg lean mass measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry with force production. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1690-1699, 2020-We recently reported a novel method for measuring upper leg anterior/posterior compartmental composition. The purpose of this study was to determine the association of this method with measures of muscle-specific and explosive strength and to compare this method with traditional dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurements of total and upper leg masses. We hypothesize this method will be related to muscle-specific strength measured by isokinetic dynamometry and explosive strength measured by jump mechanography. Nineteen NCAA Division I college athletes (10 women; age = 20.4 ± 1.4 years; height = 1.8 ± 0.1 m; body mass = 73.8 ± 17.0 kg) underwent 3 DXA scans (1 total body, 2 lateral) and knee extension/flexion strength assessment using isokinetic dynamometry at 3 velocities (60, 120, and 180°·s). A subset of 10 participants also completed a squat jump on a force platform on a different day. Pearson correlations compared 3 separate lean soft-tissue mass (LSTM) regions of interest (total leg, upper leg, and compartmental leg) with (a) isokinetic peak torque and (b) squat jump height, peak force, and peak and average rate of force development. Compartmental leg LSTM demonstrated similar correlations (r = 0.437-0.835) with peak torque in comparison with total leg (r = 0.463-0.803) and upper leg (r = 0.449-0.795) LSTM. Summed right and left total leg (r = 0.830-0.940), total upper leg (r = 0.824-0.953), and anterior (r = 0.582-0.798) and posterior (r = 0.750-0.951) compartmental leg LSTM demonstrated moderate-to-strong correlations with all squat jump variables, particularly jump height (p < 0.05). The lateral segmentation DXA scanning method demonstrated feasibility in assessing compartmental leg LSTM in relation with isokinetic and squat jump measurements-important outcomes when examining an athlete's response to training and rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana J Raymond-Pope
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Donald R Dengel
- Laboratory of Integrative Human Physiology, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John S Fitzgerald
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota; and
| | - Tyler A Bosch
- Educational Technology Innovations, College of Education and Human Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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40
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Follmer B, Ruas CV, Dellagrana RA, Pereira De Lima LA, Pinto RS, Diefenthaeler F. Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu fighters present greatest rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme elbow angles. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 25:126-132. [PMID: 33714483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The performance of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) fighters is dependent on rapid and maximal elbow strength actions. Appropriate strength balance between elbow flexors (F) and extensors (E) across the full joint range of motion may be required to decrease risk of injuries. AIM To compare rapid and maximal elbow F/E strength balance through full range of motion in BJJ fighters. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-three male BJJ fighters (27.9 ± 4.6 years, 82.9 ± 10.9 kg, 174.5 ± 6.8 cm, and 15.3 ± 6.8% body fat) with 8.2 ± 6.5 years of practice volunteered to participate. Participants were tested for rate of torque development (RTD) and peak torque (PT) of elbow F and E at six angles (45°, 60°, 75°, 90°, 105°, and 120°; 0° = full extension). Rapid (F RTD/E RTD) and maximal (F PT/E PT) angle-specific torque (AST) ratios were calculated. RESULTS Rapid AST ratio at 45° (0.66 ± 0.18) and maximal AST ratio at 45° (0.91 ± 0.16) and 120° (0.88 ± 0.20) were significantly less than all other AST ratios at mid-point angles of elbow range of motion (p < 0.05). Individual data demonstrates that both beginners and advanced BJJ fighters present overall similar rapid and maximal F/E AST imbalances. CONCLUSION BJJ fighters present greater rapid and maximal strength imbalances at extreme-compared to mid-point angles of range of motion. Results may benefit coaches to develop strength exercises focusing on these specific angles to potentially reduce the risk of elbow injury and improve performance of BJJ fighters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Follmer
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil; School of Exercise Science, Physical, and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; Rehabilitation Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
| | - Cassio Victora Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Rodolfo Andre Dellagrana
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Luis Antonio Pereira De Lima
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Fernando Diefenthaeler
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Bali AU, Harmon KK, Burton AM, Phan DC, Mercer NE, Lawless NW, Stock MS. Muscle strength, not age, explains unique variance in echo intensity. Exp Gerontol 2020; 139:111047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Kang KW, Son SM, Kwon Y. Joint position sense error and muscle torque ratios of agonist and antagonist muscles in the ankle and knee joints of young adults. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil 2020; 33:201-207. [PMID: 31282397 DOI: 10.3233/bmr-181195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the correlation between muscle torque and joint position sense (JPS), but few studies have been performed on the correlation between torque ratio and JPS. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate JPS and muscle torque ratios of agonist and antagonist muscles in the ankle and knee joints of young adults. METHODS A total of 38 right handed healthy participants, 12 males and 26 females, were recruited. All participants measured their peak torque of knee flexor/extensor and ankle dorsiflexor/plantar flexor by using a Biodex system. They also used the Biodex to assess the proprioception through active joint reposition sense test in knee and ankle joint. Peak torque of each muscle, agonist/antagonist torque ratio and JPS error were collected, and Pearson's correlation analysis was used to examine correlations between peak torque, torque ratio and JPS error. RESULTS For knee joints, correlations were found between flexion and extension torque, extension torque and torque ratio, and torque ratio and JPS error (r= 0.825/p= 0.000, r=-0.482/p= 0.002, and r=-0.685/p= 0.000, respectively). For ankle joints, correlations were found between dorsiflexion and plantar flexion torques, plantar flexion torque and torque ratio, plantar flexion torque and JPS, and torque ratio and JPS (r= 0.654/p= 0.000, r=-0.621/p= 0.000, r=-0.563/p= 0.000, and r=-0.761/p= 0.000, respectively). CONCLUSIONS JPS error of lower extremity joint may be more related with agonist/antagonist torque ratio rather than peak torque. Therefore, people who will have training for reducing JPS error need to consider torque ratio, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Woo Kang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam University College, Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Cheongju University, Cheongwon-gu, Chungcheongbuk-do 28503, Korea
| | - Yonghyun Kwon
- Department of Physical Therapy, Yeungnam University College, Hyunchung-ro, Nam-gu, Daegu 42415, Korea
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Turpeinen J, Freitas TT, Rubio‐Arias JÁ, Jordan MJ, Aagaard P. Contractile rate of force development after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction—a comprehensive review and meta‐analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1572-1585. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport Murcia Spain
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jacobo Ángel Rubio‐Arias
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport Murcia Spain
- LFE Research Group Department of Health and Human Performance Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science‐INEF Universidad Politécnica de Madrid Madrid Spain
| | | | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC) University of Southern Denmark Odense M Denmark
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Bisciotti GN, Chamari K, Cena E, Carimati G, Bisciotti A, Bisciotti A, Quaglia A, Volpi P. Hamstring Injuries Prevention in Soccer: A Narrative Review of Current Literature. JOINTS 2020; 7:115-126. [PMID: 34195539 PMCID: PMC8236328 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1712113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring injuries and reinjuries are one of the most important sport lesions in several sport activities including soccer, Australian football, track and field, rugby, and in general in all sport activities requiring sprinting and acceleration. However, it is important to distinguish between the lesions of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus and semimembranosus. Indeed, three muscles representing the hamstring complex have a very different injury etiology and consequently require different prevention strategies. This fact may explain, at least in part, the high incidence of reinjuries. In soccer, hamstring injuries cause an important rate of time loss (i.e., in average 15–21 matches missed per club per season). The hamstring injury risk factors may be subdivided in three categories: “primary injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk factors mainly causing a first lesion), “recurrent injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk that can cause a reinjury), and bivalent injury risk factors” (i.e., the risk factors that can cause both primary injuries and reinjuries). The high incidence of hamstring lesions caused consequently an important increase in hamstring injury research. However, although the prevention has increased paradoxically, epidemiological data do not show a loss in injuries and/or reinjuries but, on the contrary, they show an increase in hamstring injuries. This apparent paradox highlights the importance both of the improvement in the prevention programs quality and the criteria for return to play after hamstring injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Nicola Bisciotti
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Karim Chamari
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Emanuele Cena
- Qatar Orthopaedic and Sport Medicine Hospital, FIFA Center of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
| | - Giulia Carimati
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Alessandro Quaglia
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Piero Volpi
- Orthopedic Knee and Sports Traumatology Department, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy.,FC Internazionale, Milan, Italy
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Baroni BM, Ruas CV, Ribeiro-Alvares JB, Pinto RS. Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Torque Ratios of Professional Male Soccer Players: A Systematic Review. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:281-293. [PMID: 29794893 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Baroni, BM, Ruas, CV, Ribeiro-Alvares, JB, and Pinto, RS. Hamstring-to-quadriceps torque ratios of professional male soccer players: A systematic review. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 281-293, 2020-The goal of this review was to determine the isokinetic hamstring-to-quadriceps (H/Q) torque ratios of professional male soccer players. Systematic searches were independently carried out by 2 researchers in 7 electronic databases. Only studies with teams from the first or second national leagues were included. From these studies, we extracted the players' H/Q conventional (concentric/concentric) and/or functional (eccentric/concentric) ratios. The initial search resulted in 2,128 articles that were filtered to 30 articles (1,727 players) meeting the inclusion criteria. The H/Q conventional ratio was assessed in 27 studies (1,274 players), whereas the H/Q functional ratio was assessed in 15 studies (1,082 players). The H/Q conventional ratio mean scores of professional male soccer players were close to 60% when tested at low to intermediate angular velocities (12°·s = 52 ± 7%; 30°·s = 52 ± 8%; 60°·s = 65 ± 12%; 90°·s = 57 ± 6%; 120°·s = 65 ± 16%; 180°·s = 67 ± 17%) and around 70-80% at fast angular velocities (240°·s = 80 ± 40%; 300°·s = 70 ± 15%; 360°·s = 80 ± 13%). The H/Q functional ratio mean scores of professional male soccer players were close to 80% at 60°·s (79 ± 19%), around 100-130% at intermediate to fast angular velocities (120°·s = 127 ± 42%; 180°·s = 96 ± 19%; 240°·s = 109 ± 22%; 300°·s = 123 ± 18%), and near or above 130% when angular testing velocities were mixed (eccentric hamstring < concentric quadriceps; 30/240°·s = 132 ± 26%; 60/180°·s = 129 ± 20%; 60/240°·s = 153 ± 30%). In conclusion, considering the tested isokinetic angular velocity, professional male soccer players do not meet the traditional reference landmarks used to assess the strength balance between quadriceps and hamstring muscles (i.e., 60 and 100% for H/Q conventional and functional ratios, respectively), which supports a need for specific reference values according to the angular velocity selected for testing H/Q torque ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Manfredini Baroni
- Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassio Victora Ruas
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.,Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Correia P, Santos P, Mil-Homens P, Gomes M, Dias A, Valamatos MJ. Rapid hamstrings to quadriceps ratio at long muscle lengths in professional football players with previous hamstring strain injury. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1405-1413. [PMID: 31917646 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1714741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) are the most common injury in male professional football and are potentially a primary risk factor to re-injury. Although the isokinetic strength ratios have often been used to identify strength imbalances that can augment the risk of injury in football players, the rate of torque development hamstring to quadriceps ratio (RTD H/Q) has rarely been considered in previous reports. Furthermore, little consideration has been given to selective hamstring lengths (30° of knee flexion) and its influence on torque production. The aim of this study was to investigate the RTD H/Q at long hamstring lengths, conventional (concentric/concentric) and functional (eccentric/concentric) H/Q ratios in football players with and without previous HSI. Twenty-four professional male football players (12 and 12 without previous HSI) performed maximal voluntary isometric contractions at long hamstring lengths (knee and hip flexed at 30° and 85°, respectively) and isokinetic concentric and eccentric contractions at 180°.s-1 and 60°.s-1. Conventional and functional H/Q ratios based on peak torque throughout the entire isokinetic range of motion and at long hamstring lengths were calculated. The RTD H/Q was extracted at long hamstring lengths in incrementing time periods of 50 milliseconds (ms) from the onset of contraction (50-250 ms). No significant differences were found between groups in any H/Q ratios studied. However, small effects (d = 0.4) were found in previously injured hamstrings to lower RTD H/Q at 50 ms and flexor eccentric torque. Previous HSI group showed small to moderate (0.4 > d < 0.6) higher RTD H/Q in late time intervals (>100 ms).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Correia
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Mil-Homens
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Human Kinetics, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Functional Morphology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Human Kinetics, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Gomes
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amândio Dias
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Kinesiolab - Laboratory of human movement analisys, Piaget Institute - Almada Campus, Almada, Portugal
| | - Maria João Valamatos
- Faculty of Human Kinetics, Neuromuscular Research Lab, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Human Kinetics, Laboratory of Biomechanics and Functional Morphology, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Faculty of Human Kinetics, Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Human Performance, Lisbon, Portugal
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hamstring muscle injury prediction by isokinetic strength ratios is low but could result from the method-depending either on the use of the limbs or of the sportsmen as references. We aimed to establish a predictive model including unilateral and bilateral ratios calculated from the dominant, nondominant, right, and left limb in injured and uninjured professional soccer players. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Soccer team of the French Professional Premier League. PATIENTS Ninety-one professional soccer players. INTERVENTIONS Isokinetic muscle strength was prospectively measured at the beginning of 5 consecutive seasons (2009-2014). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Several bilateral, conventional, and functional ratios were calculated from isokinetic measurements at different angular speeds (60 and 240 degrees/s in concentric mode and 30 degrees/s in eccentric mode). Thirty-one soccer players had a hamstring injury during the seasons and were compared with 60 uninjured players. Four models were tested to predict the occurrence of hamstring injury from isokinetic ratios calculated in accordance with the dominant, nondominant, right, and left limb. RESULTS No predictive model was found when ratios were calculated from the dominant or the right limb. Two models of prediction were found when ratios were calculated from the nondominant or the left limb. In these 2 models, only the bilateral concentric hamstring-to-hamstring ratio at 60 degrees/s was predictive. The best prediction was found with the left limb. CONCLUSIONS We identified 2 low predictive models for hamstring muscle injuries depending on the limbs studied. Because of a low prediction, the consensual method used to predict hamstring muscle injury must be defined in future studies.
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Promsri A, Longo A, Haid T, Doix ACM, Federolf P. Leg Dominance as a Risk Factor for Lower-Limb Injuries in Downhill Skiers-A Pilot Study into Possible Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E3399. [PMID: 31540226 PMCID: PMC6765833 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16183399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leg dominance has been reported as one potential risk factor for lower-limb injuries in recreational downhill skiers. The current study proposed and tested two possible mechanisms for a leg dominance effect on skiing injuries-imbalance of the knee muscle strength and bilateral asymmetry in sensorimotor control. We hypothesized that the knee muscle strength (Hypothesis 1; H1) or postural control (Hypothesis 2; H2) would be affected by leg dominance. Fifteen well-experienced recreational downhill skiers (aged 24.3 ± 3.2 years) participated in this study. Isometric knee flexor/extensor muscle strength was tested using a dynamometer. Postural control was explored by using a kinematic principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the coordination structure and control of three-dimensional unipedal balancing movements while wearing ski equipment on firm and soft standing surfaces. Only H2 was supported when balancing on the firm surface, revealing that when shifting body weight over the nondominant leg, skiers significantly changed the coordination structure (p < 0.006) and the control (p < 0.004) of the lifted-leg movements. Based on the current findings, bilateral asymmetry in sensorimotor control rather than asymmetry in strength seems a more likely mechanism for the previously reported effect of leg dominance on lower-limb injury risk in recreational downhill skiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Alessia Longo
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Haid
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Sousa LA, Soares ALA, Lima AB, Paes RR, Nakamura LR, Carvalho HM. Modeling the Angle-Specific Isokinetic Hamstring to Quadriceps Ratio Using Multilevel Generalized Additive Models. MEDICINA-LITHUANIA 2019; 55:medicina55080411. [PMID: 31357518 PMCID: PMC6722624 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55080411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This study considered the use of a generalized additive multilevel model to describe the joint-angle-specific functional hamstring to quadriceps ratio (H:Q ratio) in the knee, using all of the available truly isokinetic data within the range. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy male basketball players aged 15.0 (1.4) years (average stature = 180.0 cm, SD = 11.1 cm; average body mass = 71.2, SD = 14.9 kg) years were considered. All players considered had no history of lower extremity musculoskeletal injury at the time of testing or during the 6 months before testing, and had been engaged in formal basketball training and competition for 5.9 (2.4) years. Moments of force of the reciprocal concentric and eccentric muscular actions for the knee extensors and flexors assessed by isokinetic dynamometry at 60°∙s−1 were used. Results: Maximum moments of force were attained at different angle positions for knee extension. For knee flexion, it was apparent that there was an ability to maintain high levels of moment of force between 30° and 60° in the concentric muscular action, corresponding to the concentric action of the hamstrings. However, for the eccentric knee flexion, corresponding to the quadriceps action, there was a marked peak of moment of force at about 55°. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee extension was non-linear, remaining higher than 1.0 (i.e., point of equality) from the beginning of the extension until approximately 40° of the knee extension, leveling off below the point of equality thereafter. On average, the functional H:Q ratio for the knee flexion did not attain 1.0 across the range of motion. The functional H:Q ratio for the knee in the present sample peaked at 20° and 80°, declining between these angle positions to below 0.50 at about 0.54. Conclusions: Estimating the form of the non-linear relationship on-the-fly using a generalized additive multilevel model provides joint-angle-specific curves and joint-angle-specific functional H:Q ratio patterns, allowing the identification and monitoring of strength development, with potential implications for injury and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Sousa
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-851, Brazil
| | - André L A Soares
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Ahlan B Lima
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto R Paes
- School of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-851, Brazil
| | - Luiz R Nakamura
- Department of Informatics and Statistics, School of Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Humberto M Carvalho
- Department of Physical Education, School of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, 88040-900, Brazil.
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50
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Ruas CV, Pinto RS, Haff GG, Lima CD, Pinto MD, Brown LE. Alternative Methods of Determining Hamstrings-to-Quadriceps Ratios: a Comprehensive Review. SPORTS MEDICINE-OPEN 2019; 5:11. [PMID: 30911856 PMCID: PMC6434009 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-019-0185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hamstrings-to-quadriceps muscle strength ratio calculated by peak torque has been used as an important tool to detect muscle imbalance, monitor knee joint stability, describe muscle strength properties and functionality, and for lower extremity injury prevention and rehabilitation. However, this ratio does not consider other neuromuscular variables that can also influence the antagonist to agonist muscle relationship, such as torque produced at multiple angles of range of motion, explosive strength, muscle size, muscle fatigue, or muscle activation. The aim of this study was to comprehensively review alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These include ratios calculated by angle-specific torque, rate of torque development, muscle size, fatigue index, and muscle activation (measured by electromyography). Collectively, the literature demonstrates that utilizing alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio can be functionally relevant for a better understanding of the neuromuscular mechanisms underpinning the interaction of strength between hamstrings and quadriceps. However, there is insufficient evidence to recommend any of the alternative methods as sensitive clinical tools for predicting injury risk and monitoring knee joint integrity. Future longitudinal studies, along with injury incidence, are needed to further investigate all alternative methods of determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio. These have potential to offer insight into how athletes and the general population should be trained for performance enhancement and injury reduction, and may be used along with traditional methods for a thorough assessment of an individual’s H:Q muscle balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio V Ruas
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia.
| | - Ronei S Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physioteraphy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Felizardo 750, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - G Gregory Haff
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Camila D Lima
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Matheus D Pinto
- Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research (CESSR), School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Dr, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Lee E Brown
- Center for Sport Performance and Human Performance Lab, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, 800 N State College Blvd, Fullerton, CA, USA
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