• Anatomy
• Biomechanics
• Hallux rigidus
• Hallux valgus
• Hallux varus
• Metatarsophalangeal joint

• bladder or cloacal exstrophy
• ectopia cordis
• exomphalos
• myofibroblasts
• thoracoabdominoschisis
• ventral body wall development

• Animals
• Mice
• Humans
• Embryonic Development/physiology
• Morphogenesis/physiology
• Disease Models, Animal
• Embryo, Mammalian

• 095824/Z/11/Z Wellcome Trust
• 105082 University of Manchester
• PG/14/1/30549 British Heart Foundation
• Wellcome Trust
• BB/G021074/1/BB Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• BB/W01730X/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
• British Heart Foundation
• University of Manchester
• Wellcome Trust

• diffusion tensor imaging
• human fetus
• rectus abdominis muscle
• tendinous intersections

• Humans
• Rectus Abdominis/embryology
• Rectus Abdominis/diagnostic imaging
• Rectus Abdominis/anatomy & histology
• Female
• Male
• Fetus/anatomy & histology
• Fetus/diagnostic imaging
• Tendons/embryology
• Tendons/anatomy & histology
• Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods

• 20K22736 Japan Society for Promotion of Science
• 21K07772 Japan Society for Promotion of Science

• P30 AR075042 NIAMS NIH HHS

• 3D reconstruction
• Kyoto collection
• human fetus
• limb development
• thigh muscle

• Adult
• Female
• Animals
• Humans
• Pregnancy
• Thigh/diagnostic imaging
• Imaging, Three-Dimensional
• X-Rays
• Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Hominidae
• Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

• 2021G574 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2019G542 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2019G541 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2017G688 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2017G598 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2016G171 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2014G018 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 2012G138 Committee of the Photon Factory
• 21H01333 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science, and Technology (MEXT) KAKENHI
• 20K20719 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science, and Technology (MEXT) KAKENHI
• 20K20681 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science, and Technology (MEXT) KAKENHI
• 19K11032 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports Science, and Technology (MEXT) KAKENHI

• Animals
• Biological Evolution
• Female
• Hominidae/anatomy & histology
• Humans
• Parturition
• Pelvis/anatomy & histology
• Pregnancy
• Selection, Genetic

• R24 HD000836 NICHD NIH HHS
• National Science Foundation
• National Institutes of Health
• Harvard University
• Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada

Complete discoid medial meniscus is an extremely rare abnormality of the knee joint whose meniscus has a discoid shape rather than a normal semilunar one. Several medial meniscus anomalies including anomalous insertion have been reported in the literature. This report presents a rare case of symptomatic complete discoid medial meniscus whose anterolateral (apical) portion was completely coalesced with the ACL. MRI, radiographic, and arthroscopic findings in the medial compartment are to be submitted.

A 29‐year‐old male presented with intermittent pain and swelling of the right knee for 2 years. Based on radiographic, MRI, and physical examination findings, he was diagnosed with discoid medial meniscus tears. Arthroscopic saucerization was performed for the torn discoid medial meniscus of the right knee. Arthroscopic examination revealed a complete discoid medial meniscus and the anterolateral (apical) portion of which was completely coalesced with the ACL. Careful Probing of the meniscal surface revealed there was a longitudinal tear extending from the tibial spine to the midportion of the meniscus. Arthroscopic saucerization of the discoid meniscus was performed after closely cutting the meniscus around the ACL. The patient reported no symptoms, and he had returned to his daily and sports activities, including football, basketball, and jogging, at the 12‐month follow‐up.

Complete discoid medial meniscus is an extremely rare abnormality, and this case presents the third complete discoid medial meniscus whose anterolateral (apical) portion was completely coalesced with the ACL. The current case we present strongly supports the hypothesis that ACL and meniscus were differentiated from the same mesenchyme.

• Anterior cruciate ligament
• Arthroscopy
• Case report
• Discoid medial meniscus

Among the few studies that have examined the development of the anterior abdominal wall, several are based on incomplete “series”, substituted in many cases by non-human specimens.

In total, 19 human embryos corresponding to Carnegie stages 15–23, 36 fetuses with estimated gestational ages ranging from 9 weeks to term, and eight neonates were included in this study. All specimens belong to the collection of the Department of Anatomy and Embryology at the Complutense University of Madrid.

The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall appear in the dorsal region at stages 15 and 16 (33–37 days). At stages 17 and 18 (41–44 days), this muscular mass grows ventrally and splits into two sheets: the external abdominal oblique muscle and the common mass of the internal abdominal oblique, and the transversus abdominis muscles, all of which end ventrally in the primitive condensation of the rectus abdominis. In embryos at stages 19 and 20 (48 days), the anterior abdominal wall continues to show an umbilical hernia in the amniotic cavity. However, a narrow neck is apparent for the first time and there is a wider anterior abdominal wall below the hernia made up of dense mesenchyme tissue without layers and showing the primordia of the umbilical canal. In embryos at stages 21, 22, and 23 (51–57 days), the abdominal muscles and aponeuroses cross the midline (linea alba) covering the rectus abdominis and pyramidalis muscles while the umbilical hernia has shrunk. In fetuses during the 9th and 10th weeks, the umbilical hernia becomes encircled by the rectus abdominis muscle, its aponeurosis, and the three layers of lateral abdominal muscles, which are more developed and covered by Camper's and Scarpa's fasciae. The inguinal canal has a course and relationships like those described in adults, with Hesselbach's ligament.

• cell differentiation
• development
• human myogenesis
• human pluripotent stem cells
• muscle stem and progenitor cells

Muscular variations of the ventral thoracic wall are generally common and of great clinical interest.

An unusual muscular variation of the ventral thoracic wall was observed and dissected in a West-European female body donor.

An interclavicularis anticus digastricus muscle was observed and studied. It originated from the manubrium sterni and inserted bilaterally to the clavicles. Both muscle bellies were interconnected by a tendon on the ventral surface of the manubrium sterni. The muscle was innervated by branches of the lateral pectoral nerve.

The interclavicularis anticus digastricus muscle is a muscular variation of the ventral thoracic wall of unknown prevalence. This variation might be of clinical interest in orthopaedics and thoracic surgery. It is also a vulnerable structure during infraclavicular insertion of a subclavian vein catheter or fractures of the clavicle.

• Clavicle
• Lateral pectoral nerve
• Muscular variations
• Pectoralis major muscle
• Sternum

• Achilles mid-portion tendinopathy
• Autologous graft
• Plantaris muscle
• Popliteal region
• Tennis leg

• anatomy
• embryology
• fifth head
• imaging
• medicine
• new classification
• quadriceps femoris
• surface anatomy

• arthrogryposis
• biomechanics
• cartilage
• cavitation
• fetal movements
• hip dysplasia
• immobilization
• synovial joint development

• Anatomical variations
• Iliotibial syndrome.
• Plantaris muscle
• Plantaris tendon
• Tennis leg

• Development
• Embryo
• Fetus
• Human
• Limb muscles
• Lower limb
• Phylogeny versus ontogeny
• Upper limb
• Variants and anomalies

The present study aimed to better characterize the morphogenesis of the femur from the embryonic to the early fetal periods. Sixty-two human fetal specimens (crown–rump length [CRL] range: 11.4–185 mm) from the Kyoto Collection were used for this study. The morphogenesis and internal differentiation process of the femur were analyzed in 3D using phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The cartilaginous femur was first observed at Carnegie stage 18. Major anatomical landmarks were formed prior to the initiation of ossification at the center of the diaphysis (CRL, 40 mm), as described by Bardeen. The region with very high signal intensity (phase 5 according to Streeter’s classification; i.e., area described as cartilage disintegration) emerged at the center of the diaphysis, which split the region with slightly low signal intensity (phase 4; i.e., cartilage cells of maximum size) in fetuses with a CRL of 40.0 mm. The phase 4 and phase 5 regions became confined to the metaphysis, which might become the epiphyseal cartilage plate. Femur length and ossified shaft length (OSL) showed a strong positive correlation with CRL. The OSL-to-femur length ratio rapidly increased in fetuses with CRL between 40 and 75 mm, which became moderately increased in fetuses with a CRL of ≥75 mm. Cartilage canal invasion occurred earlier at the proximal epiphysis (CRL, 62 mm) than at the distal epiphysis (CRL, 75 mm). Morphometry and Procrustes analysis indicated that changes in the femur shape after ossification were limited, which were mainly detected at the time of initial ossification and shortly after that. In contrast, femoral neck anteversion and torsion of the femoral head continuously changed during the fetal period. Our data could aid in understanding the morphogenesis of the femur and in differentiating normal and abnormal development during the early fetal period.

• Chondrogenesis
• Genetic network
• Girdle
• Human evolution
• Patterning
• Pbx
• Pelvis
• Scapula

• Animals
• Evolution, Molecular
• Fishes/classification
• Fishes/embryology
• Fishes/genetics
• Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
• Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
• Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
• Pelvic Bones/embryology
• Pelvic Bones/metabolism
• Scapula/embryology
• Scapula/metabolism
• T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
• T-Box Domain Proteins/metabolism
• Vertebrates/classification
• Vertebrates/embryology
• Vertebrates/genetics

• R01 AR070139 NIAMS NIH HHS
• R01 HD043997 NICHD NIH HHS

• amniotes
• evolution
• somite
• tail
• three-dimensional reconstruction

• acetabulum
• chondrification
• development
• hip joint
• morphogenesis
• ossification

• anencephaly
• birth defects
• bones
• comparative anatomy
• craniorachischisis
• fetus
• human anatomy
• muscles

• Anencephaly/pathology
• Dissection
• Fetus
• Humans
• Male
• Musculoskeletal System/pathology
• Spinal Dysraphism/pathology

Fetal movements in the uterus are a natural part of development and are known to play an important role in normal musculoskeletal development. However, very little is known about the biomechanical stimuli that arise during movements in utero, despite these stimuli being crucial to normal bone and joint formation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to create a series of computational steps by which the forces generated during a kick in utero could be predicted from clinically observed fetal movements using novel cine-MRI data of three fetuses, aged 20–22 weeks. A custom tracking software was designed to characterize the movements of joints in utero, and average uterus deflection of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$6.95 \pm 0.41$$\end{document}6.95±0.41 mm due to kicking was calculated. These observed displacements provided boundary conditions for a finite element model of the uterine environment, predicting an average reaction force of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$0.52 \pm 0.15$$\end{document}0.52±0.15 N generated by a kick against the uterine wall. Finally, these data were applied as inputs for a musculoskeletal model of a fetal kick, resulting in predicted maximum forces in the muscles surrounding the hip joint of approximately 8 N, while higher maximum forces of approximately 21 N were predicted for the muscles surrounding the knee joint. This study provides a novel insight into the closed mechanical environment of the uterus, with an innovative method allowing elucidation of the biomechanical interaction of the developing fetus with its surroundings.

• Cine MRI
• Computational model
• Developmental dysplasia of the hip
• Joint biomechanics
• Musculoskeletal development

• biomechanics
• chick immobilization
• joint morphogenesis
• joint shape
• skeletal development

• 3D imaging
• acetabulum
• femur
• joint cavitation
• optical projection tomography
• pelvis

• BONES/growth
• HUMERUS/development

• Bone Development
• Bone and Bones
• Humans
• Humerus/growth & development
• Male

• MUSCLES
• TENDONS

• Animals
• Muscle Development
• Muscle, Skeletal
• Muscles
• Rats
• Tendons

Dr. Carl E. Badgley was born in 1893, the son of a Presbyterian minister [2]. He received his medical degree at the University of Michigan in 1919, and became interested in orthopaedic surgery owing to Drs. Hugh Cabot and LeRoy Abbott. He was appointed as an instructor of surgery in 1920 and was appointed professor and head of the Section of Orthopaedic Surgery in 1932, an appointment he retained until 1963 when he retired.

Dr. Badgley, devoted to his home state, was active in organizing institutions and organizations within Michigan. These included the Rackham Arthritis Research Unit within the hospital devoted exclusively to arthritis research and the Michigan Crippled Children Commission. He was active in the Board of Control of Intercollegiate Athletics. As President of the AAOS in 1942, he faced challenges organizing the 1943 meeting owing to the war years and many parts of the social program, particularly for the spouses, were eliminated [3]. (Travel was limited in part due to rationing of gas and a reduction in some public transportation since the war effort had priority on petroleum products.) Of the 235 members and 461 guests attending the 11th Annual Meeting in 1943, 203 of the men were in the military service. Nonetheless, during his year of Presidency of the AAOS, Instructional Course Lectures (13 courses) were introduced at the 1942 annual meeting (at a cost of $1.00 per course) and were an immediate success [3]. They were first published the following year (1943) by J.W. Edwards Co., of Ann Arbor, Michigan (who continued to publish the ICL through 1958), under the editorship of a future AAOS President, Dr. Tommy Thomson.

The article we reproduce here details the two major theories of congenital dislocation of the hip: “a primary germinal fault…(and)…a defect of development of environmental origin” [1]. As a true scientist, he commented, “The most commonly accepted theory of developmental abnormality is a primary failure of proper formation of the acetabulum, particularly a germinal failure of development of the posterior superior buttress of the ilium…It is difficult to see how an observer, unless influenced by the weight of pre-existing statements and concepts, can authoritatively state a hypothesis as an accepted fact. The author denies dogmatically, for example, that there is scientific evidence of a primary genetic developmental fault of the posterior superior portion of the acetabulum. He does not refute the existence of such a lesion, but contends that no satisfactory evidence has been submitted that this lesion is the primary developmental fault.” How often do we make our judgments based on the “weight of preexisting statements,” rather than compelling observations and data? Also as a true scientist, his thorough review leads to and ends with a hypothesis: “Congenital dislocation and congenital dysplasia of the hip may be regarded as the result of faulty development, due to environmental factors extrinsic to the hip joint. An inherited fault in the timing of development may produce these extrinsic changes… Heredity can play an important part in altering the growth and time factors.” Despite astonishing technical advances, we have the same working hypothesis today and DDH may indeed be related to the timing of genetically controlled events in conjunction with external factors; the details of the genetic factors are being explored with tools not available to Dr. Badgley, but we seem no closer to the larger answer.Carl E. Badgley, MD is shown. Photograph is reproduced with permission and ©American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Fifty Years of Progress , 1983.

References

Badgley CE. Etiology of congenital dislocation of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1949;31:341–356. Carl E. Badgley, M.D. 1893–1973. J Bone Joint Surg Am . 1973;55:1112–1113. Heck CV. Fifty Years of Progress: In Recognition of the 50th Anniversary of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons . Chicago, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1983.

• Hip Dislocation, Congenital/history
• History, 19th Century
• History, 20th Century
• Humans
• Orthopedics/history

• Adult
• Arthralgia/etiology
• Arthralgia/surgery
• Arthroscopy
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Menisci, Tibial/abnormalities
• Menisci, Tibial/surgery

• Animals
• Cell Movement
• Embryo, Mammalian
• Embryonic Development
• Endoderm
• Humans
• Morphogenesis
• Neural Crest
• Thymus Gland

• Humans
• Infant, Newborn
• Klippel-Feil Syndrome/complications
• Klippel-Feil Syndrome/diagnosis
• Male
• Mobius Syndrome/complications
• Mobius Syndrome/diagnosis
• Poland Syndrome/complications
• Poland Syndrome/diagnosis
• Subclavian Artery/abnormalities

• Adult
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament/abnormalities
• Anterior Cruciate Ligament/surgery
• Arthroscopy
• Humans
• Knee Joint/abnormalities
• Knee Joint/surgery
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Menisci, Tibial/abnormalities
• Menisci, Tibial/surgery
• Treatment Outcome

• Abortion, Induced
• Abortion, Spontaneous
• Embryonic and Fetal Development
• Female
• Fetus
• Foot/anatomy & histology
• Foot/embryology
• Foot Bones/anatomy & histology
• Foot Bones/embryology
• Gestational Age
• Humans
• Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
• Pregnancy

• Animals
• Chick Embryo
• Ectoderm/physiology
• Embryonic Development
• Embryonic Induction
• Limb Buds/embryology
• Morphogenesis/physiology
• Wings, Animal/anatomy & histology
• Wings, Animal/embryology

• ABNORMALITIES/etiology

• Actin Cytoskeleton
• Congenital Abnormalities/etiology
• Constriction
• Prostheses and Implants

• CARTILAGE
• EMBRYO
• HISTOLOGY
• ILIUM

• Cartilage
• Embryo, Mammalian
• Embryo, Nonmammalian
• Histological Techniques
• Histology
• Humans
• Ilium

• CARTILAGE
• FETUS
• HISTOLOGY
• ILIUM
• OSSIFICATION, PHYSIOLOGIC
• OSTEOBLASTS

• Cartilage
• Fetus
• Histology
• Humans
• Ilium
• Osteoblasts
• Osteogenesis

• Adult
• Arthralgia/etiology
• Arthroscopy
• Female
• Humans
• Knee Injuries/diagnosis
• Menisci, Tibial/abnormalities
• Menisci, Tibial/pathology
• Menisci, Tibial/surgery

• Animals
• Chick Embryo/anatomy & histology
• Extremities/embryology

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Female
• Humans
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Nervous System/physiopathology
• Nervous System Diseases/complications
• Pain
• Postoperative Period
• Spinal Cord/abnormalities
• Spinal Cord/physiopathology
• Spinal Cord/surgery
• Spine/abnormalities
• Syndrome