• CCDC12 methylation
• biomarker
• breast cancer detection

• Humans
• Breast Neoplasms/genetics
• Breast Neoplasms/blood
• Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
• DNA Methylation/genetics
• Female
• Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
• Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
• Middle Aged
• CpG Islands/genetics
• Adult
• Case-Control Studies
• Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
• Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
• Receptor, ErbB-2/genetics
• Receptor, ErbB-2/blood
• ROC Curve

• 1–3 positive lymph nodes
• Age
• Breast neoplasm
• Mastectomy
• Radiotherapy

Introduction

Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women. This study aimed to evaluate the association between age and hormonal receptor status (HRS) in women with breast cancer presented at a public hospital in Karachi, Pakistan.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Medical Oncology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center (JPMC), Karachi, Pakistan, from January 2021 to August 2021. All women of age more than 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer were included in the study using non-random consecutive sampling techniques. Women who underwent artificial menopause or hysterectomy, women who had chemotherapy-induced menopause, and pregnant women were excluded from the study. Data were collected from all patients regarding socio-demographics and tumor characteristics. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to evaluate the status of hormonal receptors.

Results

The mean age at the time of presentation of females with breast cancer was 46.57±11.45 years. Among 317 females, 180 females had positive estrogen receptor (ER) expression (56.8%), 173 had positive progesterone receptor (PR) expression (54.6%), and 121 had positive human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) expression (38.2%). The highest proportions of positive ER (36.7%), PR (38.2%), and HER/2 neu (37.2%) expression were observed in the age group 41-50 years, respectively. There was a statistically significant association between age and ER expression (p=0.017) and age and PR expression (p=0.003) while no association was found between age and HER/2 neu expression (p=0.335). 

Conclusion

The present study indicated that the majority of the patients were diagnosed with breast cancer in their 40s. Most of the women in the younger age groups were estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2/neu negative while the older aged women were more frequently ER, PR, and HER2/neu positive albeit, the association between age or HER2/neu was not significant. 

In short, we can expect that the older aged patients may have better survival rates and patient prognosis. However, this is just a conjecture and further large-scale, multicenter, and long-term studies are required to understand the true relationship between age and patient survival rates. We hope that the current study will serve as a catalyst for future breast-cancer related studies. 

• Alcohol
• Breast cancer
• Diet
• Epidemiology
• Genetics
• Physical activity

• Breast cancer
• Molecular subtype
• Recurrence
• Risk factors
• Survival

• Breast cancer
• Incidence
• Portugal
• Trends

• Breast cancer
• Gaza
• Risk factors
• Women

Breast cancer (breast Ca) is recognised as a major public health problem in the world. Data on reproductive factors associated with breast Ca in the Central African Republic (CAR) is very limited. This study aimed to identify reproductive variables as risk factors for breast Ca in CAR women.

A case–control study was conducted among 174 cases of breast Ca confirmed at the Pathology Unit of the National Laboratory in Bangui between 2003 and 2015 and 348 age-matched controls. Data collection tools included a questionnaire, interviews and a review of medical records of patients. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 20. Odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the likelihood of developing breast Ca were obtained using unconditional logistic regression.

In total, 522 women with a mean age of 45.8 (SD = 13.4) years were enrolled. Women with breast Ca were more likely to have attained little or no education (AOR = 11.23, CI: 4.65–27.14 and AOR = 2.40, CI: 1.15–4.99), to be married (AOR = 2.09, CI: 1.18–3.71), to have had an abortion (AOR = 5.41, CI: 3.47–8.44), and to be nulliparous (AOR = 1.98, CI: 1.12–3.49). Decreased odds of breast Ca were associated with being employed (AOR = 0.32, CI: 0.19–0.56), living in urban areas (AOR = 0.16, CI: 0.07–0.37), late menarche (AOR = 0.18, CI: 0.07–0.44), regular menstrual cycles (AOR = 0.44, CI: 0.23–0.81), term pregnancy (AOR = 0.26, CI: 0.13–0.50) and hormonal contraceptive use (AOR = 0.62, CI: 0.41–0.93).

Breast Ca risk factors in CAR did not appear to be significantly different from that observed in other populations. This study highlighted the risk factors of breast Ca in women living in Bangui to inform appropriate control measures.

• Bangui
• Breast cancer
• Central African Republic
• Reproductive factors
• Women

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Body Weights and Measures
• Breast Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Breast Neoplasms/etiology
• Case-Control Studies
• Central African Republic
• Female
• Humans
• Life Style
• Middle Aged
• Retrospective Studies
• Risk Assessment
• Risk Factors
• Socioeconomic Factors
• Young Adult

• Aged
• Androgens/blood
• Breast Neoplasms, Male/blood
• Breast Neoplasms, Male/diagnosis
• Case-Control Studies
• Cohort Studies
• Estradiol/blood
• Gonadal Steroid Hormones/blood
• Hormones/blood
• Humans
• International Cooperation
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Odds Ratio
• Risk Factors

• CA097193 NCI NIH HHS
• UM1 CA167552 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA040360 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 CA034944 NCI NIH HHS
• R01 HL034595 NHLBI NIH HHS
• Medical Research Council
• 16491 Cancer Research UK
• R01 HL026490 NHLBI NIH HHS
• R01 CA097193 NCI NIH HHS
• CA40360 NCI NIH HHS

• Breast cancer
• Breast cancer treatment
• Clinicopathological characteristics
• Hong Kong Breast Cancer Registry
• Risk factors
• Sociodemographic characteristics
• Younger Chinese women

• Age interactions
• Breast cancer
• Local therapy

A postpartum diagnosis of breast cancer is an independent predictor of metastases, however the reason is unknown. In rodents, the window of postpartum mammary gland involution promotes tumor progression, suggesting a role for breast involution in the poor prognosis of human postpartum breast cancers. Rodent mammary gland involution is characterized by the programmed elimination of the secretory lobules laid down in preparation for lactation. This tissue involution process involves massive epithelial cell death, stromal remodeling, and immune cell infiltration with similarities to microenvironments present during wound healing and tumor progression. Here, we characterize breast tissue from premenopausal women with known reproductive histories to determine the extent, duration and cellular mechanisms of postpartum lobular involution in women.

Adjacent normal breast tissues from premenopausal women (n = 183) aged 20 to 45 years, grouped by reproductive categories of nulliparous, pregnant and lactating, and by time since last delivery were evaluated histologically and by special stain for lobular area, lobular type composition, apoptosis and immune cell infiltration using computer assisted quantitative methods.

Human nulliparous glands were composed dominantly of small (approximately 10 acini per lobule) and medium (approximately 35 acini per lobule) sized lobules. With pregnancy and lactation, a >10 fold increase in breast epithelial area was observed compared to nulliparous cases, and lactating glands were dominated by mature lobules (>100 acini per lobule) with secretory morphology. Significant losses in mammary epithelial area and mature lobule phenotypes were observed within 12 months postpartum. By 18 months postpartum, lobular area content and lobule composition were indistinguishable from nulliparous cases, data consistent with postpartum involution facilitating regression of the secretory lobules developed in preparation for lactation. Analyses of apoptosis and immune cell infiltrate confirmed that human postpartum breast involution is characterized by wound healing-like tissue remodeling programs that occur within a narrowed time frame.

Human postpartum breast involution is a dominant tissue-remodeling process that returns the total lobular area of the gland to a level essentially indistinguishable from the nulliparous gland. Further research is warranted to determine whether the normal physiologic process of postpartum involution contributes to the poor prognosis of postpartum breast cancer.

Worldwide, breast cancer is most common cancer among women. In India and other developing countries, breast carcinoma ranks second only to cervical carcinoma among women. Although studies have been done globally, to find association between BMI and breast cancer, very few studies in India document any such association.

To find out the association between BMI and breast cancer.

A Case-control study was done from August 2009 - July 2010 in the wards of General Surgery and Oncosurgery at Pt.B.D.Sharma, PGIMS Rohtak, Haryana. A total of 128 histopathologically confirmed new cases of breast cancer during the study period were taken as cases. Equal number of controls was selected by simple random sampling. Controls were matched for age with range of ±2 years. Subjects were interviewed using a pretested questionnaire after obtaining written informed consent. Data were analyzed by applying appropriate statistical tests using SPSS version 17.

Age group of the cases was 25 - 78 years, while that of the controls was 24 - 79 years. Proportion of cases and controls living in rural areas were more than those living in urban areas. A significant association of breast cancer cases was found with high BMI and high fat intake

Obesity and high fat intake are the significant risk factors, which are modifiable. So women should be encouraged to take care of all these factors. Maximum cases presented in late stages so public awareness of this fatal disease must be developed.

• Association
• body mass index
• breast cancer

Information on the impact of hormone receptor status subtypes in breast cancer (BC) prognosis is still limited for Hispanics. We aimed to evaluate the association of BC molecular subtypes and other clinical factors with survival in a hospital-based female population of BC cases in Puerto Rico. We analyzed 663 cases of invasive BC diagnosed between 2002 and 2005. Information on HER-2/neu (HER-2) overexpression, estrogen (ER), and progesterone (PR) receptor status and clinical characteristics were retrieved from hospitals cancer registries and record review. Survival probabilities by covariates of interest were described using the Kaplan–Meier estimators. Cox proportional hazards models were employed to assess factors associated with risk of BC death. Overall, 17.3% of BC cases were triple-negative (TN), 61.8% were Luminal-A, 13.3% were Luminal-B, and 7.5% were HER-2 overexpressed. In the multivariate Cox model, among patients with localized stage, women with TN BC had higher risk of death (adjusted hazard ratio [HR]: 2.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.29–5.12) as compared to those with Luminal-A status, after adjusting for age at diagnosis. In addition, among women with regional/distant stage at diagnosis, those with TN BC (HR: 5.48, 95% CI: 2.63–11.47) and those HER-2+, including HER-2 overexpressed and Luminal-B, (HR: 2.73, 95% CI:1.30–5.75) had a higher mortality. This is the most comprehensive epidemiological study to date on the impact of hormone receptor expression subtypes in BC survival in Puerto Rico. Consistent to results in other populations, the TN subtype and HER-2+ tumors were associated with decreased survival.

• Breast cancer
• Hispanic
• Puerto Rico
• subtypes
• survival

Involution of terminal duct lobular units (TDLUs), the structures that give rise to most breast cancers, has been associated with reduced breast cancer risk. Data suggest that the etiology and pathogenesis of luminal A and core basal phenotype (CBP) breast cancers differ, but associations with TDLU involution are unknown. Accordingly, we performed a masked microscopic assessment of TDLU involution in benign tissues associated with luminal A and CBP breast cancers diagnosed among women less than age 55 years.

Cases were participants in a population-based case-control study conducted in Poland. Increased TDLU involution was defined as fewer acini per TDLU or shorter TDLU diameter. Luminal A was defined as estrogen receptor (ER) positive and/or progesterone receptor (PR) positive and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) negative and CBP as negative for ER, PR, and HER2 with expression of basal cytokeratins or epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). We performed logistic regression to evaluate associations between TDLU involution and tumor subtypes, adjusted for clinical characteristics and breast cancer risk factors.

Among 232 luminal A and 49 CBP cancers associated with evaluable TDLUs, CBP tumors were associated with significantly greater average number of acini per TDLU (odds ratio (OR) = 3.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.36 to 8.32, P = 0.009) and larger average TDLU diameter (OR = 2.49, 95% CI = 1.08 to 5.74, P = 0.03; comparing highest to lowest group, adjusted for age and study site).

We suggest that TDLU involution is less marked in benign tissues surrounding CBP as compared to luminal A cancers, which may reflect differences in the etiology and pathogenesis of these tumor subtypes.