• clinical N1 nonsmall cell lung cancer
• diagnostic accuracy
• nodal upstaging
• predictive factor
• prognostic factor

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Lung Neoplasms/mortality
• Male
• Female
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Neoplasm Staging
• Lymphatic Metastasis
• Prognosis
• Adult
• Lymph Nodes/pathology
• Aged, 80 and over
• Disease-Free Survival
• Adenocarcinoma/pathology
• Adenocarcinoma/surgery

• EGFR mutation
• EGFR-TKI
• adjuvant chemotherapy
• lung cancer
• surgery

• Humans
• Cisplatin/adverse effects
• Cisplatin/administration & dosage
• Cisplatin/therapeutic use
• Lung Neoplasms/genetics
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/mortality
• Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
• ErbB Receptors/genetics
• Retrospective Studies
• Female
• Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Mutation
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
• Aged
• Pneumonectomy/adverse effects
• Pneumonectomy/mortality
• Treatment Outcome
• Risk Factors
• Time Factors
• Phenotype
• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
• Adult
• Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
• Genetic Predisposition to Disease

• adenocarcinoma
• lung cancer
• prognosis
• squamous cell carcinoma
• surgery

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/mortality
• Retrospective Studies
• Aged
• Middle Aged
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/surgery
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
• Prognosis
• Adenocarcinoma of Lung/surgery
• Adenocarcinoma of Lung/pathology
• Adenocarcinoma of Lung/mortality
• Neoplasm Staging
• Adult
• Survival Rate
• Aged, 80 and over

• Lung cancer
• Neural network
• Raman spectroscopy
• Serum

• Humans
• Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Neural Networks, Computer
• ROC Curve
• Spectrum Analysis, Raman/methods
• Principal Component Analysis

• biophysical model
• clinical computer vision
• diagnosis support model
• metastasis detection
• spatial biology

• chemotherapy
• database
• pleural mesothelioma
• staging system
• surgery

• Male
• Humans
• Female
• Aged
• Japan/epidemiology
• Treatment Outcome
• Mesothelioma, Malignant
• Mesothelioma/epidemiology
• Mesothelioma/therapy
• Pleural Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Pleural Neoplasms/therapy
• Lung Neoplasms/epidemiology
• Lung Neoplasms/therapy
• Retrospective Studies

• The 9th project of the Japanese Joint Committee f The Japanese Joint Committee for Lung Cancer Registry

• Carbon ion radiotherapy
• Ground glass opacity
• Lung cancer
• Segmentectomy

• Humans
• Male
• Female
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/radiotherapy
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/radiotherapy
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Pneumonectomy
• Lung/pathology
• Retrospective Studies
• Heavy Ion Radiotherapy
• Neoplasm Staging

• CT
• Modality
• NSCLC
• Overall survival
• Splenic area

• Male
• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Female
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnostic imaging
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
• Lung Neoplasms/diagnostic imaging
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Prognosis
• Retrospective Studies
• Neoplasm Staging
• Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
• Biomarkers

• 202002AA100007 Yunnan Digitalization, Development and Application of Biotic Resource
• 82001986,82360345 National Natural Scientific Foundation of China
• 202101AW070001, 202001AW070021 Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of Yunnan Basic Research Project
• 81925023 National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars
• 202101AS070040 Key Science Foundation of Yunnan Basic Research
• 202201AT070010 Science Foundation of Yunnan Basic Research
• CXTD202110 Innovation Team of Kunming Medical University

• Lung adenocarcinoma
• Single-cell RNA sequencing
• Tumor associated macrophage

• Humans
• Transcriptome/genetics
• Macrophages
• Adenocarcinoma of Lung/genetics
• Monocytes
• Lung Neoplasms/genetics
• Tumor Microenvironment/genetics

• 22YF1407500 Shanghai Sailing Program

• adjuvant therapy
• chemotherapy
• early-stage NSCLC
• uracil-tegafur

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Tegafur/therapeutic use
• Uracil/adverse effects
• Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Neoplasm Staging
• Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
• Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
• Small Cell Lung Carcinoma/drug therapy

• EasyEndo
• economic analysis
• lung cancer
• safety
• stapler
• video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

• T1-4N0M1
• nomogram
• non-small cell lung cancer
• prognosis
• survival

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Prognosis
• Neoplasm Staging
• Lymph Nodes/pathology

• DNA ploidy
• NSCLC
• adjuvant therapy
• disease-free survival
• nucleotyping

• 81871860 and 82003155 National Nature Science Foundation of China

• AstraZeneca

• Adenocarcinoma
• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Prognosis
• Squamous cell carcinoma

• lung adenocarcinoma
• machine learning
• oxidative stress
• prognostic model
• tumor microenvironment

• advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
• allele frequency heterogeneity
• bronchoalveolar lavage
• capture-based targeted sequencing
• tumor mutation burden

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/diagnosis
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
• Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis
• Lung Neoplasms/genetics
• Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
• Retrospective Studies
• Cohort Studies
• DNA Copy Number Variations
• Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid
• Bronchoalveolar Lavage
• Genetic Testing

• LCYJ2021008, LCYJ2021022, 2023A1515012460, JCYJ20190809103203711, JCYJ20210324105411031, AND 81972773). National Natural Science Foundation of China,
• The Program for Clinical Research at Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
• Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province
• Shenzhen Science and technology innovation Commission foundation
• National Natural Science Foundation of China

• Clinical characteristics
• Lung neoplasms
• Multimodality therapy
• Prognosis
• Young patients

• Humans
• Middle Aged
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
• Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
• Lung Neoplasms/genetics
• Prognosis
• Lung/pathology

• NGS
• NSCLC
• chemotherapy
• homologous recombination
• platinum sensitivity

• Japanese
• PD-L1 inhibitor
• PD-L1 protein
• atezolizumab
• non-small cell lung cancer

• biomarker
• hyaluronan
• hyaluronic acid
• predictive
• prognostic

• Humans
• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Hyaluronic Acid/metabolism
• Retrospective Studies
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
• Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
• Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
• Biomarkers
• Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism

• P30 CA008748 NCI NIH HHS

To optimize postoperative surveillance of lung cancer patients, we investigated the hazard function of tumor recurrence in patients with completely resected lung cancer. Using the records of the 2010 Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry, the risk of postoperative recurrence was analyzed using a cause-specific hazard function in patients who underwent lobectomy to completely resect pathological stage I–III lung cancer. The hazard function for recurrence exhibited a peak at approximately 9 months after surgery, followed by a tapered plateau-like tail extending to 60 months. The peak risk for intrathoracic recurrence was approximately two-fold higher compared with that of extrathoracic recurrence. When considered together with the results of the subgroup analysis, the characteristics of the postoperative tumor recurrence hazard in a large cohort of lung cancer patients may be useful for improving stage-related management of postoperative surveillance.

To optimize postoperative surveillance of lung cancer patients, we investigated the hazard function of tumor recurrence in patients with completely resected lung cancer. We analyzed the records of 12,897 patients in the 2010 Japanese Joint Committee of Lung Cancer Registry who underwent lobectomy to completely resect pathological stage I–III lung cancer. The risk of postoperative recurrence was determined using a cause-specific hazard function. The hazard function for recurrence exhibited a peak at approximately 9 months after surgery, followed by a tapered plateau-like tail extending to 60 months. The peak risk for intrathoracic recurrence was approximately two-fold higher compared with that of extrathoracic recurrence. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with stage IIIA adenocarcinoma had a continuously higher risk of recurrence compared with patients with earlier-stage disease. However, the risk of recurrence in patients with squamous cell carcinoma was not significantly different compared with that more than 24 months after surgery, regardless of pathological stage. In conclusion, the characteristics of postoperative tumor recurrence hazard in a large cohort of lung cancer patients may be useful for determining the time after surgery at which patients are at the highest risk of tumor recurrence. This information may improve stage-related management of postoperative surveillance.

• ABC sub‑family B member 1
• non‑small cell lung cancer
• phosphorylated Fyn
• vinorelbine resistance

Lung Adenocarcinoma (LUAD) drastically influences human health. Tumor hypoxia and immunity impact hugely on the immunotherapeutic effect of LUAD patients. This study is aimed at exploring the prognostic markers associated with hypoxia and immunity in LUAD patients and evaluates their reliability. The relationship between hypoxia and immune-related genes and prognoses of LUAD patients was investigated by the univariate regression analysis. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) methods were used to reveal the enriched pathways and biological processes of prognosis-related genes. Univariate, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to construct a prognostic signature and verify its independence. The reliability of the signature was evaluated by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA), the Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), tumor mutational burden (TMB), and single-sample GSEA (ssGSEA) further verified the performance of the signature. Finally, a prognostic signature for LUAD was constructed based on 7 hypoxia- and immune-related genes. According to riskScores acquired from the signature, the test set was divided into groups, where the prognosis of high-risk patients was poor. The feature genes had good reliability, and the riskScore could be used as an independent prognostic factor for LUAD patients. Meanwhile, high TMB scores and low immune scores were found in high-risk patients, and feature genes were enriched in signaling pathways such as cell cycle and p53 signaling pathway. In sum, a prognostic signature based on 7 hypoxia- and immune-related genes was constructed.

Recently, a large number of studies have sought personalized treatment for lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) by dividing patients into different molecular subtypes. Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining the tumor microenvironment and immune-related biological processes. However, the molecular subtypes mediated by autophagy in LUSC are not clear.

Based on 490 LUSC samples, we systematically analyzed the molecular subtype modification patterns mediated by autophagy-related genes. The ssGSEA and CIBERSORT algorithm were utilized to quantify the relative abundance of TME cell infiltration. Principal component analysis was used to construct autophagy prognostic score (APS) model.

We identified three autophagy subtypes in LUSC, and their clinical outcomes and TME cell infiltration had significant heterogeneity. Cluster A was rich in immune cell infiltration. The enrichment of EMT stromal pathways and immune checkpoint molecules were significantly enhanced, which may lead to its immunosuppression. Cluster B was characterized by relative immunosuppression and relative stromal activation. Cluster C was activated in biological processes related to repair. Patients with high APS were significantly positively correlated with TME stromal activity and poor survival. Meanwhile, high APS showed an advantage in response to anti-PD1 and anti-CTLA4 immunotherapy.

This study explored the autophagy molecular subtypes in LUSC. We also discovered the heterogeneity of TME cell infiltration driven by autophagy-related genes. The established APS model is of great significance for evaluating the prognosis of LUSC patients, the infiltration of TME cells, and the effect of immunotherapy.

Osteopontin, also called secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), is expressed by cancer cells and is known as a poor prognostic factor. Although the production of SPP1 by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) has been attracting much attention recently, there have been no studies distinguishing the SPP1 expression of cancer cells and TAMs. In the present study, we demonstrated the following points. (1) Increased SPP1 expression on TAMs is associated with a worse clinical course in EGFR-wild-type adenocarcinoma. (2) SPP1 expression on macrophages is dependent on GM-CSF-mediated macrophage differentiation. (3) Macrophage-derived SPP1 potentially contributed to chemoresistance in lung cancer.

Osteopontin, also called secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), is a multifunctional secreted phosphorylated glycoprotein. SPP1 is also expressed in tumor cells, and many studies demonstrated that a high level of circulating SPP1 is correlated with a poor prognosis in various cancers. SPP1 is expressed not only by tumor cells but also by stromal cells, such as macrophages. However, there have been no studies distinguishing the SPP1 expression of cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Thus, in this study, we tried to accurately evaluate the SPP1 expression status on cancer cells and TAMs separately in patients with non-small cell lung cancer by using double immunohistochemistry. We demonstrated that high SPP1 expression on TAMs predicted a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients. Additionally, we investigated the expression mechanisms related to SPP1 using human-monocyte-derived macrophages and revealed that the SPP1 expression level increased in macrophage differentiation mediated by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Furthermore, SPP1 contributed to anti-cancer drug resistance in lung cancer cell lines. In conclusion, SPP1 production on TAMs predicted a poor prognosis in lung adenocarcinoma patients, and TAM-derived SPP1′s involvement in the chemo-resistance of cancer cells was suggested.

• Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
• Fibrinogen/metabolism
• Humans
• Lung Neoplasms/pathology
• Lung Neoplasms/surgery
• Lymphocytes/pathology
• Male
• Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
• Neutrophils/pathology
• Prognosis
• Retrospective Studies

• Non-small cell lung cancer
• Prognosis
• Psoas muscle volume
• Sarcopenia
• Surgery
• Three-dimensional computed tomography

Purpose: The treatment efficacy of the transarterial approach to lung cancer is evaluated. Materials and Methods: A total of 98 patients with advanced lung cancer or recurrent lung cancer after the standard therapies were enrolled retrospectively. The bronchial arteries and mediastinal branches from the subclavian artery were selected by a microcatheter. Immediately after the selective arterial infusion of anti-neoplastic agents, embolization with a spherical embolic material was carried out. Local tumor effects and overall survival were evaluated. Result: The mean reduction rate was 17.9%, with 24.2% for partial remission and with 2.1% for progression disease. The rate of stable disease was 72.6%. The response rate was 25.3%, and the disease control rate was 97.9%. The median survival time (MST) was 11.4 months, the 1-year survival rate was 45.2%, and the 2-year survival rate was 35.6%. Although it is insignificant, the MST for 51 adenocarcinomas was higher than that of 29 squamous cell carcinomas (18.6 months and 9.4 months, respectively). The local extension of tumors related to a better prognosis, though it was not significant. Lymph node metastases and distant metastases were poor prognostic factors. No major complications nor treatment-related mortalities were found in this study. Conclusion: The transarterial treatment for lung cancer should be considered as a treatment option when the other treatments were not indicated both in initial cases and in recurrent cases.

• antineoplastic agents
• bronchial artery
• embolic material
• lung cancer
• microcatheter

• CT
• Deep convolutional neural network
• Lung adenocarcinoma
• Postoperative recurrence
• Prediction
• Transfer learning

Due to increases in cancer survivability, quality assessments of cancer care must include long-term outcomes. This multicenter retrospective cohort study evaluated between-hospital variations in the 3-year survival rates of patients with gastric, colorectal, and lung cancer irrespective of treatment modality. We linked cancer registry data and administrative data from patients aged 18–99 years who were diagnosed with gastric, colorectal, or lung cancer between 2013 and 2015 in Osaka Prefecture, Japan. The 3-year survival rates were adjusted for potential prognostic factors using multilevel logistic regression models. Between-hospital variations were visually evaluated using funnel plots. We analyzed 10,296 gastric cancer patients from 30 hospitals, 9276 colorectal cancer patients from 30 hospitals, and 7978 lung cancer patients from 28 hospitals. The 3-year survival rate was 70.2%, 75.2%, and 45.0% for gastric, colorectal, and lung cancer, respectively. In the funnel plots, the adjusted survival rates of gastric and colorectal cancer for all hospitals lay between the lower and upper control limits of two standard deviations of the average survival rates. However, the adjusted survival rates of lung cancer for four hospitals lay below the lower limit while that for two hospitals lay above the upper limit. Older age, men, advanced cancer stage, comorbidities, functional disability, emergency admission, current/ex-smokers, and underweight were independently associated with poorer survival. In conclusion, there were between-hospital variations in 3-year survival for lung cancer even after adjusting for case mix. Quality improvement initiatives may be needed to raise the consistency of care.

Indian data on treatment outcomes and survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain scarce.

A retrospective review of 537 advanced NSCLC patients treated at a tertiary care facility in North India from January 2008 to March 2018 was done to assess treatment response and survival in terms of objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS).

Median age of enrolled patients was 60 years (range: 26–89 years). The majority were males (78.2%) and smokers (66.5%). Adenocarcinoma (51.2%) was the most common pathological type. Most patients had good performance status (PS) (the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG] 0 or 1 in 55.7%) and received conventional chemotherapy (86.6%). ORR and DCR after 3–4 months of first-line treatment were 55.2% and 71.75%, respectively (n = 223). Never smokers had better ORR as well as DCR compared to chronic smokers whereas treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors achieved significantly better ORR, and patients with good PS had better DCR compared to those with poor PS. Median PFS (n = 455) was 7.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.7–14.0) and median OS was 11.7 months (95% CI: 5.5–29.9 months). Good PS and nonsmoking status were independent predictors of better PFS on multivariate analysis. For OS, good PS, nonsmoking behavior, and treatment with epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors were independent predictors.

In advanced NSCLC, never-smokers, and patients with good baseline ECOG have favorable treatment and survival outcomes. Treatment with targeted therapy results in better ORR and OS but did not affect PFS.

• Lung adenocarcinoma
• Micropapillary pattern
• Recurrence factor
• Vessel invasion

• Adenocarcinoma lung
• Adenocarcinoma subtypes
• IASLC/ATS/ERS classification
• NSCLC

To reduce disease recurrence after radical surgery for lung squamous cell carcinomas (SQCCs), accurate prediction of recurrent high-risk patients is required for efficient patient selection for adjuvant chemotherapy. Because treatment modalities for recurrent lung SQCCs are scarce compared to lung adenocarcinomas (ADCs), accurately selecting lung SQCC patients for adjuvant chemotherapy after radical surgery is highly important. Predicting lung cancer recurrence with high objectivity is difficult with conventional histopathological prognostic factors; therefore, identification of a novel predictor is expected to be highly beneficial. Lipid metabolism alterations in cancers are known to contribute to cancer progression. Previously, we found that increased sphingomyelin (SM)(d35:1) in lung ADCs is a candidate for an objective recurrence predictor. However, no lipid predictors for lung SQCC recurrence have been identified to date. This study aims to identify candidate lipid predictors for lung SQCC recurrence after radical surgery.

Recurrent (n = 5) and non-recurrent (n = 6) cases of lung SQCC patients who underwent radical surgery were assigned to recurrent and non-recurrent groups, respectively. Extracted lipids from frozen tissue samples of primary lung SQCC were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Candidate lipid predictors were screened by comparing the relative expression levels between the recurrent and non-recurrent groups. To compare lipidomic characteristics associated with recurrent SQCCs and ADCs, a meta-analysis combining SQCC (n = 11) and ADC (n = 20) cohorts was conducted.

Among 1745 screened lipid species, five species were decreased (≤ 0.5 fold change; P < 0.05) and one was increased (≥ 2 fold change; P < 0.05) in the recurrent group. Among the six candidates, the top three final candidates (selected by AUC assessment) were all decreased SM(t34:1) species, showing strong performance in recurrence prediction that is equivalent to that of histopathological prognostic factors. Meta-analysis indicated that decreases in a limited number of SM species were observed in the SQCC cohort as a lipidomic characteristic associated with recurrence, in contrast, significant increases in a broad range of lipids (including SM species) were observed in the ADC cohort.

We identified decreased SM(t34:1) as a novel candidate predictor for lung SQCC recurrence. Lung SQCCs and ADCs have opposite lipidomic characteristics concerning for recurrence risk.

This retrospective study was registered at the UMIN Clinical Trial Registry (UMIN000039202) on January 21, 2020.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08948-5.

• Lipid
• Lung squamous cell carcinoma
• Mass spectrometry
• Prognostic factor
• Recurrence prediction

Inflammatory cytokines are proposed as modulators for the pathogenesis of anxiety and depression (anxiety/depression), and anxiety/depression are frequently existed in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) survivors. However, no published study has explored the association of inflammation cytokines with anxiety/depression in NSCLC survivors.

We aimed to evaluate serum tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β), interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) levels, and their correlations with anxiety/depression in NSCLC survivors.

Totally, 217 NSCLC survivors and 200 controls were recruited. Then, inflammatory cytokines in serum samples were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Besides, their anxiety/depression status was assessed by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).

HADS‐anxiety score, anxiety rate, anxiety severity, HADS‐depression score, depression rate, and depression severity were all increased in NSCLC survivors compared with controls (all P < 0.001). Regarding inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐17 levels were higher (all P < 0.01), while IL‐6 (P = 0.105) level was of no difference in NSCLC survivors compared with controls. Furthermore, TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐17 were all positively associated with HADS‐A score (all P < 0.05), anxiety occurrence (all P < 0.05), HADS‐D score (all P < 0.05), and depression occurrence (all P < 0.05) in NSCLC survivors, while the correlation‐coefficients were weak. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression analyses disclosed that TNF‐α (both P < 0.05) and IL‐1β (both P < 0.001) were independently correlated with increased anxiety and depression risks in NSCLC survivors.

Serum TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐17 are related to increased anxiety and depression risks to some extent in NSCLC survivors.

• anxiety
• depression
• interleukin-1β
• non-small cell lung cancer
• tumor necrosis factor-α