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Zhou Y, Li X, Luo W, Zhu J, Zhao J, Wang M, Sang L, Chang B, Wang B. Allicin in Digestive System Cancer: From Biological Effects to Clinical Treatment. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903259. [PMID: 35770084 PMCID: PMC9234177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Allicin is the main active ingredient in freshly-crushed garlic and some other allium plants, and its anticancer effect on cancers of digestive system has been confirmed in many studies. The aim of this review is to summarize epidemiological studies and in vitro and in vivo investigations on the anticancer effects of allicin and its secondary metabolites, as well as their biological functions. In epidemiological studies of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, pancreatic cancer, and biliary tract cancer, the anticancer effect of garlic has been confirmed consistently. However, the results obtained from epidemiological studies in gastric cancer and colon cancer are inconsistent. In vitro studies demonstrated that allicin and its secondary metabolites play an antitumor role by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, controlling tumor invasion and metastasis, decreasing angiogenesis, suppressing Helicobacter pylori, enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs, and reducing the damage caused by chemotherapeutic drugs. In vivo studies further demonstrate that allicin and its secondary metabolites inhibit cancers of the digestive system. This review describes the mechanisms against cancers of digestive system and therapeutic potential of allicin and its secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingxuan Li
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wenyu Luo
- The Second Clinical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Junfeng Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jingwen Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mengyao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lixuan Sang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bing Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Bing Chang,
| | - Bingyuan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Zhang Q, Zhao Q, Shen Y, Zhao F, Zhu Y. Allium Vegetables, Garlic Supplements, and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Nutr 2022; 8:746944. [PMID: 35402472 PMCID: PMC8985597 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.746944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeThe role of allium vegetables or garlic supplements on reducing cancer risk was inconsistent between laboratory study findings and related epidemiologic studies.MethodsStudies assessing the effect of allium vegetables and garlic supplement consumption on cancer risk were included in our meta-analysis. We used fixed- or random-effects models to pool effect measures to evaluate the highest and lowest consumption. A dose-response regression analysis was used to assess the association between allium vegetables, garlic supplements, and cancer risk.ResultsIn a pooled analysis of 22 studies with 25 reports on allium vegetables, a high consumption of allium vegetables showed no significant association with cancer risk (relative risk [RR] = 0.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.92–1.03) in a fixed-effects model. Similarly, garlic supplements were not found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of cancer (RR = 0.97, 95% CI 0.84–1.12) in a random-effects model involving a pooled analysis of 10 studies with 11 reports. Consumption of allium vegetables did not significantly correspond with cancer risk (P for nonlinearity = 0.958, P for linearity = 0.907).ConclusionIn this meta-analysis, we found no evidence that higher consumption of allium vegetables or garlic supplements reduced the risk of cancer; however, this finding requires further validation.Systematic Review Registrationhttps://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails, identifier: CRD42021246947.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fuping Zhao
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhu
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Lee J, Zhao N, Fu Z, Choi J, Lee HJ, Chung M. Effects of garlic intake on cancer: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials and cohort studies. Nutr Res Pract 2021; 15:773-788. [PMID: 34858554 PMCID: PMC8601942 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2021.15.6.773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Due to the rapid increase of global cancer incidence and mortality and a high level of interest in cancer prevention, a systematic review of garlic intake and cancer risk is needed. SUBJECTS/METHODS We implemented a systematic review to examine the effects of varying levels of garlic intake on cancer. We conducted comprehensive literature searches in three electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between database inception and July or September of 2018. Two investigators independently screened abstracts and full-texts, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias (RoB). A total of one medium-quality randomized controlled trial (RCT) and 13 cohort studies graded as high RoB were included. RESULTS The 1-year follow-up results from a RCT showed that a significant decrease in the number and size of colorectal adenomas among participants with colorectal adenomas who received high-dose aged garlic extract (AGE) compared with those who received low-dose AGE (P < 0.05). The results of prospective observational studies provided inconsistent associations of colorectal cancer risk with garlic supplements and garlic intake as food. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the AGE was effective in reducing the number and magnitude of colorectal adenomas in one RCT, but there were inconsistent associations between garlic intake and colorectal cancer in cohort studies. Therefore, we could not draw a firm conclusion regarding the effects of garlic on cancer, because the current strength of evidence is inadequate due to a lack of number of high-quality RCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jounghee Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Naisi Zhao
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Zhuxuan Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jihee Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
| | - Mei Chung
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Division of Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Freidman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Magryś A, Olender A, Tchórzewska D. Antibacterial properties of Allium sativum L. against the most emerging multidrug-resistant bacteria and its synergy with antibiotics. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:2257-2268. [PMID: 33638666 PMCID: PMC8205873 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Garlic has long been known as the most effective plant species in treatment of bacterial infections. Considering the vast potential of garlic as a source of antimicrobial drugs, this study is aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of Allium sativum extracts and their interactions with selected antibiotics against drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant isolates of emerging bacterial pathogens that are frequently found in healthcare settings. As shown by the in vitro data obtained in this study, the whole Allium sativum extract inhibited the growth of a broad range of bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains with bactericidal or bacteriostatic effects. Depending on the organism, the susceptibility to fresh garlic extract was comparable to the conventional antibiotic gentamycin. Since the combinations of fresh garlic extract with gentamycin and ciprofloxacin inhibited both the drug sensitive and MDR bacteria, in most cases showing a synergistic or insignificant relationship, the potential use of such combinations may be beneficial, especially in inhibiting drug-resistant pathogens. The study results indicate the possibility of using garlic as e.g. a supplement used during antibiotic therapy, which may increase the effectiveness of gentamicin and ciprofloxacin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Magryś
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, (Collegium Universum), 20-093, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Alina Olender
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1 Street, (Collegium Universum), 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dorota Tchórzewska
- Department of Cell Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19 Street, 20-033, Lublin, Poland.
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Borgas P, Gonzalez G, Veselkov K, Mirnezami R. Phytochemically rich dietary components and the risk of colorectal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. World J Clin Oncol 2021; 12:482-499. [PMID: 34189071 PMCID: PMC8223713 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v12.i6.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Personalized nutrition and protective diets and lifestyles represent a key cancer research priority. The association between consumption of specific dietary components and colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence has been evaluated by a number of population-based studies, which have identified certain food items as having protective potential, though the findings have been inconsistent. Herein we present a systematic review and meta-analysis on the potential protective role of five common phytochemically rich dietary components (nuts, cruciferous vegetables, citrus fruits, garlic and tomatoes) in reducing CRC risk.
AIM To investigate the independent impact of increased intake of specific dietary constituents on CRC risk in the general population.
METHODS Medline and Embase were systematically searched, from time of database inception to January 31, 2020, for observational studies reporting CRC incidence relative to intake of one or more of nuts, cruciferous vegetables, citrus fruits, garlic and/or tomatoes in the general population. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and analyzed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) reporting guidelines and according to predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. Effect sizes of studies were pooled using a random-effects model.
RESULTS Forty-six studies were identified. CRC risk was significantly reduced in patients with higher vs lower consumption of cruciferous vegetables [odds ratio (OR) = 0.90; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.85-0.95; P < 0.005], citrus fruits (OR = 0.90; 95%CI: 0.84-0.96; P < 0.005), garlic (OR = 0.83; 95%CI: 0.76-0.91; P < 0.005) and tomatoes (OR = 0.89; 95%CI: 0.84-0.95; P < 0.005). Subgroup analysis showed that this association sustained when looking at case-control studies alone, for all of these four food items, but no significant difference was found in analysis of cohort studies alone. Nut consumption exhibited a similar trend, but overall results were not significant (OR = 0.72; 95%CI: 0.50-1.03; P < 0.07; I2 = 90.70%). Putative anticarcinogenic mechanisms are proposed using gene-set enrichment analysis of gene/protein perturbations caused by active compounds within each food item.
CONCLUSION Increased cruciferous vegetable, garlic, citrus fruit and tomato consumption are all inversely associated with CRC risk. These findings highlight the potential for developing precision nutrition strategies for CRC prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Borgas
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Guadalupe Gonzalez
- Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2RH, United Kingdom
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Reza Mirnezami
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, United Kingdom
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Farhat Z, Hershberger PA, Freudenheim JL, Mammen MJ, Hageman Blair R, Aga DS, Mu L. Types of garlic and their anticancer and antioxidant activity: a review of the epidemiologic and experimental evidence. Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3585-3609. [PMID: 33543365 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02482-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Garlic, an Allium vegetable, contains rich flavonoids organosulfur compounds (OSCs) that have potent anticancer properties. The aim of the review is to provide an overview of the different types of garlic, their active compounds, and the potential anticancer benefits with a focus on antioxidant activity. Animal and cell line studies have provided convincing evidence that garlic and its organosulfur compounds inhibit carcinogenesis through a number of events including induction of apoptosis, inhibiting cellular proliferation, scavenging radical oxygen species (ROS), increasing the activities of enzymes such as glutathione S-transferase, and reducing tumor size. Epidemiological studies showed compelling evidence that garlic consumption is associated with decreased risk of colorectal cancer, but inconsistent evidence for stomach, breast, and prostate cancers. Studies also suggest that the presence and potency of garlic OSCs varies with respect to the preparation and form of garlic. Further epidemiological studies with information on garlic form consumed or preparation methods and molecular studies regarding its antioxidant mechanisms, such as increasing enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants levels, are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Farhat
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Pamela A Hershberger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Manoj J Mammen
- Department of Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Rachael Hageman Blair
- Department of Biostatistics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Diana S Aga
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Abstract
This was a meta-analysis of epidemiological articles that aimed to estimate the association of garlic intake with the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC).Electronic databases, including the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, PubMed, and EMBASE, were systemically searched from inception to May 2019 to identify related articles. In addition, a random model was used to pool the included evidence based on heterogeneity. Additionally, subgroup analyses were carried out to examine the differences between different groups. The stability of our findings was tested through sensitivity analyses. Publication bias was also assessed by Egger and Begg tests. Moreover, all enrolled studies were ordered according to the publication year for a cumulative meta-analysis.A total of 11 studies (involving 12,558 cases) were included in the current meta-analysis. Our integrated relative risk (RR) of CRC was 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69-0.91) for the highest versus the lowest garlic consumption categories (RR: 0.71 [95% CI, 0.60-0.84] for controls and RR: 0.99 [95% CI, 0.80-1.23] for cohorts). There was significant heterogeneity across all enrolled studies (I = 68.3%, P < .01). The sensitivity analysis revealed no notable alterations of the integrated results. According to the funnel plot regarding garlic intake and the risk of CRC, together with the Egger test (P = .1) and Begg test (P = .064) results, there was no notable evidence of publication bias. The cumulative meta-analysis suggested that the 95% CIs became narrower with the increase in sample size.Based on the existing evidence, garlic intake could reduce the risk of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Haihua Qian
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine
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Liu X, Baecker A, Wu M, Zhou JY, Yang J, Han RQ, Wang PH, Liu AM, Gu X, Zhang XF, Wang XS, Su M, Hu X, Sun Z, Li G, Jin ZY, Jung SY, Mu L, He N, Lu QY, Li L, Zhao JK, Zhang ZF. Raw Garlic Consumption and Risk of Liver Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study in Eastern China. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11092038. [PMID: 31480423 PMCID: PMC6769938 DOI: 10.3390/nu11092038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the major risk factors for liver cancer have been established, preventive factors for liver cancer have not been fully explored. We evaluated the association between raw garlic consumption and liver cancer in a large population-based case-control study in Eastern China. The study was conducted in Jiangsu, China, from 2003 to 2010. A total of 2011 incident liver cancer cases and 7933 randomly selected population-controls were interviewed. Epidemiological data including raw garlic intake and other exposures were collected, and serum markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were assayed. Overall, eating raw garlic twice or more per week was inversely associated with liver cancer, with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 0.77 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62–0.96) compared to those ingesting no raw garlic or less than twice per week. In stratified analyses, high intake of raw garlic was inversely associated with liver cancer among Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) negative individuals, frequent alcohol drinkers, those having history of eating mold-contaminated food or drinking raw water, and those without family history of liver cancer. Marginal interactions on an additive scale were observed between low raw garlic intake and HBsAg positivity (attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) = 0.31, 95% CI: -0.01–0.62) and heavy alcohol drinking (AP = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.00–0.57). Raw garlic consumption is inversely associated with liver cancer. Such an association shed some light on the potential etiologic role of garlic intake on liver cancer, which in turn might provide a possible dietary intervention to reduce liver cancer in Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aileen Baecker
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming Wu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jin-Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ren-Qiang Han
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Pei-Hua Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ai-Min Liu
- Dafeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Xiaoping Gu
- Dafeng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dafeng 224100, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222003, China
| | - Xu-Shan Wang
- Ganyu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ganyu 222003, China
| | - Ming Su
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223001, China
| | - Xu Hu
- Chuzhou County Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chuzhou 223001, China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Tongshan County Center for Disease control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Gang Li
- Tongshan County Center for Disease control and Prevention, Tongshan 221006, China
| | - Zi-Yi Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Su Yon Jung
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- School of Nursing, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Na He
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing-Yi Lu
- Center for Human Nutrition, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jin-Kou Zhao
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Wu X, Shi J, Fang WX, Guo XY, Zhang LY, Liu YP, Li Z. Allium vegetables are associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer: A hospital-based matched case-control study in China. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:e132-e141. [PMID: 30790463 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The present study aimed to investigate and identify the association between the intake of allium vegetables and colorectal cancer (CRC) in population. METHODS A hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted between June 2009 and November 2011 in three hospitals. Eight hundred thirty three consecutively recruited cases of CRC were frequency matched to 833 controls by age (within 2.5 years of difference), sex, and residence area (rural/urban). Demographic and dietary information were collected via face-to-face interviews using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated by using unconditional logistic regression. RESULTS A decreased CRC risk was observed for the consumption of total (aORs of high total allium intake compared with low total allium intake = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.14-0.30, P trend <0.001) and several individual allium vegetables including garlic, garlic stalks, leek, onion, and spring onion (P trend <0.05). By further sex-stratified analysis, allium vegetable intake was demonstrated to be inversely associated with the risk of CRC in both men and women. However, the association of garlic intake with cancer risk was not significant among those with distal colon cancer (aOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.27-1.05, P trend = 0.248). CONCLUSION In this analysis in a Northeast Chinese population, both men and women that the consumption of allium vegetables is associated with a reduced risk of CRC, regardless of colonic tumor subsite, with the exception of garlic intake in distal colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wan-Xia Fang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling-Yun Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yun-Peng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Bravi E, Perretti G, Falconi C, Marconi O, Fantozzi P. Antioxidant effects of supercritical fluid garlic extracts in sunflower oil. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:102-107. [PMID: 26921177 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lipid oxidation causes changes in quality attributes of vegetable oils. Synthetic antioxidants have been used to preserve oils; however, there is interest in replacing them with natural ones. Garlic and its thiosulfinate compound allicin are known for their antioxidant activities. This study assesses a novel formulation, the supercritical fluid extract of garlic, on sunflower oil oxidation during an accelerated shelf-life test. RESULTS Three quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide values, and p-anisidine values) were evaluated in each of the six oil samples. The samples included sunflower oil alone, sunflower oil supplemented with BHT, the undiluted supercritical fluid extract of garlic, and sunflower oils supplemented with three levels of garlic extract. The oils were also investigated for their antioxidant properties using the DPPH and the FRAP assays. The results were compared with the effect of the synthetic BHT. Our results underlined that the highest level of garlic extract may be superior, or at least comparable, with BHT in preserving sunflower oil. CONCLUSION The oxidative degradation of oily samples can be limited by using supercritical fluid extract of garlic as it is a safe and an effective natural antioxidant formulation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Bravi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, n.c.n., 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perretti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, n.c.n., 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Falconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, n.c.n., 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ombretta Marconi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, n.c.n., 06126, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Fantozzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, n.c.n., 06126, Perugia, Italy
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Yagdi E, Cerella C, Dicato M, Diederich M. Garlic-derived natural polysulfanes as hydrogen sulfide donors: Friend or foe? Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 95:219-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Myneni AA, Chang SC, Niu R, Liu L, Swanson MK, Li J, Su J, Giovino GA, Yu S, Zhang ZF, Mu L. Raw Garlic Consumption and Lung Cancer in a Chinese Population. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2016; 25:624-33. [PMID: 26809277 PMCID: PMC4873399 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence of anticancer properties of garlic for different cancer sites has been reported previously in in vitro and in vivo experimental studies but there is limited epidemiologic evidence on the association between garlic and lung cancer. METHODS We examined the association between raw garlic consumption and lung cancer in a case-control study conducted between 2005 and 2007 in Taiyuan, China. Epidemiologic data was collected by face-to-face interviews from 399 incident lung cancer cases and 466 healthy controls. We used unconditional logistic regression models to estimate crude and adjusted ORs (aOR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI). Adjusted models controlled for age, sex, average annual household income 10 years ago, smoking, and indoor air pollution. RESULTS Compared with no intake, raw garlic intake was associated with lower risk of development of lung cancer with a dose-response pattern (aOR for <2 times/week = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.39-0.81 and aOR for ≥2 times/week = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.34-0.74; Ptrend = 0.0002). Exploratory analysis showed an additive interaction of raw garlic consumption with indoor air pollution and with any supplement use in association with lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study suggest that raw garlic consumption is associated with reduced risk of lung cancer in a Chinese population. IMPACT This study contributes to the limited research in human population on the association between garlic and lung cancer and advocates further investigation into the use of garlic in chemoprevention of lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(4); 624-33. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay A Myneni
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shen-Chih Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Rungui Niu
- Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li Liu
- Taiyuan City Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Mya K Swanson
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Su
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Shunzhang Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuo-Feng Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California
| | - Lina Mu
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, The State University of New York (SUNY) at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.
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Garlic consumption and colorectal cancer risk in man: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr 2015; 19:308-17. [PMID: 25945653 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980015001263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colorectal cancer shows large incidence variations worldwide that have been attributed to different dietary factors. We conducted a meta-analysis on the relationship between garlic consumption and colorectal cancer risk. DESIGN We systematically reviewed publications obtained by searching ISI Web of Knowledge, MEDLINE and EMBASE literature databases. We extracted the risk estimate of the highest and the lowest reported categories of intake from each study and conducted meta-analysis using a random-effects model. RESULTS The pooled analysis of all fourteen studies, seven cohort and seven case-control, indicated that garlic consumption was not associated with colorectal cancer risk (OR=0·93; 95 % CI 0·82, 1·06, P=0·281; I 2=83·6 %, P≤0·001). Separate analyses on the basis of cancer sites and sex also revealed no statistically significant effects on cancer risk. However, when separately analysed on the basis of study type, we found that garlic was associated with an approximately 37 % reduction in colorectal cancer risk in the case-control studies (combined risk estimate=0·63, 95 % CI 0·48, 0·82, P=0·001; I 2=75·6 %, P≤0·001). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that consumption of garlic is not associated with a reduced colorectal cancer risk. Further investigations are necessary to clarify the discrepancy between results obtained from different types of epidemiological studies.
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Zhu B, Zou L, Qi L, Zhong R, Miao X. Allium vegetables and garlic supplements do not reduce risk of colorectal cancer, based on meta-analysis of prospective studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:1991-2001.e1-4; quiz e121. [PMID: 24681077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Laboratory studies have provided evidence that allium vegetables and garlic supplements might protect against colorectal cancer (CRC), but epidemiologic studies have produced inconsistent findings. METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies evaluating the associations between allium vegetables, garlic supplements, and CRC risk. We pooled effect measures using fixed- or random-effect models, assessing the highest vs the lowest intakes. We used a dose-response regression model to evaluate the relationship between allium vegetable intake and CRC risk. RESULTS Our analysis included 8 studies with 20 reports of the effects of allium vegetables (5458 patients with CRC including 7,125,067 person-years) and 5 studies with 11 reports of the effects of garlic supplements (2685 patients with CRC including 2,304,439 person-years). We found no association between higher intake of allium vegetables and CRC risk (relative risk [RR], 1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.96-1.17; P = .26). Intake of allium vegetables did not correspond to CRC risk (P for nonlinear = .24, P for linear = .20). In subgroup analysis, a higher consumption of allium vegetables was associated marginally with increased risk of colon cancer among women (RR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.01-1.50; P = .05). Use of garlic supplements was associated significantly with an increased risk of CRC (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.02-1.36; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS In a meta-analysis, we found no evidence that higher intake of allium vegetables reduced the risk for CRC. We observed that garlic supplements increased the risk for CRC, but this finding requires external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Heine-Bröring RC, Winkels RM, Renkema JMS, Kragt L, van Orten-Luiten ACB, Tigchelaar EF, Chan DSM, Norat T, Kampman E. Dietary supplement use and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:2388-401. [PMID: 25335850 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Use of dietary supplements is rising in countries where colorectal cancer is prevalent. We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies on dietary supplement use and colorectal cancer risk. We identified relevant studies in Medline, Embase and Cochrane up to January 2013. Original and peer-reviewed papers on dietary supplement use and colorectal cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer incidence were included. "Use-no use"(U-NU), "highest-lowest"(H-L) and "dose-response"(DR) meta-analyses were performed. Random-effects models were used to estimate summary estimates. In total, 24 papers were included in the meta-analyses. We observed inverse associations for colorectal cancer risk and multivitamin (U-NU: RR = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.87,0.97) and calcium supplements (U-NU: RR = 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79,0.95; H-L: RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.70,0.92; DR: for an increase of 100 mg/day, RR = 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94,0.99). Inconsistent associations were found for colon cancer risk and supplemental vitamin A and vitamin C, and for colorectal cancer risk and supplemental vitamin D, vitamin E, garlic and folic acid. Meta-analyses of observational studies suggest a beneficial role for multivitamins and calcium supplements on colorectal cancer risk, while the association with other supplements and colorectal cancer risk is inconsistent. Residual confounding of lifestyle factors might be present. Before recommendations can be made, an extensive assessment of dietary supplement use and a better understanding of underlying mechanisms is needed.
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Suleria HAR, Butt MS, Anjum FM, Saeed F, Khalid N. Onion: Nature Protection Against Physiological Threats. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:50-66. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.646364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Turati F, Guercio V, Pelucchi C, La Vecchia C, Galeone C. Colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps in relation to allium vegetables intake: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1907-14. [PMID: 24976533 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE To provide updated quantitative estimates of the associations between allium vegetables intake and risk of colorectal cancer and colorectal adenomatous polyps. METHODS AND RESULTS We combined all published data on the issue, using a meta-analytic approach. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using random-effects models. Sixteen studies (13 333 cases) were included in the meta-analyses of colorectal cancer. Seven studies provided information on garlic, six on onion, and four on total allium vegetables. The pooled RRs of colorectal cancer for the highest versus the lowest category of intake were 0.85 (95% confidence interval; CI, 0.72-1.00) for garlic (0.76 for case-control, 0.99 for cohort studies), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.70-1.04) for onion (0.74 for case-control, 1.04 for cohort studies), and 0.78 (95% CI, 0.56-1.08) for total allium vegetables. Significant heterogeneity was found for the three meta-analyses. The pooled RR of colorectal adenomatous polyps for the highest versus the lowest category of total allium vegetables intake was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.80-0.98, three studies), with no heterogeneity. CONCLUSION High garlic intake may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, evidence of such protection derived mainly from case-control studies. High intake of total allium vegetables may be associated with a risk reduction of colorectal adenomatous polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turati
- Department of Epidemiology, IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
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Yun HM, Ban JO, Park KR, Lee CK, Jeong HS, Han SB, Hong JT. Potential therapeutic effects of functionally active compounds isolated from garlic. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 142:183-95. [PMID: 24333688 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal properties of functionally active organosulfur compounds such as allin, diallyl disulfide, S-allylmercaptocysteine, and S-trityl-L-cysteine isolated from garlic have received great attention from a large number of investigators who have studied their pharmacological effects for the treatment of various diseases. These organosulfur compounds are able to prevent for development of cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and liver diseases as well as allergy and arthritis. There have been also many reports on toxicities and pharmacokinetics of these compounds. The aim of this study is to review a variety of experimental and clinical reports, and describe the effectiveness, toxicities and pharmacokinetics, and possible mechanisms of pharmaceutical actions of functionally active compounds isolated from garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Mun Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ok Ban
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ran Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong Kil Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Sang Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungbuk National University, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 48 Gaeshin-dong, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Eswar Kumar K, Harsha K, Sudheer V, Giri babu N. In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Allium cepa bulb in ethanol induced liver damage in Wistar rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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20
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Vogtmann E, Xiang YB, Li HL, Levitan EB, Yang G, Waterbor JW, Gao J, Cai H, Xie L, Wu QJ, Zhang B, Gao YT, Zheng W, Shu XO. Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: results from the Shanghai Men's Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:1935-45. [PMID: 23913012 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-013-0268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The observed associations of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk of colorectal cancer have been inconsistent. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the association of fruit and vegetable consumption with the risk of colorectal cancer among Chinese men. METHODS 61,274 male participants aged 40-74 years were included. A validated food frequency questionnaire was administered to collect information on usual dietary intake, including 8 fruits and 38 vegetables commonly consumed by residents of Shanghai. Follow-up for diagnoses of colon or rectal cancer was available through 31 December 2010. Dietary intakes were analyzed both as categorical and continuous variables. Multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CIs) were calculated for colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS After 390,688 person-years of follow-up, 398 cases of colorectal cancer (236 colon and 162 rectal) were observed in the cohort. Fruit consumption was inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer (fifth vs. first quintile HR 0.67; 95 % CI 0.48, 0.95; p trend = 0.03), whereas vegetable intake was not significantly associated with risk. The associations for subgroups of fruits and legumes, but not other vegetable categories, were generally inversely associated with the risk of colon and rectal cancers. CONCLUSIONS Fruit intake was generally inversely associated with the risk of colorectal cancer, whereas vegetable consumption was largely unrelated to risk among middle-aged and older Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Vogtmann
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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Garlic consumption and colorectal cancer risk in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort. Cancer Causes Control 2012; 23:1643-51. [PMID: 22915096 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0042-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research identified a probable role for garlic in colorectal cancer prevention based on preclinical evidence and epidemiologic studies, but prospective data are limited. The purpose of this paper was to contribute additional evidence on this topic for men and women in a large prospective cohort study. METHODS In 1999, 42,824 men and 56,876 women in the Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort completed a questionnaire with information on dietary garlic consumption. Garlic supplement use was assessed in 2001. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard rate ratios (HRs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS During 7 years of follow-up, 579 men and 551 women were diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Among men, daily garlic consumption was associated with a non-significant higher colorectal cancer risk (HR = 1.04, 95 % CI 0.99-1.08 for each additional clove or "4 shakes" of garlic per week), whereas the association was borderline inverse in women (HR = 0.95, 95 % CI 0.91-1.00, p heterogeneity by sex = 0.03). Garlic supplement use was not related to a lower risk of colorectal cancer, and in men, former use was associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer (HR = 1.85, 95 % CI 1.13-3.03). CONCLUSIONS These results provide weak support for a role of dietary garlic consumption in colorectal cancer prevention in women, but a possible increased risk in men. Further research is needed to confirm different associations by sex.
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Ige SF, Akhigbe RE. The role of Allium cepa on aluminum-induced reproductive dysfunction in experimental male rat models. J Hum Reprod Sci 2012; 5:200-205. [PMID: 23162360 PMCID: PMC3493836 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.101022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Reproductive toxicity is a major challenge associated with aluminum (Al) exposure. Studies that associated Al with reproductive dysfunction did not account for the possible influence of Allium cepa extract. This study, therefore, investigates the influence of A. cepa on aluminum-induced reproductive dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS SIX MALE RATS PER GROUP WERE ASSIGNED TO ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FOUR TREATMENT GROUPS: The control animals were on control diet. A. cepa-treated rats received 1 ml of the extract/100 g body weight (BW), Al-treated rats received 100 mg AlCl(3) /kg BW, and A.cepa+Al received 1 ml of the extract/100 g BW plus 100 mg AlCl(3) /kg BW. Rats were orally administered their respective doses. A. cepa treatment was for 8 weeks, while Al treatment was for the last 3 days of the experimental period. RESULTS Results obtained showed that Al significantly decreased (P < 0.05) plasma testosterone, follicular stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), sperm count, motility, morphology and viability, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities, while lipid peroxidation index [malondialdehyde (MDA)] was significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Reproductive hormones (except testosterone), sperm qualities, and enzymatic antioxidants were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in A. cepa-treated rats and A. cepa plus Al-treated rats, while MDA was significantly (P < 0.05) improved. Weights of testes were comparable in all groups. CONCLUSION It is thus suggested that Al exerts reproductive dysfunction by oxidative damage. A. cepa antagonizes the toxic effects of AlCl(3) and improves the antioxidant status and sperm quality of male rat. However, testosterone level did not increase with A. cepa treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah F Ige
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Roland E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Ngo SNT, Williams DB, Head RJ. Rosemary and cancer prevention: preclinical perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 51:946-54. [PMID: 21955093 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.490883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in Australia. Nutrition, particularly intake of vegetables and certain plant components, has been reported to have a major role in cancer risk reduction. Recently, there has been a growing research interest in rosemary, a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. This study aims to review scientific evidence from all studies, published from 1996 to March 2010 that examined the protective effects of rosemary on colorectal cancer and other types of cancer. Literature evidence from animal and cell culture studies demonstrates the anticancer potential of rosemary extract, carnosol, carnosic acid, ursolic acid, and rosmarinic acid. No evidence for other rosemary constituents was found. The reported anticancer properties were found to arise through the molecular changes in the multiple-stage process of cancer development, which are dose related and not tissue or species specific. This is evidenced by the ability of rosemary to suppress the development of tumors in several organs including the colon, breast, liver, stomach, as well as melanoma and leukemia cells. The results suggested that the different molecular targets modulated by rosemary and its active constituents are useful indicators of success in clinical cancer chemo-prevention trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong N T Ngo
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.
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Ige SF, Olaleye SB, Akhigbe RE, Akanbi TA, Oyekunle OA, Udoh UAS. Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following cadmium exposure in rats: Ameliorative potentials of Allium cepa. J Hum Reprod Sci 2012; 5:37-42. [PMID: 22870013 PMCID: PMC3409918 DOI: 10.4103/0974-1208.97798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study was carried out to investigate the effect of Allium cepa crude extract on cadmium-induced testicular toxicity in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 4 groups (n = 6). Group 1 was used as control, group 2 was administered 0.3 mg/kgBW of cadmium sulfate (CdSO(4)) intraperitoneally for 3 days, group 3 was pretreated with 1 ml/100 g BW of Allium cepa (AcE) for 8 weeks followed by intraperitoneal administration of 0.3 mg/kgBW of CdSO(4) in the last 3 days of experiment, and group 4 was administered 1 ml/100 g BW of AcE throughout the experiment. Testicular weight and semen analysis revealing the sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology was carried out. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase activities, and lipid peroxidation status were also carried out in testes. RESULTS The study demonstrated that Allium cepa ameliorated CdSO(4)-induced alteration in testicular weight, sperm count, sperm motility, and sperm morphology. It also showed that Allium cepa attenuated the derangement of lipid peroxidation profile in testicular tissues caused by CdSO(4) exposure. CONCLUSIONS The findings in the study showed that pre-treatment of rat model with Allium cepa extract prevented CdSO(4)-induced reproductive toxicity by improving sperm quality and enhancing testicular lipid peroxidation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serah F Ige
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Samuel B Olaleye
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Roland E Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Titilayo A Akanbi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Olanrewaju A Oyekunle
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Utibe-Abasi S Udoh
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
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Walter RB, Brasky TM, Milano F, White E. Vitamin, mineral, and specialty supplements and risk of hematologic malignancies in the prospective VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011; 20:2298-308. [PMID: 21803844 PMCID: PMC3189268 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-11-0494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests that nutrients from fruits and vegetables have chemoprotective effects on various cancers including hematologic malignancies, but the effects of nutritional supplements are poorly examined. METHODS Herein, we prospectively evaluated the association of vitamin, mineral, and specialty supplements with incident hematologic malignancies in 66,227 men and women aged 50 to 76 years from Washington State recruited from year 2000 to 2002 to the VITamins And Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort study. Hematologic malignancies cases (n = 588) were identified through December 2008 by linkage to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) cancer registry. HRs and 95% CIs associated with supplement use were estimated with Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS After adjustment, high use of garlic supplements [≥4 days per week for ≥3 years; HR = 0.55 (95% CI = 0.34-0.87); P(trend) = 0.028] and ever use of grape seed supplements [HR = 0.57 (95% CI = 0.37-0.88)] were inversely associated with hematologic malignancies in our models. In addition, high use (8-10 pill-years) of multivitamins was suggestive of an inverse association [HR = 0.80 (95% CI = 0.64-1.01)]. In contrast, no associations were observed for the remaining supplements. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the use of garlic and grape seed may be associated with reduced risk of hematologic malignancies. IMPACT This is the first cohort study to suggest a possible role of these supplements in the chemoprevention of hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland B Walter
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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Pathobiology and chemoprevention of bladder cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2011; 2011:528353. [PMID: 21941546 PMCID: PMC3175393 DOI: 10.1155/2011/528353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of the pathogenesis of bladder cancer has improved considerably over the past decade. Translating these novel pathobiological discoveries into therapies, prevention, or strategies to manage patients who are suspected to have or who have been diagnosed with bladder cancer is the ultimate goal. In particular, the chemoprevention of bladder cancer development is important, since urothelial cancer frequently recurs, even if the primary cancer is completely removed. The numerous alterations of both oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes that have been implicated in bladder carcinogenesis represent novel targets for therapy and prevention. In addition, knowledge about these genetic alterations will help provide a better understanding of the biological significance of preneoplastic lesions of bladder cancer. Animal models for investigating bladder cancer development and prevention can also be developed based on these alterations. This paper summarizes the results of recent preclinical and clinical chemoprevention studies and discusses screening for bladder cancer.
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Grossman HB, Stenzl A, Moyad MA, Droller MJ. Bladder Cancer: Chemoprevention, complementary approaches and budgetary considerations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010:213-33. [DOI: 10.1080/03008880802284258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnulf Stenzl
- Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mark A. Moyad
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Shaarawy SM, Tohamy AA, Elgendy SM, Elmageed ZYA, Bahnasy A, Mohamed MS, Kandil E, Matrougui K. Protective effects of garlic and silymarin on NDEA-induced rats hepatotoxicity. Int J Biol Sci 2009; 5:549-57. [PMID: 19742242 PMCID: PMC2737715 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background — The present study was conducted to investigate the chemopreventive effects of garlic extract and silymarin on N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in male albino rats. Methods and Results — Animals were pretreated with garlic, silymarin or both for one week prior to the injection of NDEA. Then animals received a single injection of NDEA followed by weekly subcutaneous injections of CCl4 for 6 weeks. Oral administration was then continued along with the injection of CCl4 for the duration of the experiment. Serum aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GSR) were measured. Injection of NDEA induced a significant elevation in serum AST, ALT and ALP. In the liver, NDEA increased oxidative stress through the increase in LPO and decrease in SOD, and GSH-dependent enzymes. Although administration of garlic or silymarin significantly reduced the liver toxicity, combined administration was more effective in preventing the development of hepatotoxicity. Conclusion — These novel findings suggest that silymarin and garlic have a synergistic effect, and could be used as hepatoprotective agents against hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Shaarawy
- Department of Cancer Biology, National Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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29
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Xing C, Johnson TE, Limburg PJ. Diets, Phytochemicals, and Chemoprevention of Tumorigenesis. J Diet Suppl 2009; 5:95-105. [DOI: 10.1080/19390210802332877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kim JY, Kwon O. Garlic intake and cancer risk: an analysis using the Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 89:257-64. [PMID: 19056580 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous animal and in vitro studies provided evidence for a relation between garlic intake and cancer risk reduction. Several studies also reported an inverse association in humans. However, no claims have been made about garlic intake and cancer risk reduction with respect to food labeling. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence for garlic intake with respect to the risk of different types of cancer using the US Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims. DESIGN Literature searches were conducted by using the Medline and EMBASE databases for the period 1955-2007 with search terms Allium sativum, vegetables, diet, and nutrition in combination with cancer, neoplasm, and individual cancers. The search was limited to human studies published in English and Korean. RESULTS With the use of the US Food and Drug Administration's evidence-based review system for the scientific evaluation of health claims, 19 human studies were identified and reviewed to evaluate the strength of the evidence that supports a relation between garlic intake and reduced risk of different cancers with respect to food labeling. CONCLUSIONS There was no credible evidence to support a relation between garlic intake and a reduced risk of gastric, breast, lung, or endometrial cancer. Very limited evidence supported a relation between garlic consumption and reduced risk of colon, prostate, esophageal, larynx, oral, ovary, or renal cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Kim
- Division of Nutrition and Functional Food Standards, Korea Food and Drug Administration, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Hunter R, Kaschula CH, Parker IM, Caira MR, Richards P, Travis S, Taute F, Qwebani T. Substituted ajoenes as novel anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:5277-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2008.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Stan SD, Kar S, Stoner GD, Singh SV. Bioactive food components and cancer risk reduction. J Cell Biochem 2008; 104:339-56. [PMID: 18092339 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last three decades has provided convincing evidence to support the premise that diets rich in fruits and vegetables may be protective against the risk of different types of cancers. Initial evidence for protective effect of fruits and vegetables against cancer risk came from population-based case-control studies, which prompted intense research aimed at (a) identification of bioactive component(s) responsible for the anticancer effects of fruits and vegetables, (b) elucidation of the mechanisms by which bioactive food components may prevent cancer, and (c) determination of their efficacy for prevention of cancer in animal models. The bioactive components responsible for cancer chemopreventive effects of various edible plants have now been identified. For instance, anticancer effect of Allium vegetables including garlic is attributed to organosulfur compounds (e.g., diallyl trisulfide). Interestingly, unlike cancer chemotherapy drugs, many bioactive food components selectively target cancer cells. Molecular basis for selectivity of anticancer bioactive food components towards cancer cells remains elusive, but these agents appear promiscuous and target multiple signal transduction pathways to inhibit cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Despite convincing observational and experimental evidence, however, limited effort has been directed towards clinical investigations to determine efficacy of bioactive food components for prevention of human cancers. This article reviews current knowledge on cancer chemopreventive effects of a few highly promising dietary constituents, including garlic-derived organosulfides, berry compounds, and cruciferous vegetable-derived isothiocyanates, and serves to illustrate complexity of the signal transduction mechanisms in cancer chemoprevention by these promising bioactive food components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia D Stan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ngo SNT, Williams DB, Cobiac L, Head RJ. Does garlic reduce risk of colorectal cancer? A systematic review. J Nutr 2007; 137:2264-9. [PMID: 17885009 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.10.2264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the 3rd leading cause of cancer death in the United States and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death in Australia. Environmental factors play important roles in the multiple-stage process of CRC and nutritional intervention has been identified as playing a major role in its prevention. The aim of this study was to review systematically the scientific evidence from all studies conducted over the last decade that examined effects of garlic on CRC. Levels of evidence were ranked from level I to level V according to study designs and the quality of each study was assessed against a set of quality criteria based on those used by the National Health and Medical Research Council in Australia. One randomized controlled trial (RCT, level II) reported a statistically significant 29% reduction in both size and number of colon adenomas in CRC patients taking aged garlic extract. Five of 8 case control/cohort studies (level III) suggested a protective effect of high intake of raw/cooked garlic and 2 of 8 of these studies suggested a protective effect for distal colon. A published meta-analysis (level III) of 7 of these studies confirmed this inverse association, with a 30% reduction in relative risk. Eleven animal studies (level V) demonstrated a significant anticarcinogenic effect of garlic and/or its active constituents. On balance, there is consistent scientific evidence derived from RCT of animal studies reporting protective effects of garlic on CRC despite great heterogeneity of measures of intakes among human epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suong N T Ngo
- Sansom Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000 Australia.
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Golijanin DJ, Kakiashvili D, Madeb RR, Messing EM, Lerner SP. Chemoprevention of bladder cancer. World J Urol 2007; 24:445-72. [PMID: 17048030 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-006-0123-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dragan J Golijanin
- Urology Department, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, P.O. Box 656, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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Lin J, Zhang SM, Wu K, Willett WC, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E. Flavonoid intake and colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2006; 164:644-51. [PMID: 16923774 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwj296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary flavonoids can inhibit cancer development by protecting tissues against free oxygen radicals and inhibiting cell proliferation, but observational studies of flavonoid intake and colorectal cancer incidence are sparse. The authors prospectively evaluated the association between intake of flavonoids and colorectal cancer incidence in 71,976 women from the Nurses' Health Study and 35,425 men from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study. Dietary intake was assessed in 1990, 1994, and 1998 by means of a food frequency questionnaire. The authors used Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying variables to estimate relative risks of colorectal cancer. Between 1990 and 2000, the authors documented 878 incident cases of colorectal cancer (498 in women and 380 in men). Total flavonoid intake was not inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk among women and men combined. The combined relative risk for the highest quintile of total flavonoid intake compared with the lowest was 1.19 (95% confidence interval: 0.94, 1.49; p for trend = 0.15). Higher intakes of individual flavonols, including quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol, were also not related to a lower risk of colorectal cancer. These data provide little support for the hypothesis of an association between flavonoid intake and colorectal cancer risk, at least within the ranges of intakes consumed in the populations studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lin
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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36
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Shukla Y, Kalra N. Cancer chemoprevention with garlic and its constituents. Cancer Lett 2006; 247:167-81. [PMID: 16793203 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2006] [Revised: 05/03/2006] [Accepted: 05/15/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advance metastasized cancers are generally incurable; hence an effort to prolong the process of carcinogenesis through chemoprevention has emerged consistent with this notion. In recent years, a considerable attention has been placed to identify naturally occurring chemopreventive substances capable of inhibiting, retarding or reversing the process of carcinogenesis. A number of phenolic substances, particularly those present in dietary and medicinal plants, have been shown to possess substantial anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic activities. Epidemiological observations and laboratory studies, both in cell culture and animal models have indicated anticarcinogenic potential of garlic and its constituents, which has been traditionally used for varied human ailments around the world. Chemical analysis has indicated that protective effects of garlic appear to be related to the presence of organosulfur compounds mainly allyl derivatives. Several mechanisms have been presented to explain cancer chemopreventive effects of garlic-derived products. These include modulation in activity of several metabolizing enzymes that activate and detoxify carcinogens and inhibit DNA adduct formation, antioxidative and free radicals scavenging properties and regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and immune responses. Recent data show that garlic-derived products modulate cell-signaling pathways in a fashion that controls the unwanted proliferation of cells thereby imparting strong cancer chemopreventive as well as cancer therapeutic effects. This review discusses mechanistic basis of cancer chemopreventive effects of garlic-derived products, their implication in cancer management and ways and means to take these agents from bench to real life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogeshwer Shukla
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Katsuki T, Hirata K, Ishikawa H, Matsuura N, Sumi SI, Itoh H. Aged garlic extract has chemopreventative effects on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumors in rats. J Nutr 2006; 136:847S-851S. [PMID: 16484578 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.847s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic has been reported to have chemopreventive effects against a variety of cancers. However, different garlic preparations contain different constituents. We investigated the chemopreventive effect of aged garlic extract (AGE), an odorless product from prolonged extraction of fresh garlic, on colon carcinogenesis and cell proliferation in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon neoplastic rats. Rats were given weekly subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg) for 20 wk, and fed either a basal diet or one containing 4% AGE. Serum from AGE-treated rats contained detectable S-allylcysteine. The AGE diet significantly reduced the number of colon tumors and aberrant crypt foci compared to the basal diet. Cell proliferation of normal-appearing colonic mucosa was assessed by MIB-5 immunohistochemistry. AGE treatment significantly decreased the mean MIB-5-labeling index. These findings suggest AGE has a chemopreventive effect on colon carcinogenesis through suppression of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takefumi Katsuki
- Department of Surgery 1, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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38
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Wu XJ, Kassie F, Mersch-Sundermann V. The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production on diallyl disulfide (DADS) induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human A549 lung carcinoma cells. Mutat Res 2005; 579:115-24. [PMID: 16024053 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Diallyl disulfide (DADS), an oil soluble constituent of garlic (Allium sativum), has been reported to cause antimutagentic and anticarcinogenic effects in vitro and in vivo by modulating phases I and II enzyme activities. In recent years, several studies suggested that the chemopreventive effects of DADS can also be attributed to induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. In the present study, we reported that DADS-induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M and apoptosis in human A549 lung cancer cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, a significant increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was induced in A549 cells less than 0.5h after DADS treatment, indicating that ROS may be an early event in DADS-modulated apoptosis. Treatment of A549 cells with N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) completely abrogated DADS-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The result indicated that oxidative stress modulates cell proliferation and cell death induced by DADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Wu
- Institute of Indoor and Environmental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Aulweg 123, D-35385 Giessen, Germany
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Jabbari A, Argani H, Ghorbanihaghjo A, Mahdavi R. Comparison between swallowing and chewing of garlic on levels of serum lipids, cyclosporine, creatinine and lipid peroxidation in renal transplant recipients. Lipids Health Dis 2005; 4:11. [PMID: 15943877 PMCID: PMC1173136 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-4-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia and increased degree of oxidative stress are among the important risk factors for Atherosclerosis in renal transplant recipients (RTR). The Medical treatment of hyperlipidemia in RTR because of drugs side effects has been problematic, therefore alternative methods such as using of Garlic as an effective material in cholesterol lowering and inhibition of LDL Oxidation has been noted. For evaluation of garlic effect on RTR, 50 renal transplant patients with stable renal function were selected and divided into 2 groups. They took one clove of garlic (1 gr) by chewing or swallowing for two months, after one month wash-out period, they took garlic by the other route. Results indicated that although lipid profile, BUN, Cr, serum levels of cyclosporine and diastolic blood pressure did not change, Systolic blood pressure decreased from 138.2 to 132.8 mmHg (p=0.001) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased from 2.4 to 1.7 nmol/ml (p=0.009) by swallowing route, Cholesterol decreased from 205.1 to 195.3 mg/dl (p=0.03), triglyceride decreased from 195.7 to 174.8 mg/dl (p=0.008), MDA decreased from 2.5 to 1.6 nmol/ml (p=0.001), systolic blood pressure decreased from 137.5 to 129.8 mmHg (p=0.001), diastolic blood pressure decreased from 84.6 to 77.6 mmHg (p=0.001) and Cr decreased from 1.51 to 1.44 mg/dl (p=0.03) by chewing route too. However HDL, LDL and cyclosporine serum levels had no significant differences by both of swallowing and chewing routes. We conclude that undamaged garlic (swallowed) had no lowering effect on lipid level of serum. But Crushed garlic (chewed) reduces cholesterol, triglyceride, MDA and blood pressure. Additionally creatinine reduced without notable decrease in cyclosporine serum levels may be due to cyclosporine nephrotoxicity ameliorating effect of garlic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Jabbari
- Clinical pharmacy laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, University Ave., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Argani
- Clinical pharmacy laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, University Ave., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Ghorbanihaghjo
- Biochemistry and Drug Metabolism Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences,, University Ave., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Mahdavi
- Nutrition Laboratory, Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, University Ave., Tabriz, Iran
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Abstract
It is currently estimated that > 50% of all patients diagnosed with cancer explore complementary and alternative medicine - especially herbal medicine. We conducted a comprehensive review to assess the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines commonly used by patients in an attempt to: prevent cancer; treat cancer; and treat adverse effects associated with conventional cancer treatments. Current evidence suggests that Asian ginseng, garlic, green tea, tomatoes and soy intake as part of the diet may be useful in preventing various cancers; additional research is needed in order to determine the efficacy of essiac, evening primrose oil, mistletoe, reishi, shiitake and turmeric as cancer treatments; and ginger may be effective in treating chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Boon
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, Toronto, ON M5S 2S2, Canada.
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Hara M, Hanaoka T, Kobayashi M, Otani T, Adachi HY, Montani A, Natsukawa S, Shaura K, Koizumi Y, Kasuga Y, Matsuzawa T, Ikekawa T, Sasaki S, Tsugane S. Cruciferous vegetables, mushrooms, and gastrointestinal cancer risks in a multicenter, hospital-based case-control study in Japan. Nutr Cancer 2004; 46:138-47. [PMID: 14690789 DOI: 10.1207/s15327914nc4602_06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the possible association of gastrointestinal cancers with cruciferous vegetables and mushrooms in a multicenter, hospital-based case-control study in an agricultural area of Japan. One hundred forty-nine cases and 287 controls for stomach cancer and 115 cases and 230 controls for colorectal cancer were matched by age, sex, and residential area. In stomach cancer, the protective effect of vegetables (consumption of total vegetable) was obscure, but it became clearer when we examined specific kinds of vegetables. Marginal associations were observed in the group of the highest consumption of Chinese cabbage (odds ratio [OR] = 0.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.35-1.07), broccoli (OR = 0.60; 95% CI = 0.34-1.08), Hypsizigus marmoreus (Bunashimeji) (OR = 0.57; 95% CI = 0.31-1.04) and Pholita nameko (Nameko) (OR = 0.56; 95% CI = 0.30-1.06). In colorectal cancer, we observed decreased risks from the highest tertile of total vegetables (OR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.08-0.66) and low-carotene-containing vegetables (OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.08-0.77), and inverse associations were observed in the group of the highest consumption of broccoli (OR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.06-0.58). Although the sample size was limited, subgroup analyses showed that the associations differed with the histopathological subtype. These findings suggest that cruciferous vegetables decrease the risk of both stomach and colorectal cancer, and that mushrooms are associated with a decreased risk of stomach cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Hara
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute East, Chiba, Japan
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Moyad MA. Bladder cancer prevention. Part I: what do I tell my patients about lifestyle changes and dietary supplements? Curr Opin Urol 2003; 13:363-78. [PMID: 12917512 DOI: 10.1097/00042307-200309000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Comprehensive reviews of lifestyle changes and dietary supplements that may prevent bladder cancer are needed in order to facilitate discussions between clinicians and patients. RECENT FINDINGS Novel data exist that numerous lifestyle/diet and dietary supplements may lower the risk of this disease. For example, reducing arsenic exposure, incorporating dietary changes, and vitamin E supplements continue to accumulate research that supports their use with some patients at a higher risk for this disease. Regardless, smoking cessation seems to have the largest impact on reducing risk and incorporating these other changes after smoking cessation may reduce an individual's risk to an even greater extent. SUMMARY However, a large percentage of cases of individuals diagnosed with this cancer apparently have no known etiology. Diets lower in calories or possibly specific sub-types of fat, and higher in fruits and especially vegetables, seem to provide some protection. Other dietary/supplement options may affect risk, but these benefits could be seriously attenuated by smoking. Dietary selenium, but currently not selenium supplements, may also affect risk, especially in non-smokers. Dietary vitamin E, and vitamin E supplements, may provide some protection. Non-selective (e.g. non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) and selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors are generating interest because bladder tumors seem to contain higher concentrations of this enzyme. Drinking-water quality, especially arsenic concentrations, may seriously affect risk. Providing recommendations for patients with regard to some of these lifestyle modifications is currently recommended because the majority of these alterations are also recommended currently for cardiovascular or general oncology disease reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- University of Michigan, Medical Center-Department of Urology, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0330, USA.
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Abstract
The beneficial and adverse effects of some chemopreventive agents, such as Vitamins A, C, E, beta-carotene, indole-3-carbinol, capsaicin, garlic, and aloe are reviewed. Two large randomized trials with a lung cancer endpoint, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Prevention Study and the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), suggested that antioxidants might be harmful in smokers. However, the results of the Linxian study and of the ATBC or the CARET studies were significantly different in this respect, and therefore, the relationship between antioxidant and carcinogenesis remains open to debate. Indole-3-carbinol has cancer promoting activities in the colon, thyroid, pancreas, and liver, whereas capsaicin alters the metabolism of chemical carcinogens and may promote carcinogenesis at high doses. Organosulfur compounds and selenium from garlic have no or a little enhancing effect on cancer promotion stage. Information upon chemopreventive mechanisms that inhibit carcinogenesis is imperfect, although the causes and natures of certain human cancers are known. Therefore, definitive preventive guidelines should be carefully offered for various types of tumors, which properly consider ethnic variations, and the efficacies and the safety of chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Mu Lee
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Changan-ku, Chunchun-dong, Kyunggi-do, Suwon 440-746, South Korea.
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Yu FL, Bender W, Fang Q, Ludeke A, Welch B. Prevention of chemical carcinogen DNA binding and inhibition of nuclear RNA polymerase activity by organosulfur compounds as the possible mechanisms for their anticancer initiation and proliferation effects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 27:370-9. [PMID: 14585324 DOI: 10.1016/s0361-090x(03)00135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This report examines the transcriptional roles and DNA binding properties of the three major organosulfur compounds (OSCs) from garlic, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS). We found DADS and DATS, but not DAS, could be activated by the versatile epoxide-forming oxidant dimethyldioxirane (DMDO) and could strongly inhibit nuclear RNA synthesis in vitro. We also found that when incubated together with [3H]-labeled 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) for activation by DMDO, DADS and DATS, but not DAS, were able to prevent the binding of [3H]E(2) to DNA. This preventive effect of DADS and DATS was confirmed when liver microsomes were used, and further verified by 32P post-labeling analysis. Additionally, we discovered that the DMDO treated DADS and DATS, but not DAS, were able to directly inhibit the enzyme RNA polymerase per se. These novel findings provide new insights into the potential mechanisms of the preventive effects of OSCs on tumor initiation and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Li Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine at Rockford, University of Illinois, 1601 Parkview Avenue, 61107, Rockford, IL, USA.
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Abstract
CRC, the second-leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a highly preventable disease. Ironically, available and effective screening technologies are not consistently applied, even as new ones are developed. This discordance between preventive opportunity and practice conveys a sobering message regarding nontechnologic issues that must be addressed if the promise of CRC prevention is to be realized. Our response to this message will determine the public health impact of cancer prevention. In the 1980s, cancer chemoprevention was regarded as scientific speculation. Within the last decade, however, cancer has been recognized as a late, nonobligate stage of carcinogenesis, a chronic process that provides time and targets for preventive intervention. Further advances are emerging out of rigorous clinical testing, which remains the limiting factor in transforming ingenious concepts into useful tools for the prevention of CRC. The challenges and rewards of participation in chemoprevention research--both as patients and health care providers-have never been greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest T Hawk
- Gastrointestinal and Other Cancers Research Group, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, EPN, Suite 2141, 6130 Executive Boulevard, Bethesda, MD 20892-7317, USA.
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Sahu SC. Dual role of organosulfur compounds in foods: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2002; 20:61-76. [PMID: 12734054 DOI: 10.1081/gnc-120005388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds present in natural food are generally considered as beneficial for health because of their antioxidant and anticarcinogenic properties. This has led to their excessive and long-term consumption. However, there is also evidence that these compounds demonstrate toxicity and adverse health effects suggesting their potential dual biological roles. Thus, they can act as double-edged biological swords.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saura C Sahu
- Division of In Vitro and Biochemical Toxicology, Office of Applied Research and Safety Assessment, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD 20708, USA.
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Abstract
Randomized controlled trials are generally regarded as the gold standard of study designs to determine causality. The inclusion of a placebo group in these trials, when appropriate, is critical to access the efficacy of a drug or supplement. The placebo response itself has received some attention in the medical literature over the past fifty years. The recent increasing utilization of dietary supplements and herbal medications by patients makes it imperative to reevaluate the placebo response in conventional and alternative medicine. This article will review some of the negative and positive results from randomized trials utilizing dietary supplements (androstenedione, beta-carotene, CoQ10, garlic, soy, vitamin C and E...) for a number of non-urologic and urologic conditions, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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Moyad MA. Potential lifestyle and dietary supplement options for the prevention and postdiagnosis of bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2002; 29:31-48, viii. [PMID: 12109354 DOI: 10.1016/s0094-0143(02)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Apart from smoking, certain occupational exposures, and schistosomiasis, little is known about other potential lifestyle risk factors for bladder cancer. Other investigations thus far have also been important because of the large number of individuals who are diagnosed with this cancer that apparently have no known risk factors. Preventing the recurrence of bladder cancer has generated some interest because several preliminary trials have found that a combination dietary supplement of vitamins and minerals or a probiotic agent (Lactobacillus casei) may impact this outcome favorably. Advising patients on some of these lifestyle modifications is currently recommended because the majority of them are also currently recommended for cardiovascular disease reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Moyad
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0330, USA.
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Le Bon AM, Siess MH. Organosulfur compounds from Allium and the chemoprevention of cancer. DRUG METABOLISM AND DRUG INTERACTIONS 2001; 17:51-79. [PMID: 11201304 DOI: 10.1515/dmdi.2000.17.1-4.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Allium vegetables and their associated organosulfur constituents are extensively studied for their chemopreventive potential against cancer. This article overviews their anticarcinogenic and antigenotoxic properties. Epidemiological studies (mostly case-control studies) provide strong evidence that Allium vegetable consumption reduces the incidence of gastric and colon cancer while the association between Allium vegetable consumption and other cancers is less convincing. Furthermore, many experimental studies have demonstrated that organosulfur compounds and Allium extracts have inhibitory effects on carcinogenesis in animals. These inhibitory effects are supported by many diverse mechanisms, including inhibition of carcinogen formation, modulation of carcinogen metabolism, inhibition of mutagenesis and genotoxicity, inhibition of cell proliferation and increase of apoptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, and immune system enhancement. Before such constituents or extracts can be used in chemopreventive trials, it is important to verify their lack of toxicity and to investigate further their precise mechanisms of action throughout the whole process of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Le Bon
- Unité Mixte de Recherche de Toxicologie Alimentaire, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Dijon, France
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Knowles LM, Milner JA. Possible mechanism by which allyl sulfides suppress neoplastic cell proliferation. J Nutr 2001; 131:1061S-6S. [PMID: 11238817 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.3.1061s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Both oil- and water-soluble allyl sulfur compounds from garlic have been found to possess antitumorigenic properties. These antitumorigenic properties increase as exposure increases both in vitro and in vivo. Generally, oil-soluble allyl sulfur compounds are more effective antiproliferative agents than their water-soluble counterparts. The ability of these compounds to suppress proliferation is associated with a depression in cell cycle progression and the induction of apoptosis. This depression in cell division coincides with an increase in the percentage of cells blocked in the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle. A depression in p34(cdc2) kinase may account for this blockage in cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Knowles
- Graduate Program in Nutrition and the Nutrition Department, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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