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Bakhidze EV, Belyaeva AV, Berlev IV, Anisimov VN, Belyaev AM. Menopausal Hormonal Therapy and Breast Cancer. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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Schuler LA, Murdoch FE. Endogenous and Therapeutic Estrogens: Maestro Conductors of the Microenvironment of ER+ Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3725. [PMID: 34359625 PMCID: PMC8345134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) marks heterogeneous breast cancers which display a repertoire of somatic genomic mutations and an immune environment that differs from other breast cancer subtypes. These cancers also exhibit distinct biological behaviors; despite an overall better prognosis than HER2+ or triple negative breast cancers, disseminated dormant cells can lead to disease recurrence decades after the initial diagnosis and treatment. Estrogen is the best studied driver of these cancers, and antagonism or reduction of estrogen activity is the cornerstone of therapeutic approaches. In addition to reducing proliferation of ERα+ cancer cells, these treatments also alter signals to multiple other target cells in the environment, including immune cell subpopulations, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and endothelial cells via several distinct estrogen receptors. In this review, we update progress in our understanding of the stromal cells populating the microenvironments of primary and metastatic ER+ tumors, the effects of estrogen on tumor and stromal cells to modulate immune activity and the extracellular matrix, and net outcomes in experimental and clinical studies. We highlight new approaches that will illuminate the unique biology of these cancers, provide the foundation for developing new treatment and prevention strategies, and reduce mortality of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Schuler
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
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Mudhune GH, Armour M, McBride KA. Safety of menopausal hormone therapy in breast cancer survivors older than fifty at diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast 2019; 47:43-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Kaplan M, Mahon S. Hot Flash Management: Update of the Evidence for Patients With Cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2014; 18 Suppl:59-67. [DOI: 10.1188/14.cjon.s3.59-67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Casey PM, Faubion SS, MacLaughlin KL, Long ME, Pruthi S. Caring for the breast cancer survivor’s health and well-being. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:693-704. [PMID: 25302171 PMCID: PMC4129533 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i4.693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The breast cancer care continuum entails detection, diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship. During this time, focus on the whole woman and medical concerns beyond the breast cancer diagnosis itself is essential. In this comprehensive review, we critically review and evaluate recent evidence regarding several topics pertinent to and specific for the woman living with a prior history of breast cancer. More specifically, we discuss the most recent recommendations for contraceptive options including long-acting reversible contraception and emergency contraception, fertility and pregnancy considerations during and after breast cancer treatment, management of menopausal vasomotors symptoms and vulvovaginal atrophy which often occurs even in young women during treatment for breast cancer. The need to directly query the patient about these concerns is emphasized. Our focus is on non-systemic hormones and non-hormonal options. Our holistic approach to the care of the breast cancer survivor includes such preventive health issues as sexual and bone health,which are important in optimizing quality of life. We also discuss strategies for breast cancer recurrence surveillance in the setting of a prior breast cancer diagnosis. This review is intended for primary care practitioners as well as specialists caring for female breast cancer survivors and includes key points for evidence-based best practice recommendations.
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Treatment of climacteric symptoms in breast cancer patients: a retrospective study from a medication databank. Maturitas 2014; 78:228-32. [PMID: 24852403 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Women affected by breast cancer (BC) will often go through menopause at an earlier age and display more frequent and severe symptoms than women who have a natural menopause. The safety of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and vaginal estrogens for BC survivors has been debated over time and remains unclear. Non hormonal therapies such as antidepressants, gabapentine and clonidine may be useful for those patients but there are few data about their safety. AIM This retrospective study analyses the use by BC patients of treatments known to alleviate climacteric symptoms. MATERIAL AND METHOD Post-menopausal Estrogen Receptors positive (ER+) BC patients, aged 45-69, were identified as having bought, at least once, an aromatase inhibitor (AI) or tamoxifen between the years 2000 and 2012 through a pharmaceutical databank in Belgium. Among them, we defined users of a climacteric treatment those who bought, at least once, HRT, vaginal topical estrogens, antidepressants, clonidine and gabapentine. RESULTS We identified 2530 BC patients. Among them, 45% were buying a treatment known to alleviate menopausal symptoms. The majority of these treatments were non-HRT therapies. HRT and vaginal estrogens were seldom bought (respectively 1.1% and 6%), but 3% bought vaginal estrogens while buying AI. About 9.2% of tamoxifen users patients bought antidepressants implicated in tamoxifen metabolism at the same time as tamoxifen. CONCLUSIONS Most BC patients follow current guidelines contra-indicating the use of HRT after BC, they use non hormonal therapies. In some cases they use unfortunately antidepressants that may alter the metabolism of tamoxifen.
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Fahlén M, Fornander T, Johansson H, Johansson U, Rutqvist LE, Wilking N, von Schoultz E. Hormone replacement therapy after breast cancer: 10 year follow up of the Stockholm randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:52-9. [PMID: 22892060 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The management of hormonal deficiency symptoms in breast cancer survivors is an unsolved problem. While hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may increase the risk of breast cancer in healthy women, its effects on recurrence is unclear. Observational studies have suggested decreased recurrence rates from HRT. The few clinical trials in this field have all been closed preterm. METHODS The Stockholm trial was started in 1997 and designed to minimise the dose of progestogen in the HRT arm. Disease-free women with a history of breast cancer were randomised to HRT (n=188) or no HRT (n=190). The trial was stopped in 2003 when another Swedish study (HABITS, the Hormonal Replacement After Breast Cancer - Is it Safe?) reported increased recurrence. However the Stockholm material showed no excess risk after 4 years of follow-up. A long term follow-up has now been performed. FINDINGS After 10.8 years of follow-up, there was no difference in new breast cancer events: 60 in the HRT group versus 48 among controls (hazard ratio (HR)=1.3; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.9-1.9). Among women on HRT, 11 had local recurrence and 12 distant metastases versus 15 and 12 for the controls. There were 14 contra-lateral breast cancers in the HRT group and four in the control group (HR=3.6; 95% CI=1.2-10.9; p=0.013). No differences in mortality or new primary malignancies were found. INTERPRETATION The number of new events did not differ significantly between groups, in contrast to previous reports. The increased recurrence in HABITS has been attributed to higher progestogen exposure. As both trials were prematurely closed, data do not allow firm conclusions. Both studies found no increased mortality from breast cancer or other causes from HRT. Current guidelines typically consider HRT contraindicated in breast cancer survivors. Findings suggest that, in some women symptom relief may outweigh the potential risks of HRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Fahlén
- Department of Surgery, Capio St Görans Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kaplan M, Mahon S, Cope D, Keating E, Hill S, Jacobson M. Putting Evidence Into Practice. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2011; 15:149-57. [DOI: 10.1188/11.cjon.149-157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hormonersatztherapie nach Mamma- und Ovarialkarzinom. GYNAKOLOGISCHE ENDOKRINOLOGIE 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10304-009-0330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Al-Baghdadi O, Ewies AAA. Topical estrogen therapy in the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy: an up-to-date overview. Climacteric 2009; 12:91-105. [PMID: 19117185 DOI: 10.1080/13697130802585576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Antoine C, Vandromme J, Fastrez M, Carly B, Liebens F, Rozenberg S. A survey among breast cancer survivors: treatment of the climacteric after breast cancer. Climacteric 2008; 11:322-8. [PMID: 18645698 DOI: 10.1080/13697130802244422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the prevalence and type of menopausal treatments used by breast cancer survivors. To assess factors that impaired the quality of life of these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS A questionnaire assessing quality of life was sent to 325 breast cancer patients. A 66% valid response rate was obtained. Among these responses, 169 women were postmenopausal. The following results concern these patients only. RESULTS Forty-five women were using some treatment to alleviate certain menopausal symptoms (26.6%). More than half of the patients used no therapy to alleviate menopausal symptoms, either because they had no symptoms (n = 43; 25.4%), they feared breast cancer recurrence (n = 24; 14.2%), they were advised not to use a treatment (n = 27; 16%), it had been shown to be inefficient (n = 5; 3%), or because of contraindication (n = 3; 1.8%). In this survey, 62.3% of postmenopausal women affected by breast cancer suffered from hot flushes (n = 94), of which half were severe (n = 46). Among women suffering from hot flushes, a third used various products to alleviate their symptoms (n = 30). Younger women suffered more often from vasomotor symptoms than did older women (p < 0.000). Current users of aromatase inhibitors suffered more from sexual disorders than did non-users (p < 0.001). They had more often an unsatisfactory sexual life (p < 0.01), more vaginal dryness (p = 0.01) and a decreased libido (p < 0.02) compared to non-users. CONCLUSION More than 50% of postmenopausal women suffered from climacteric symptoms such as hot flushes, but few were taking a treatment to alleviate these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Antoine
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Free Universities of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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Frisk J, Carlhäll S, Källström AC, Lindh-Astrand L, Malmström A, Hammar M. Long-term follow-up of acupuncture and hormone therapy on hot flushes in women with breast cancer: a prospective, randomized, controlled multicenter trial. Climacteric 2008; 11:166-74. [PMID: 18365859 DOI: 10.1080/13697130801958709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) and hormone therapy (HT) on vasomotor symptoms in women with a history of breast cancer. METHODS Forty-five women were randomized to EA (n = 27) for 12 weeks or HT (n = 18) for 24 months. The number of and distress caused by hot flushes were registered daily before, during and up to 24 months after start of treatment. RESULTS In 19 women who completed 12 weeks of EA, the median number of hot flushes/24 h decreased from 9.6 (interquartile range (IQR) 6.6-9.9) at baseline to 4.3 (IQR 1.0-7.1) at 12 weeks of treatment (p < 0.001). At 12 months after start of treatment, 14 women with only the initial 12 weeks of EA had a median number of flushes/24 h of 4.9 (IQR 1.8-7.3), and at 24 months seven women with no other treatment than EA had 2.1 (IQR 1.6-2.8) flushes/24 h. Another five women had a decreased number of flushes after having additional EA. The 18 women with HT had a baseline median number of flushes/24 h of 6.6 (IQR 4.0-8.9), and 0.0 (IQR 0.0-1.6; p = 0.001) at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION Electro-acupuncture is a possible treatment of vasomotor symptoms for women with breast cancer and should be further studied for this group of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frisk
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital of Linköping, Sweden
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Kubista E, Planellas Gomez JVM, Dowsett M, Foidart JM, Pohlodek K, Serreyn R, Nechushkin M, Manikhas AG, Semiglazov VF, Hageluken CCM, Singer CF. Effect of Tibolone on Breast Cancer Cell Proliferation in Postmenopausal ER+ Patients: Results from STEM Trial. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:4185-90. [PMID: 17634547 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tibolone is a selective tissue estrogenic activity regulator, approved for the treatment of vasomotor symptoms in postmenopausal women. We have done an exploratory, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial to investigate the tissue-specific effects of 2.5 mg tibolone on breast cancer in postmenopausal women, in particular on tissue proliferation (STEM, Study of Tibolone Effects on Mamma carcinoma tissue). EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Postmenopausal women with initially stage I/II, estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) primary breast cancer, were randomly assigned to 14 days of placebo or 2.5 mg/d tibolone. Core biopsies of the primary tumor were obtained before and after treatment. Ki-67 and apoptosis index were analyzed in baseline and corresponding posttreatment specimen. RESULTS Of 102 enrolled patients, 95 had evaluable data. Baseline characteristics were comparable between both treatment groups. Breast cancer cases are mainly invasive (99%), stage I or II (42% and 50% respectively), and ER+ (99%). Median intratumoral Ki-67 expression at baseline was 13.0% in the tibolone group and 17.8% in the placebo group, and decreased to 12.0% after 14 days of tibolone while increasing to 19.0% in the placebo group. This change from baseline was not significantly different between tibolone and placebo (Wilcoxon test; P=0.17). A significant difference was observed between the treatment groups when the median change from baseline apoptosis index was compared between the treatment groups (tibolone, 0.0%; placebo, +0.3%; Wilcoxon test; P=0.031). The incidence of adverse effects was comparable. CONCLUSIONS In ER+ breast tumors, 2.5 mg/d tibolone given for 14 days has no significant effect on tumor cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Kubista
- Division of Special Gynecology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To discuss long-term physical effects of treatment for breast cancer including effects on reproductive, bone, sexual health, and related women's issues. DATA SOURCES Research articles, abstracts, literature reviews. CONCLUSION Long-term effects of treatment have become increasingly prevalent in breast cancer survivors. The most common are effects on reproductive, bone, and sexual health. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Long-term effects of treatment can have a significant negative impact on the long-term health and QOL of women with breast cancer. Oncology nurses are well-positioned to anticipate and address the reproductive and endocrine consequences of breast cancer treatment.
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Eisner A, Toomey MD, Falardeau J, Samples JR, Vetto JT. Differential effects of tamoxifen and anastrozole on optic cup size in breast cancer survivors. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 106:161-70. [PMID: 17260092 PMCID: PMC2045691 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-006-9486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The main purpose of this study was to determine whether the optic cups of tamoxifen users and anastrozole users differ in size, with the cups of the tamoxifen users being smaller. Methods Optic nerve head (ONH) topography was measured using a commercially available, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for three populations of amenorrheic women ages 40–69 years: subjects using (1) tamoxifen (20 mg/day) or (2) anastrozole (1 mg/day) for ≤ 2 years as adjuvant therapy after successful primary treatment for breast cancer, and (3) control subjects with no breast cancer histories and not using any hormonal medication. All subjects had excellent visual acuity and healthy eyes, based on conventional photographic assessment. Results The cup volumes of the tamoxifen users were shown to be significantly smaller than the cup volumes of the anastrozole users, which were indistinguishable from normal. Because the cup volumes of the tamoxifen users decreased markedly with age at about 50 years and because anastrozole is indicated only for post-menopausal women, comparisons were reassessed for subjects older than 50 years. For these subjects, the cup volumes of the tamoxifen users averaged less than half of the volumes for each of the other two subject groups, and significant between-group differences existed in both the lateral (cup area) and axial (cup depth) directions. In contrast, any between-group differences at the ONH margin were small and not significant. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that the ONH be assessed biomorphometrically for tamoxifen users reporting visual change that cannot be attributed to non-tamoxifen causes. The ability of modern intraocular imaging techniques to reveal anatomic change on the order of tens of microns may be useful for assessing tamoxifen-induced effects occurring simultaneously elsewhere in the brain, particularly since the presence of small cups is consistent with the possibility of tamoxifen-induced astrocytic swelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Eisner
- Neurological Sciences Institute , Oregon Health & Science University, West Campus, 505 NW 185th Avenue, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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