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1
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Mukhtiar A, Ullah S, Yang B, Jiang YQ. Unlocking genetic potential: a review of the role of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed improvement. STRESS BIOLOGY 2025; 5:31. [PMID: 40332635 PMCID: PMC12058570 DOI: 10.1007/s44154-025-00229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2025] [Accepted: 03/10/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is a globally important oil crop, providing edible vegetable oil and other valuable sources for humans. Being an allotetraploid, rapeseed has a complex genome that has undergone whole-genome duplication, making molecular breeding rather difficult. Fortunately, clustered regularly interspacedshort palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) technologies have emerged as a potent tool in plant breeding, providing unprecedented accuracy as well as effectiveness in genome editing. This review focuses on the application and progresses of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed. We discussed the principles and mechanisms of CRISPR/Cas systems focusing on their use in rapeseed improvement such as targeted gene knockout, gene editing and transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, we summarized the regulatory frameworks governing CRISPR-edited crops as well as the challenges and opportunities for their commercialization and adoption. The potential advantages of CRISPR-mediated traits in rapeseed such as increased yield, disease and stress resistance and oil quality are discussed along with biosafety and environmental implications. The purpose of this review is to provide insights into the transformative role of CRISPR/Cas technologies in rapeseed breeding and its potential to address global agricultural challenges while ensuring sustainable crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Mukhtiar
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production. College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Saeed Ullah
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production. College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production. College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production. College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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2
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Song J, Li Z, Yang J, Ma R, Wang D, Quan R, Wen X, Liu J. Seneca Valley virus infection exploits DNA damage response to facilitate viral replication. J Virol 2025; 99:e0221124. [PMID: 40008889 PMCID: PMC11915816 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02211-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2025] [Indexed: 02/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe vesicular diseases in swine, posing a significant threat to the global pork industry. DNA and RNA viruses manipulate the host DNA damage response (DDR) to modulate cellular machinery and facilitate their life cycles. However, the interaction between the host DDR and SVV infection remains unexplored. Here, we aimed to comprehensively investigate the DDR and DNA repair signaling pathways during SVV infection. We found that SVV infection causes DNA damage and triggers distinct DDR signaling pathways, including ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase, ATM-Rad3-related kinase, and DNA-dependent protein kinase. However, it failed to induce the formation of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci, resulting in unrepaired DNA damage. Furthermore, we found that SVV 2B and 2C proteins can activate DDR signaling pathways and impair DNA repair. SVV-induced DDR triggered NF-κB signaling accompanied by upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as evidenced by the inhibition of ATM kinase, abolished SVV-induced NF-κB activation. Inhibition of the ATM pathway attenuated SVV replication. These findings expand our understanding of host DDR manipulation during viral infection and provide crucial insights into a novel mechanism exploited by SVV to regulate the inflammatory response for efficient replication.IMPORTANCEDDR is a cellular machinery that senses and repairs host DNA lesions to maintain genome integrity. Viruses have evolved diverse strategies to manipulate host DDR for replicative efficiency. SVV is an emerging virus that causes vesicular diseases in pigs and severely threatens the swine industry. However, the interaction between SVV and DDR remains unclear. Here, we found that SVV modulates host DDR pathways to facilitate viral replication. Our results demonstrated that SVV infection causes DNA damage, activates ATM-mediated DNA double-strand break response, and impedes DNA repair. SVV 2B and 2C proteins induced DNA damage and activated the DDR pathway while impairing repair mechanisms. This study revealed a fine-tuned molecular mechanism of SVV-modulated DDR that contributes to viral replication, facilitating deeper insight into SVV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangwei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zijian Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ruiyi Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Quan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuexia Wen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jue Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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3
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Zhang J, Chen Y, Gong X, Yang Y, Gu Y, Huang L, Fu J, Zhao M, Huang Y, Li L, Liu W, Wan Y, He X, Ma Z, Zhao W, Zhang M, Tang T, Wang Y, Thiery JP, Zheng X, Chen L. GATA factor TRPS1, a new DNA repair protein, cooperates with reversible PARylation to promote chemoresistance in patients with breast cancer. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107780. [PMID: 39276941 PMCID: PMC11490888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to DNA-damaging agents is a major unsolved challenge for breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Here, we show that elevated expression of transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRPS1) is associated with lower drug sensitivity, reduced response rate, and poor prognosis in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer patients. Mechanistically, elevated TRPS1 expression promotes hyperactivity of DNA damage repair (DDR) in breast cancer cells. We provide evidence that TRPS1 dynamically localizes to DNA breaks in a Ku70-and Ku80-dependent manner and that TRPS1 is a new member of the DDR protein family. We also discover that the dynamics of TRPS1 assembly at DNA breaks is regulated by its reversible PARylation in the DDR, and that mutations of the PARylation sites on TRPS1 lead to increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Taken together, our findings provide new mechanistic insights into the DDR and chemoresistance in breast cancer patients and identify TRPS1 as a critical DDR protein. TRPS1 may also be considered as a target to improve chemo-sensitization strategies and, consequently, clinical outcomes for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yatao Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianfeng Fu
- State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Menglu Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yehong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lulu Li
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenzhuo Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Wan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xilin He
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhifang Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiyong Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuzhi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Xiaofeng Zheng
- State Key Lab of Protein and Plant Gene Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Liming Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Shu Z, Dwivedi B, Switchenko JM, Yu DS, Deng X. PD-L1 deglycosylation promotes its nuclear translocation and accelerates DNA double-strand-break repair in cancer. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6830. [PMID: 39122729 PMCID: PMC11316045 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51242-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to radiotherapy is a major barrier during cancer treatment. Here using genome-scale CRISPR/Cas9 screening, we identify CD274 gene, which encodes PD-L1, to confer lung cancer cell resistance to ionizing radiation (IR). Depletion of endogenous PD-L1 delays the repair of IR-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and PD-L1 loss downregulates non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) while overexpression of PD-L1 upregulates NHEJ. IR induces translocation of PD-L1 from the membrane into nucleus dependent on deglycosylation of PD-L1 at N219 and CMTM6 and leads to PD-L1 recruitment to DSBs foci. PD-L1 interacts with Ku in the nucleus and enhances Ku binding to DSB DNA. The interaction between the IgC domain of PD-L1 and the core domain of Ku is required for PD-L1 to accelerate NHEJ-mediated DSB repair and produce radioresistance. Thus, PD-L1, in addition to its immune inhibitory activity, acts as mechanistic driver for NHEJ-mediated DSB repair in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Shu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bhakti Dwivedi
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Shared Resource, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Switchenko
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David S Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xingming Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine and Winship Cancer Institute of Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Rahman R, Shi DD, Reitman ZJ, Hamerlik P, de Groot JF, Haas-Kogan DA, D’Andrea AD, Sulman EP, Tanner K, Agar NYR, Sarkaria JN, Tinkle CL, Bindra RS, Mehta MP, Wen PY. DNA damage response in brain tumors: A Society for Neuro-Oncology consensus review on mechanisms and translational efforts in neuro-oncology. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1367-1387. [PMID: 38770568 PMCID: PMC11300028 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms are critical to maintenance of overall genomic stability, and their dysfunction can contribute to oncogenesis. Significant advances in our understanding of DDR pathways have raised the possibility of developing therapies that exploit these processes. In this expert-driven consensus review, we examine mechanisms of response to DNA damage, progress in development of DDR inhibitors in IDH-wild-type glioblastoma and IDH-mutant gliomas, and other important considerations such as biomarker development, preclinical models, combination therapies, mechanisms of resistance and clinical trial design considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifaquat Rahman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Diana D Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Zachary J Reitman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Petra Hamerlik
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - John F de Groot
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Daphne A Haas-Kogan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan D D’Andrea
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Erik P Sulman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kirk Tanner
- National Brain Tumor Society, Newton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathalie Y R Agar
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Christopher L Tinkle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ranjit S Bindra
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Chen D, Zhao C, Zhang J, Knol CWJ, Osipyan A, Majerníková N, Chen T, Xiao Z, Adriana J, Griffith AJ, Gamez AS, van der Wouden PE, Coppes RP, Dolga AM, Haisma HJ, Dekker FJ. Small Molecule MIF Modulation Enhances Ferroptosis by Impairing DNA Repair Mechanisms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2403963. [PMID: 38924362 PMCID: PMC11348242 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that can be modulated by small molecules and has the potential for the development of therapeutics for oncology. Although excessive lipid peroxidation is the defining hallmark of ferroptosis, DNA damage may also play a significant role. In this study, a potential mechanistic role for MIF in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair is identified. The inhibition or genetic depletion of MIF or other HR proteins, such as breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1), is demonstrated to significantly enhance the sensitivity of cells to ferroptosis. The interference with HR results in the translocation of the tumor suppressor protein p53 to the mitochondria, which in turn stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that MIF-directed small molecules enhance ferroptosis via a putative MIF-BRCA1-RAD51 axis in HR, which causes resistance to ferroptosis. This suggests a potential novel druggable route to enhance ferroptosis by targeted anticancer therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deng Chen
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Chunlong Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Jianqiu Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Catharina W. J. Knol
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Angelina Osipyan
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Nad'a Majerníková
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
- Department of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Centre GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Zhangping Xiao
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Jeaunice Adriana
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Andrew J. Griffith
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Abel Soto Gamez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cell & SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningen9712 CPThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZNetherlands
| | - Petra E. van der Wouden
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Robert P. Coppes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cell & SystemsSection Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenUniversity of GroningenGroningen9712 CPThe Netherlands
- Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZNetherlands
| | - Amalia M. Dolga
- Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
- Department of Molecular PharmacologyGroningen Research Institute of PharmacyUniversity of GroningenGroningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Hidde J. Haisma
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
| | - Frank J. Dekker
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical BiologyGroningen Research Institute of Pharmacy (GRIP)University of GroningenAntonius Deusinglaan 1Groningen9713 AVThe Netherlands
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7
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Camfield S, Chakraborty S, Dwivedi SKD, Pramanik PK, Mukherjee P, Bhattacharya R. Secrets of DNA-PKcs beyond DNA repair. NPJ Precis Oncol 2024; 8:154. [PMID: 39043779 PMCID: PMC11266574 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-024-00655-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) in repairing DNA double-strand breaks combined with its reported dysregulation in several malignancies has driven the development of DNA-PKcs inhibitors as therapeutics. However, until recently the relationship between DNA-PKcs and tumorigenesis has been primarily investigated with regard to its role in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair. Emerging research has uncovered non-canonical DNA-PKcs functions involved with transcriptional regulation, telomere maintenance, metabolic regulation, and immune signaling all of which may also impinge on tumorigenesis. This review mainly discusses these non-canonical roles of DNA-PKcs in cellular biology and their potential contribution to tumorigenesis, as well as evaluating the implications of targeting DNA-PKcs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Camfield
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Sayan Chakraborty
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Dhar Dwivedi
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Pijush Kanti Pramanik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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8
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Dagar G, Gupta A, Shankar A, Chauhan R, Macha MA, Bhat AA, Das D, Goyal R, Bhoriwal S, Pandita RK, Prasad CP, Sarkar PS, Pandita TK, Singh M. The future of cancer treatment: combining radiotherapy with immunotherapy. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1409300. [PMID: 39044839 PMCID: PMC11263218 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1409300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) and immunotherapy (IT) are the powerful tools for cancer treatment which act through the stimulation of immune response, and evidence suggest that combinatorial actions of these therapies may augment each other's beneficial effect through complex synergistic mechanisms. These molecular strategies are designed to target rapidly dividing cancer cells by either directly or indirectly inducing DNA damage. However, when cells detect DNA damage, they activate a range of signalling pathways known as the DNA damage response (DDR) to repair. Strategies are being developed to interfere with the DDR pathways in cancer cells to ensure their damage-induced degeneration. The stability of a cell's genetic material is largely dependent on the efficacy of DNA repair and therefore, an in-depth understanding of DNA damages and repair mechanism(s) in cancer cells is important to develop a promising therapeutic strategies for ensuring the efficacy of damage-induced tumor cell death. In recent years, a wide range of small molecule drugs have been developed which are currently being employed to combat the DNA repair deficiencies associated with tumor cells. Sequential or concurrent use of these two modalities significantly enhances the anti-tumor response, however with a concurrent probability of increased incidence of symptomatic adverse effects. With advent of newer IT agents, and administration of higher doses of radiation per fraction, such effects are more difficult to predict owing to the paucity of randomized trial data. It is well established that anti cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), anti- Programmed cell death protein 1(PD-1), anti-Programmed cell death one ligand 1 (PD-L1) can be safely administered with RT and many studies have demonstrated survival benefit with such combination for patients with metastatic malignancy. However, the biology of radioimmunotherapy (RT/IT) is still an open area where research need to be focused to determine optimum dosage specially the interaction of the RT/IT pathways to determine optimum dosing schedule. In the current article we have summarised the possible intracellular immunological events that might be triggered when RT and IT modalities are combined with the DDR antagonists and highlighted present clinical practices, outcome, and toxicity profile of this novel treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ravi Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Pulwama, Jammu And Kashmir, India
| | - Ajaz A. Bhat
- Department of Human Genetics-Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Dayasagar Das
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Rajeev Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, Lady Harding Medical College, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Bhoriwal
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India
| | - Raj K. Pandita
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A and M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Partha S. Sarkar
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tej K. Pandita
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Texas A and M College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Zuckerman JT, Jackson AS, Minko IG, Kant M, Jaruga P, Stone MP, Dizdaroglu M, McCullough AK, Lloyd RS. Functional characterization of single nucleotide polymorphic variants of DNA repair enzyme NEIL1 in South Asian populations. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 139:103695. [PMID: 38795603 PMCID: PMC11218669 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The base excision repair (BER) pathway is a precise and versatile mechanism of DNA repair that is initiated by DNA glycosylases. Endonuclease VIII-like 1 (NEIL1) is a bifunctional glycosylase/abasic site (AP) lyase that excises a damaged base and subsequently cleaves the phosphodiester backbone. NEIL1 is able to recognize and hydrolyze a broad range of oxidatively-induced base lesions and substituted ring-fragmented guanines, including aflatoxin-induced 8,9-dihydro-8-(2,6-diamino-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrimid-5-yl-formamido)-9-hydroxyaflatoxin B1 (AFB1-FapyGua). Due to NEIL1's protective role against these and other pro-mutagenic lesions, it was hypothesized that naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphic (SNP) variants of NEIL1 could increase human risk for aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given that populations in South Asia experience high levels of dietary aflatoxin exposures and hepatitis B viral infections that induce oxidative stress, investigations on SNP variants of NEIL1 that occur in this region may have clinical implications. In this study, the most common South Asian variants of NEIL1 were expressed, purified, and functionally characterized. All tested variants exhibited activities and substrate specificities similar to wild type (wt)-NEIL1 on high-molecular weight DNA containing an array of oxidatively-induced base lesions. On short oligodeoxynucleotides (17-mers) containing either a site-specific apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site, thymine glycol (ThyGly), or AFB1-FapyGua, P206L-NEIL1 was catalytically comparable to wt-NEIL1, while the activities of NEIL1 variants Q67K and T278I on these substrates were ≈2-fold reduced. Variant T103A had a greatly diminished ability to bind to 17-mer DNAs, limiting the subsequent glycosylase and lyase reactions. Consistent with this observation, the rate of excision by T103A on 17-mer oligodeoxynucleotides containing ThyGly or AFB1-FapyGua could not be measured. However, the ability of T103A to excise ThyGly was improved on longer oligodeoxynucleotides (51-mers), with ≈7-fold reduced activity compared to wt-NEIL1. Our studies suggest that NEIL1 variant T103A may present a pathogenic phenotype that is limited in damage recognition, potentially increasing human risk for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie T Zuckerman
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Asia Sage Jackson
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Math & Sciences, Corban University, Salem, OR 97317, United States
| | - Irina G Minko
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States
| | - Melis Kant
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Pawel Jaruga
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Michael P Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States
| | - Amanda K McCullough
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, United States
| | - R Stephen Lloyd
- Oregon Institute of Occupational Health Sciences, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, United States.
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10
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Bessho T. Up-Regulation of Non-Homologous End-Joining by MUC1. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:808. [PMID: 38927743 PMCID: PMC11203369 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) and chemotherapy with DNA-damaging drugs such as cisplatin are vital cancer treatment options. These treatments induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) as cytotoxic DNA damage; thus, the DSB repair activity in each cancer cell significantly influences the efficacy of the treatments. Pancreatic cancers are known to be resistant to these treatments, and the overexpression of MUC1, a member of the glycoprotein mucins, is associated with IR- and chemo-resistance. Therefore, we investigated the impact of MUC1 on DSB repair. This report examined the effect of the overexpression of MUC1 on homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) using cell-based DSB repair assays. In addition, the therapeutic potential of NHEJ inhibitors including HDAC inhibitors was also studied using pancreatic cancer cell lines. The MUC1-overexpression enhances NHEJ, while partially suppressing HR. Also, MUC1-overexpressed cancer cell lines are preferentially killed by a DNA-PK inhibitor and HDAC1/2 inhibitors. Altogether, MUC1 induces metabolic changes that create an imbalance between NHEJ and HR activities, and this imbalance can be a target for selective killing by HDAC inhibitors. This is a novel mechanism of MUC1-mediated IR-resistance and will form the basis for targeting MUC1-overexpressed pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadayoshi Bessho
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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11
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Ng YB, Akincilar SC. Shaping DNA damage responses: Therapeutic potential of targeting telomeric proteins and DNA repair factors in cancer. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2024; 76:102460. [PMID: 38776747 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2024.102460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Shelterin proteins regulate genomic stability by preventing inappropriate DNA damage responses (DDRs) at telomeres. Unprotected telomeres lead to persistent DDR causing cell cycle inhibition, growth arrest, and apoptosis. Cancer cells rely on DDR to protect themselves from DNA lesions and exogenous DNA-damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, targeting DDR machinery is a promising strategy to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to existing cancer therapies. However, the success of these DDR inhibitors depends on other mutations, and over time, patients develop resistance to these therapies. This suggests the need for alternative approaches. One promising strategy is co-inhibiting shelterin proteins with DDR molecules, which would offset cellular fitness in DNA repair in a mutation-independent manner. This review highlights the associations and dependencies of the shelterin complex with the DDR proteins and discusses potential co-inhibition strategies that might improve the therapeutic potential of current inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bin Ng
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Semih Can Akincilar
- Laboratory of NFκB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore.
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12
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Qian H, Margaretha Plat A, Jonker A, Hoebe RA, Krawczyk P. Super-resolution GSDIM microscopy unveils distinct nanoscale characteristics of DNA repair foci under diverse genotoxic stress. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 134:103626. [PMID: 38232606 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks initiate the DNA damage response (DDR), leading to the accumulation of repair proteins at break sites and the formation of the-so-called foci. Various microscopy methods, such as wide-field, confocal, electron, and super-resolution microscopy, have been used to study these structures. However, the impact of different DNA-damaging agents on their (nano)structure remains unclear. Utilising GSDIM super-resolution microscopy, here we investigated the distribution of fluorescently tagged DDR proteins (53BP1, RNF168, MDC1) and γH2AX in U2OS cells treated with γ-irradiation, etoposide, cisplatin, or hydroxyurea. Our results revealed that both foci structure and their nanoscale ultrastructure, including foci size, nanocluster characteristics, fluorophore density and localisation, can be significantly altered by different inducing agents, even ones with similar mechanisms. Furthermore, distinct behaviours of DDR proteins were observed under the same treatment. These findings have implications for cancer treatment strategies involving these agents and provide insights into the nanoscale organisation of the DDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Qian
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Audrey Margaretha Plat
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ard Jonker
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A Hoebe
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Przemek Krawczyk
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers (location AMC), Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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13
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Leem J, Lee C, Choi DY, Oh JS. Distinct characteristics of the DNA damage response in mammalian oocytes. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:319-328. [PMID: 38355825 PMCID: PMC10907590 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-024-01178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
DNA damage is a critical threat that poses significant challenges to all cells. To address this issue, cells have evolved a sophisticated molecular and cellular process known as the DNA damage response (DDR). Among the various cell types, mammalian oocytes, which remain dormant in the ovary for extended periods, are particularly susceptible to DNA damage. The occurrence of DNA damage in oocytes can result in genetic abnormalities, potentially leading to infertility, birth defects, and even abortion. Therefore, understanding how oocytes detect and repair DNA damage is of paramount importance in maintaining oocyte quality and preserving fertility. Although the fundamental concept of the DDR is conserved across various cell types, an emerging body of evidence reveals striking distinctions in the DDR between mammalian oocytes and somatic cells. In this review, we highlight the distinctive characteristics of the DDR in oocytes and discuss the clinical implications of DNA damage in oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Leem
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Crystal Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Da Yi Choi
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Su Oh
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea.
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14
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Bader AS, Bushell M. iMUT-seq: high-resolution DSB-induced mutation profiling reveals prevalent homologous-recombination dependent mutagenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8419. [PMID: 38110444 PMCID: PMC10728174 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are the most mutagenic form of DNA damage, and play a significant role in cancer biology, neurodegeneration and aging. However, studying DSB-induced mutagenesis is limited by our current approaches. Here, we describe iMUT-seq, a technique that profiles DSB-induced mutations at high-sensitivity and single-nucleotide resolution around endogenous DSBs. By depleting or inhibiting 20 DSB-repair factors we define their mutational signatures in detail, revealing insights into the mechanisms of DSB-induced mutagenesis. Notably, we find that homologous-recombination (HR) is more mutagenic than previously thought, inducing prevalent base substitutions and mononucleotide deletions at distance from the break due to DNA-polymerase errors. Simultaneously, HR reduces translocations, suggesting a primary role of HR is specifically the prevention of genomic rearrangements. The results presented here offer fundamental insights into DSB-induced mutagenesis and have significant implications for our understanding of cancer biology and the development of DDR-targeting chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo S Bader
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Cancer Research UK/CI, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK.
- The Gurdon Institute, University of Cambridge, Biochemistry, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Martin Bushell
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK.
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK.
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15
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González-Arzola K, Díaz-Quintana A. Mitochondrial Factors in the Cell Nucleus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13656. [PMID: 37686461 PMCID: PMC10563088 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The origin of eukaryotic organisms involved the integration of mitochondria into the ancestor cell, with a massive gene transfer from the original proteobacterium to the host nucleus. Thus, mitochondrial performance relies on a mosaic of nuclear gene products from a variety of genomes. The concerted regulation of their synthesis is necessary for metabolic housekeeping and stress response. This governance involves crosstalk between mitochondrial, cytoplasmic, and nuclear factors. While anterograde and retrograde regulation preserve mitochondrial homeostasis, the mitochondria can modulate a wide set of nuclear genes in response to an extensive variety of conditions, whose response mechanisms often merge. In this review, we summarise how mitochondrial metabolites and proteins-encoded either in the nucleus or in the organelle-target the cell nucleus and exert different actions modulating gene expression and the chromatin state, or even causing DNA fragmentation in response to common stress conditions, such as hypoxia, oxidative stress, unfolded protein stress, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa—CABIMER, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas—Universidad de Sevilla—Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Díaz-Quintana
- Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas—cicCartuja, Universidad de Sevilla—C.S.I.C, 41092 Seville, Spain
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16
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Tiwari PK, Ko TH, Dubey R, Chouhan M, Tsai LW, Singh HN, Chaubey KK, Dayal D, Chiang CW, Kumar S. CRISPR/Cas9 as a therapeutic tool for triple negative breast cancer: from bench to clinics. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1214489. [PMID: 37469704 PMCID: PMC10352522 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1214489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a third-generation genome editing method that has revolutionized the world with its high throughput results. It has been used in the treatment of various biological diseases and infections. Various bacteria and other prokaryotes such as archaea also have CRISPR/Cas9 systems to guard themselves against bacteriophage. Reportedly, CRISPR/Cas9-based strategy may inhibit the growth and development of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via targeting the potentially altered resistance genes, transcription, and epigenetic regulation. These therapeutic activities could help with the complex issues such as drug resistance which is observed even in TNBC. Currently, various methods have been utilized for the delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 into the targeted cell such as physical (microinjection, electroporation, and hydrodynamic mode), viral (adeno-associated virus and lentivirus), and non-viral (liposomes and lipid nano-particles). Although different models have been developed to investigate the molecular causes of TNBC, but the lack of sensitive and targeted delivery methods for in-vivo genome editing tools limits their clinical application. Therefore, based on the available evidences, this review comprehensively highlighted the advancement, challenges limitations, and prospects of CRISPR/Cas9 for the treatment of TNBC. We also underscored how integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning could improve CRISPR/Cas9 strategies in TNBC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar Tiwari
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Tin-Hsien Ko
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mandeep Chouhan
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Chih-Wei Chiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biological and Bio-Computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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17
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Kciuk M, Kołat D, Kałuzińska-Kołat Ż, Gawrysiak M, Drozda R, Celik I, Kontek R. PD-1/PD-L1 and DNA Damage Response in Cancer. Cells 2023; 12:530. [PMID: 36831197 PMCID: PMC9954559 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of immunotherapy for cancer treatment is rapidly becoming more widespread. Immunotherapeutic agents are frequently combined with various types of treatments to obtain a more durable antitumor clinical response in patients who have developed resistance to monotherapy. Chemotherapeutic drugs that induce DNA damage and trigger DNA damage response (DDR) frequently induce an increase in the expression of the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) that can be employed by cancer cells to avoid immune surveillance. PD-L1 exposed on cancer cells can in turn be targeted to re-establish the immune-reactive tumor microenvironment, which ultimately increases the tumor's susceptibility to combined therapies. Here we review the recent advances in how the DDR regulates PD-L1 expression and point out the effect of etoposide, irinotecan, and platinum compounds on the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Kciuk
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Damian Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Żaneta Kałuzińska-Kołat
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Gawrysiak
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafał Drozda
- Department of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, Wl. Bieganski Hospital, 91-347 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ismail Celik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Renata Kontek
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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18
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Wang P, Wang HY, Gao XJ, Zhu HX, Zhang XP, Liu F, Wang W. Encoding and Decoding of p53 Dynamics in Cellular Response to Stresses. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030490. [PMID: 36766831 PMCID: PMC9914463 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the cellular response to stresses, the tumor suppressor p53 is activated to maintain genomic integrity and fidelity. As a transcription factor, p53 exhibits rich dynamics to allow for discrimination of the type and intensity of stresses and to direct the selective activation of target genes involved in different processes including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we focused on how stresses are encoded into p53 dynamics and how the dynamics are decoded into cellular outcomes. Theoretical modeling may provide a global view of signaling in the p53 network by coupling the encoding and decoding processes. We discussed the significance of modeling in revealing the mechanisms of the transition between p53 dynamic modes. Moreover, we shed light on the crosstalk between the p53 network and other signaling networks. This review may advance the understanding of operating principles of the p53 signaling network comprehensively and provide insights into p53 dynamics-based cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Hang-Yu Wang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing-Jie Gao
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua-Xia Zhu
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Peng Zhang
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (X.-P.Z.); (W.W.)
| | - Feng Liu
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Brain Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Correspondence: (X.-P.Z.); (W.W.)
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19
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Wang S, Meyer DH, Schumacher B. Inheritance of paternal DNA damage by histone-mediated repair restriction. Nature 2023; 613:365-374. [PMID: 36544019 PMCID: PMC9834056 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How paternal exposure to ionizing radiation affects genetic inheritance and disease risk in the offspring has been a long-standing question in radiation biology. In humans, nearly 80% of transmitted mutations arise in the paternal germline1, but the transgenerational effects of ionizing radiation exposure has remained controversial and the mechanisms are unknown. Here we show that in sex-separated Caenorhabditis elegans strains, paternal, but not maternal, exposure to ionizing radiation leads to transgenerational embryonic lethality. The offspring of irradiated males displayed various genome instability phenotypes, including DNA fragmentation, chromosomal rearrangement and aneuploidy. Paternal DNA double strand breaks were repaired by maternally provided error-prone polymerase theta-mediated end joining. Mechanistically, we show that depletion of an orthologue of human histone H1.0, HIS-24, or the heterochromatin protein HPL-1, could significantly reverse the transgenerational embryonic lethality. Removal of HIS-24 or HPL-1 reduced histone 3 lysine 9 dimethylation and enabled error-free homologous recombination repair in the germline of the F1 generation from ionizing radiation-treated P0 males, consequently improving the viability of the F2 generation. This work establishes the mechanistic underpinnings of the heritable consequences of paternal radiation exposure on the health of offspring, which may lead to congenital disorders and cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyao Wang
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - David H Meyer
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Aging and Disease, Medical Faculty, University Hospital and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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20
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Mouawad R, Neamati N. Inhibition of Protein Disulfide Isomerase (PDIA1) Leads to Proteasome-Mediated Degradation of Ubiquitin-like PHD and RING Finger Domain-Containing Protein 1 (UHRF1) and Increased Sensitivity of Glioblastoma Cells to Topoisomerase II Inhibitors. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 6:100-114. [PMID: 36654750 PMCID: PMC9841782 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor, and the prognosis remains poor with current available treatments. PDIA1 is considered a promising therapeutic target in GBM. In this study, we demonstrate that targeting PDIA1 results in increased GBM cell death by topoisomerase II (Top-II) inhibitors resulting in proteasome-mediated degradation of the oncogenic protein UHRF1. Combination of the PDIA1 inhibitor, bepristat-2a, produces strong synergy with doxorubicin, etoposide, and mitoxantrone in GBM and other cancer cell lines. Our bioinformatics analysis of multiple datasets revealed downregulation of UHRF1, upon PDIA1 inhibition. In addition, PDIA1 inhibition results in proteasome-mediated degradation of UHRF1 protein. Interestingly, treatment of GBM cells with bepristat-2a results in increased apoptosis and resistance to ferroptosis. Our findings emphasize the importance of PDIA1 as a therapeutic target in GBM and present a promising new therapeutic approach using Top-II inhibitors for GBM treatment.
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Yu Y, Liu T, Yu G, Wang H, Du Z, Chen Y, Yang N, Cao K, Liu C, Wan Z, Shen H, Gao F, Yang Y, Zhang W. PRDM15 interacts with DNA-PK-Ku complex to promote radioresistance in rectal cancer by facilitating DNA damage repair. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:978. [PMID: 36402747 PMCID: PMC9675803 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, however, resistance to chemoradiotherapy is one of the main obstacles to improving treatment outcomes. The goal of this study was to explore the role of PRDM15 involved in the radioresistance of colorectal cancer and to clarify the underlying mechanism. In present study, we demonstrated that, after DNA damage, PRDM15 was upregulated and localized to DNA damage sites, co-localizing with γ-H2AX. Knockdown of PRDM15 inhibited DNA damage repair and increased radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, PRDM15 promoted DNA repair by interacting with DNA-PKcs and Ku70/Ku80 complex. In preclinical models of rectal cancer, knockdown of PRDM15 sensitized cell derived xenograft and patient derived xenograft to radiotherapy. In 80 rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, higher PRDM15 expression was observed associated with weaker tumor regression and poorer prognosis. Our findings revealed that inhibiting PRDM15 was potent to overcome radioresistance through abrogating DNA repair in colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, the expression level of PRDM15 could be applied to predict radiotherapy responsiveness and the outcome of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyu Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of CPLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Kun Cao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- grid.512114.20000 0004 8512 7501Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, 024000 China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Characterizing and exploiting the many roles of aberrant H2B monoubiquitination in cancer pathogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:782-798. [PMID: 34953650 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Monoubiquitination of histone H2B on lysine 120 (H2Bub1) is implicated in the control of multiple essential processes, including transcription, DNA damage repair and mitotic chromosome segregation. Accordingly, aberrant regulation of H2Bub1 can induce transcriptional reprogramming and genome instability that may promote oncogenesis. Remarkably, alterations of the ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes regulating H2Bub1 are emerging as ubiquitous features in cancer, further supporting the possibility that the misregulation of H2Bub1 is an underlying mechanism contributing to cancer pathogenesis. To date, aberrant H2Bub1 dynamics have been reported in multiple cancer types and are associated with transcriptional changes that promote oncogenesis in a cancer type-specific manner. Owing to the multi-functional nature of H2Bub1, misregulation of its writers and erasers may drive disease initiation and progression through additional synergistic processes. Accordingly, understanding the molecular determinants and pathogenic impacts associated with aberrant H2Bub1 regulation may reveal novel drug targets and therapeutic vulnerabilities that can be exploited to develop innovative precision medicine strategies that better combat cancer. In this review, we present the normal functions of H2Bub1 in the control of DNA-associated processes and describe the pathogenic implications associated with its misregulation in cancer. We further discuss the challenges coupled with the development of therapeutic strategies targeting H2Bub1 misregulation and expose the potential benefits of designing treatments that synergistically exploit the multiple functionalities of H2Bub1 to improve treatment selectivity and efficacy.
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23
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Yang K, Liang X, Wen K. Long non‑coding RNAs interact with RNA‑binding proteins to regulate genomic instability in cancer cells (Review). Oncol Rep 2022; 48:175. [PMID: 36004472 PMCID: PMC9478986 DOI: 10.3892/or.2022.8390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomic instability, a feature of most cancers, contributes to malignant cell transformation and cancer progression due to the accumulation of genetic alterations. Genomic instability is reflected at numerous levels, from single nucleotide to the chromosome levels. However, the exact molecular mechanisms and regulators of genomic instability in cancer remain unclear. Growing evidence indicates that the binding of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to protein chaperones confers a variety of regulatory functions, including managing of genomic instability. The aim of the present review was to examine the roles of mitosis, telomeres, DNA repair, and epigenetics in genomic instability, and the mechanisms by which lncRNAs regulate them by binding proteins in cancer cells. This review contributes to our understanding of the role of lncRNAs and genomic instability in cancer and can potentially provide entry points and molecular targets for cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiang Liang
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Kunming Wen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
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24
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Loan M, Bhat A. Effect of overdispersion of lethal lesions on cell survival curves. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2022; 8. [PMID: 35671734 DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/ac7667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The linear-quadratic (LQ) model is the most commonly used mechanism to predict radiobiological outcomes. It has been used extensively to describe dose-responsein vitroandin vivo. There are, however, some questions about its applicability in terms of its capacity to represent some profound mechanistic behaviour. Specifically, empirical evidence suggests that the LQ model underestimates the survival of cells at low doses while overestimating cell death at higher doses. It is believed to be driven from the usual LQ model assumption that radiogenic lesions are Poisson distributed. In this context, we use a negative binomial (NB) distribution to study the effect of overdispersion on the shapes and the possibility of reducing dose-response curvature at higher doses. We develop an overdispersion model for cell survival using the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway double-strand break (DSB) repair mechanism to investigate the effects of the overdispersion on probabilities of repair of DSBs. The error distribution is customised to ensure that the refined overdispersion parameter depends on the mean of the distribution. The predicted cell survival responses for V79, AG and HSG cells exposed to protons, helium and carbon ions are compared with the experimental data in low and high dose regions at various linear energy transfer (LET) values. The results indicate straightening of dose-response and approaching a log-linear behaviour at higher doses. The model predictions with the measured data show that the NB modelled survival curves agree with the data following medium and high doses. Model predictions are not validated at very tiny and very high doses; the approach presented provides an analysis of mechanisms at the microscopic level. This may help improve the understanding of radiobiological responses of survival curves and resolve discrepancies between experimental and theoretical predictions of cell survival models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Loan
- ANU College, Australian National University, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - A Bhat
- Department of Oncology, East Tennessee State University, TN, 37614, United States of America
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25
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Li M, Zhang J, Bai Q, Fang L, Song H, Cao Y. Non-homologous End Joining-Mediated Insertional Mutagenesis Reveals a Novel Target for Enhancing Fatty Alcohols Production in Yarrowia lipolytica. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:898884. [PMID: 35547152 PMCID: PMC9082995 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.898884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated integration is effective in generating random mutagenesis to identify beneficial gene targets in the whole genome, which can significantly promote the performance of the strains. Here, a novel target leading to higher protein synthesis was identified by NHEJ-mediated integration that seriously improved fatty alcohols biosynthesis in Yarrowia lipolytica. One batch of strains transformed with fatty acyl-CoA reductase gene (FAR) showed significant differences (up to 70.53-fold) in fatty alcohol production. Whole-genome sequencing of the high-yield strain demonstrated that a new target YALI0_A00913g ("A1 gene") was disrupted by NHEJ-mediated integration of partial carrier DNA, and reverse engineering of the A1 gene disruption (YlΔA1-FAR) recovered the fatty alcohol overproduction phenotype. Transcriptome analysis of YlΔA1-FAR strain revealed A1 disruption led to strengthened protein synthesis process that was confirmed by sfGFP gene expression, which may account for enhanced cell viability and improved biosynthesis of fatty alcohols. This study identified a novel target that facilitated synthesis capacity and provided new insights into unlocking biosynthetic potential for future genetic engineering in Y. lipolytica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxu Li
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinlai Zhang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuyan Bai
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lixia Fang
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Song
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingxiu Cao
- Frontier Science Center for Synthetic Biology and Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.,Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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26
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Tang J, Li Z, Wu Q, Irfan M, Li W, Liu X. Role of Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF in DNA Damage Repair and Cancer Development. Front Immunol 2022; 13:852453. [PMID: 35309348 PMCID: PMC8926060 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.852453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ) is a major pathway to repair double-strand breaks (DSBs) in DNA. Several core cNHEJ are involved in the progress of the repair such as KU70 and 80, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs), Artemis, X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 4 (XRCC4), DNA ligase IV, and XRCC4-like factor (XLF). Recent studies have added a number of new proteins during cNHEJ. One of the newly identified proteins is Paralogue of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX), which acts as a scaffold that is required to stabilize the KU70/80 heterodimer at DSBs sites and promotes the assembly and/or stability of the cNHEJ machinery. PAXX plays an essential role in lymphocyte development in XLF-deficient background, while XLF/PAXX double-deficient mouse embryo died before birth. Emerging evidence also shows a connection between the expression levels of PAXX and cancer development in human patients, indicating a prognosis role of the protein. This review will summarize and discuss the function of PAXX in DSBs repair and its potential role in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Tang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhongxia Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weili Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Genome Instability and Human Disease Prevention, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Hematology, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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27
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Li X, Zou S, Zhou L, Gao A, Xu J, He C, Zhou J, Wu S, Chen Y. RAD18
confers radioresistance of esophagus squamous cell carcinoma through regulating
p‐DNA‐PKcs. Cancer Med 2022; 11:3809-3819. [PMID: 35426246 PMCID: PMC9582675 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy has recently become more common for the treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Radioresistance, on the other hand, continues to be a major issue because it interferes with the effectiveness of ESCC radiation. It has been demonstrated that RAD18, an E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase that regulates translesion DNA synthesis (TLS), is implicated in the regulation of genomic integrity and DNA damage response. Methods In the present study, immunohistochemical staining and western blotting were utilized to determine RAD18 expression in ESCC tissues and cells. ESCC cell proliferation was determined using a colony formation assay. Immunofluorescence staining, comet assay, and homologous recombination (HR)/non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) assays were conducted to examine the effect of RAD18 on the DNA damage response in ESCC cells. Results We found that high RAD18 expression was positively associated with a poorer prognosis in patients with ESCC who received radiotherapy. Downregulation of RAD18 expression significantly increased the sensitivity of ESCC cells to irradiation. Moreover, RAD18 knockdown prolonged the repair kinetics of γH2AX foci and resulted in longer comet tails. Furthermore, loss of RAD18 expression markedly decreased non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ) activity, but it did not affect homologous recombination (HR)‐mediated double‐strand break repair in ESCC cells. RAD18 upregulated p‐DNA‐dependent protein kinase complex (p‐DNA‐PKc) expression in vivo and in vitro. Conclusions These data indicated that RAD18 may regulate radioresistance by facilitating NHEJ via phosphorylation of DNA‐PKcs in ESCC cells, providing a novel radiotherapy target for ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Li
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shitao Zou
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Liangsu Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Aidi Gao
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Neurology The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Nanjing China
| | - Chao He
- Suzhou Cancer Center Core Laboratory The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Jundong Zhou
- Department of Radiation Oncology The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Department of Geriatrics The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Yihong Chen
- Department of Radiation The First Affiliated Hospital of Wanna Medical College Wuhu Anhui China
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28
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Yu Z, Zhu J, Wang H, Li H, Jin X. Function of BCLAF1 in human disease. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:58. [PMID: 34992690 PMCID: PMC8721854 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Originally identified as a regulator of apoptosis and transcription, B-cell lymphoma-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) has since been shown to be associated with a multitude of biological processes, such as DNA damage response, splicing and processing of pre-mRNA, T-cell activation, lung development, muscle cell proliferation and differentiation, autophagy, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and viral infection. In recent years, an increasing amount of evidence has shown that BCLAF1 acts as either a tumor promoter or tumor suppressor in tumorigenesis depending on the cellular context and the type of cancer. Even in the same tumor type, BCLAF1 may have opposite effects. In the present review, the subcellular localization, structural features, mutations within BCLAF1 will be described, then the regulation of BCLAF1 and its downstream targets will be analyzed. Furthermore, the different roles and possible mechanisms of BCLAF1 in tumorigenesis will also be highlighted and discussed. Finally, BCLAF1 may be considered as a potential target for cancer therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongdong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Haibiao Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Ningbo Medical Center of LiHuiLi Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, P.R. China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Medical School of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, P.R. China
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29
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Zeng J, Liu N, Yang Y, Cheng Y, Li Y, Guo X, Luo Q, Zhu L, Guan H, Song B, Sun X. Pak2 reduction induces a failure of early embryonic development in mice. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2021; 19:181. [PMID: 34879863 PMCID: PMC8656077 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-021-00865-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The quality of the early embryo is vital to embryonic development and implantation. As a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase, p21-activated kinase 2 (Pak2) participates in diverse biologic processes, especially in cytoskeleton remodeling and cell apoptosis. In mice, Pak2 knock out and endothelial depletion of Pak2 showed embryonic lethality. However, the role of Pak2 in preimplantation embryos remains unelucidated. METHODS In the present work, Pak2 was reduced using a specific small interfering RNA in early mouse embryos, validating the unique roles of Pak2 in spindle assembly and DNA repair during mice early embryonic development. We also employed immunoblotting, immunostaining, in vitro fertilization (IVF) and image quantification analyses to test the Pak2 knockdown on the embryonic development progression, spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, oxidative stress, DNA lesions and blastocyst cell apoptosis. Areas in chromatin with γH2AX were detected by immunofluorescence microscopy and serve as a biomarker of DNA damages. RESULTS We found that Pak2 knockdown significantly reduced blastocyst formation of early embryos. In addition, Pak2 reduction led to dramatically increased abnormal spindle assembly and chromosomal aberrations in the embryos. We noted the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) with Pak2 knockdown in embryos. In response to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), the histone protein H2AX is specifically phosphorylated at serine139 to generate γH2AX, which is used to quantitative DSBs. In this research, Pak2 knockdown also resulted in the accumulation of phosphorylated γH2AX, indicative of increased embryonic DNA damage. Commensurate with this, a significantly augmented rate of blastocyst cell apoptosis was detected in Pak2-KD embryos compared to their controls. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data suggest that Pak2 may serve as an important regulator of spindle assembly and DNA repair, and thus participate in the development of early mouse embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zeng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nengqing Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yinghong Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanshuai Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lifen Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongmei Guan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bing Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Elkafas H, Badary O, Elmorsy E, Kamel R, Yang Q, Al-Hendy A. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Vitamin D Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Uterine Fibroids. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PHARMACY RESEARCH 2021; 5:260-275. [PMID: 34746367 DOI: 10.21608/aprh.2021.66748.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Uterine fibroids (UFs) are the most prevalent gynecologic neoplasm, affecting 70-80% of women over their lifespan. Although UFs are benign they can become life-threatening and require invasive surgeries such as myomectomy and hysterectomy. Notwithstanding the significant negative influence UFs have on female reproductive health, very little is known about early events that initiate tumor development. Several risk factors for UFs have been identified including vitamin D deficiency, inflammation, DNA repair deficiency, and environmental exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). EDCs have come under scrutiny recently due to their role in UF development. Epidemiologic studies have found an association between increased risk for early UF diagnosis and in utero EDC exposure. Environmental exposure to EDCs during uterine development increases UF incidence in a UF animal model. Notably, several studies demonstrated that abnormal myometrial stem cells (MMSCs) are the cell origin for UFs development. Our recent studies demonstrated that early-life EDC exposure reprogrammed the MMSCs toward a pro-fibroid landscape and altered the DNA repair and inflammation pathways. Notably, Vitamin D3 (VITD3) as a natural compound shrank the UF growth concomitantly with the reversion of several abnormal biological pathways and ameliorated the developmental exposure-induced DNA damage and pro-inflammation pathway in primed MMSCs. This review highlights and emphasizes the importance of multiple pathway interactions in the context of hypovitaminosis D at the MMSCs level and provides proof-of-concept information that can help develop a safe, long-term, durable, and non-surgical therapeutic option for UFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Elkafas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA) formally, (NODCAR), Cairo 35521, Egypt.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Osama Badary
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, British University in Egypt, Cairo 11837, Egypt
| | - Engy Elmorsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Rehab Kamel
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Qiwei Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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Tuieng RJ, Cartmell SH, Kirwan CC, Sherratt MJ. The Effects of Ionising and Non-Ionising Electromagnetic Radiation on Extracellular Matrix Proteins. Cells 2021; 10:3041. [PMID: 34831262 PMCID: PMC8616186 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sub-lethal doses of ionising and non-ionising electromagnetic radiation can impact human health and well-being as a consequence of, for example, the side effects of radiotherapy (therapeutic X-ray exposure) and accelerated skin ageing (chronic exposure to ultraviolet radiation: UVR). Whilst attention has focused primarily on the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with cells and cellular components, radiation-induced damage to long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins has the potential to profoundly affect tissue structure, composition and function. This review focuses on the current understanding of the biological effects of ionising and non-ionising radiation on the ECM of breast stroma and skin dermis, respectively. Although there is some experimental evidence for radiation-induced damage to ECM proteins, compared with the well-characterised impact of radiation exposure on cell biology, the structural, functional, and ultimately clinical consequences of ECM irradiation remain poorly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Jie Tuieng
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Sarah H. Cartmell
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and The Henry Royce Institute, Royce Hub Building, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Cliona C. Kirwan
- Division of Cancer Sciences and Manchester Breast Centre, Oglesby Cancer Research Building, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M20 4BX, UK;
| | - Michael J. Sherratt
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology & Regenerative Medicine and Manchester Breast Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Xie H, Wang W, Qi W, Jin W, Xia B. Targeting DNA Repair Response Promotes Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer: Rationale and Clinical Application. Front Immunol 2021; 12:661115. [PMID: 34712221 PMCID: PMC8546337 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.661115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have emerged as a powerful oncologic treatment modality for patients with different solid tumors. Unfortunately, the efficacy of ICI monotherapy in ovarian cancer is limited, and combination therapy provides a new opportunity for immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. DNA damage repair (DDR) pathways play central roles in the maintenance of genomic integrity and promote the progression of cancer. A deficiency in DDR genes can cause different degrees of DNA damage that enhance local antigen release, resulting in systemic antitumor immune responses. Thus, the combination of DDR inhibitors with ICI represents an attractive therapeutic strategy with the potential to improve the clinical outcomes of patients with ovarian cancer. In this review, we provide an overview of the interconnectivity between DDR pathway deficiency and immune response, summarize available clinical trials on the combination therapy in ovarian cancer, and discuss the potential predictive biomarkers that can be utilized to guide the use of combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Xie
- Clinical Research Center, Women’s Hospital School of Medicine Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wencai Qi
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Weilin Jin
- Institute of Cancer Neuroscience, Medical Frontier Innovation Research Center, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bairong Xia
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology, Hefei, China
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Swift ML, Beishline K, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Sp1-dependent recruitment of the histone acetylase p300 to DSBs facilitates chromatin remodeling and recruitment of the NHEJ repair factor Ku70. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103171. [PMID: 34252870 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In response to DNA damage, most factors involved in damage recognition and repair are tightly regulated to ensure proper repair pathway choice. Histone acetylation at DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) by p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) is critical for the recruitment of DSB repair proteins to chromatin. Here, we show that phosphorylation of Sp1 by ATM increases its interaction with p300 and that Sp1-dependent recruitment of p300 to DSBs is necessary to modify the histones associated with p300 activity and NHEJ repair factor recruitment and repair. p300 is known to acetylate multiple residues on histones H3 and H4 necessary for NHEJ. Acetylation of H3K18 by p300 is associated with the recruitment of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex and Ku70 to DSBs for NHEJ repair. Depletion of Sp1 results in decreased acetylation of lysines on histones H3 and H4. Specifically, cells depleted of Sp1 display defects in the acetylation of H3K18, resulting in defective SWI/SNF and Ku70 recruitment to DSBs. These results shed light on mechanisms by which chromatin remodelers are regulated to ensure activation of the appropriate DSB repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Swift
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kate Beishline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Ackerson SM, Romney C, Schuck PL, Stewart JA. To Join or Not to Join: Decision Points Along the Pathway to Double-Strand Break Repair vs. Chromosome End Protection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708763. [PMID: 34322492 PMCID: PMC8311741 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and telomeres are diametrically opposed in the cell. DSBs are considered one of the most deleterious forms of DNA damage and must be quickly recognized and repaired. Telomeres, on the other hand, are specialized, stable DNA ends that must be protected from recognition as DSBs to inhibit unwanted chromosome fusions. Decisions to join DNA ends, or not, are therefore critical to genome stability. Yet, the processing of telomeres and DSBs share many commonalities. Accordingly, key decision points are used to shift DNA ends toward DSB repair vs. end protection. Additionally, DSBs can be repaired by two major pathways, namely homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The choice of which repair pathway is employed is also dictated by a series of decision points that shift the break toward HR or NHEJ. In this review, we will focus on these decision points and the mechanisms that dictate end protection vs. DSB repair and DSB repair choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ackerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carlan Romney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - P Logan Schuck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jason A Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Neiger HE, Siegler EL, Shi Y. Breast Cancer Predisposition Genes and Synthetic Lethality. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5614. [PMID: 34070674 PMCID: PMC8198377 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA1 and BRCA2 are tumor suppressor genes with pivotal roles in the development of breast and ovarian cancers. These genes are essential for DNA double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (HR), which is a virtually error-free DNA repair mechanism. Following BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations, HR is compromised, forcing cells to adopt alternative error-prone repair pathways that often result in tumorigenesis. Synthetic lethality refers to cell death caused by simultaneous perturbations of two genes while change of any one of them alone is nonlethal. Therefore, synthetic lethality can be instrumental in identifying new therapeutic targets for BRCA1/2 mutations. PARP is an established synthetic lethal partner of the BRCA genes. Its role is imperative in the single-strand break DNA repair system. Recently, Olaparib (a PARP inhibitor) was approved for treatment of BRCA1/2 breast and ovarian cancer as the first successful synthetic lethality-based therapy, showing considerable success in the development of effective targeted cancer therapeutics. Nevertheless, the possibility of drug resistance to targeted cancer therapy based on synthetic lethality necessitates the development of additional therapeutic options. This literature review addresses cancer predisposition genes, including BRCA1, BRCA2, and PALB2, synthetic lethality in the context of DNA repair machinery, as well as available treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Neiger
- College of Graduate Studies, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
| | - Emily L. Siegler
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
| | - Yihui Shi
- College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA;
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Guo N, Qu P, Li H, Liu L, Jin H, Liu R, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Li Y, Lu X, Zhao Y. BRCA2 3'-UTR Polymorphism rs15869 Alters Susceptibility to Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma via Binding hsa-mir-1178-3p. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:533-544. [PMID: 33986610 PMCID: PMC8112253 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s300783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the associations of polymorphisms in the following DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) genes with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) risk (including RAD51 rs11852786, RAD51B rs963917, BRCA1 rs12516 and rs8176318, BRCA2 rs15869, XRCC4 rs2035990 and XRCC5 rs2440). Materials and Methods A matched case-control study was implemented to examine associations between PTC risk and the above polymorphisms. Subsequently, we evaluated the effects of the potential PTC susceptibility-related variant rs15869 on BRCA2 mRNA secondary structure and BRCA2 expression through bioinformatics analysis and experiment validation. Additionally, luciferase assay was used to identify whether rs15869 polymorphism can substantially affect the binding of hsa-miR-1178-3p to BRCA2 mRNA. Finally, Pearson correlation analysis was performed to determine the correlation between the expression of hsa-miR-1178-3p and BRCA2 mRNA and protein in thyroid tissues harboring rs15869 different genotypes. Results BRCA2 rs15869 CC genotype was associated with a higher risk of PTC than its AA genotype. Subsequently, stratified analyses came to the same conclusion in the female or age<50 population. Furthermore, we confirmed that the A-to-C substitution of rs15869 changed BRCA2 mRNA secondary structure and contributed to a decreased BRCA2 expression. Mechanistically, a significantly decreased luciferase activity verified a greater binding between hsa-miR-1178-3p and rs15869 C allele, but not the A allele, which was evidenced by the significant negative correlation between hsa-miR-1178-3p with BRCA2 mRNA and protein levels in thyroid tissues with AC and CC genotype but not AA genotype at rs15869. Conclusion BRCA2 rs15869 is characterized as a potential biomarker associated with PTC risk, highlighting the contribution of the hsa-miR-1178-3p via functional exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Guo
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Qu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liuli Liu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Jin
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Renqi Liu
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Jin Zhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchun Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejiao Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Li L, Kumar AK, Hu Z, Guo Z. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Key Proteins in the DNA Damage Response for Cancer Therapy. Curr Med Chem 2021; 28:963-985. [PMID: 32091326 DOI: 10.2174/0929867327666200224102309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) is a complicated interactional pathway. Defects that occur in subordinate pathways of the DDR pathway can lead to genomic instability and cancer susceptibility. Abnormal expression of some proteins in DDR, especially in the DNA repair pathway, are associated with the subsistence and resistance of cancer cells. Therefore, the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting the chief proteins in the DDR pathway is an effective strategy for cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the development of small molecule inhibitors targeting chief proteins in the DDR pathway, particularly focusing on their implications for cancer therapy. We present the action mode of DDR molecule inhibitors in preclinical studies and clinical cancer therapy, including monotherapy and combination therapy with chemotherapeutic drugs or checkpoint suppression therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Alagamuthu Karthick Kumar
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 WenYuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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Du X, Song H, Shen N, Hua R, Yang G. The Molecular Basis of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes (E2s) as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073440. [PMID: 33810518 PMCID: PMC8037234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are one of the three enzymes required by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to connect activated ubiquitin to target proteins via ubiquitin ligases. E2s determine the connection type of the ubiquitin chains, and different types of ubiquitin chains regulate the stability and activity of substrate proteins. Thus, E2s participate in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. In recent years, the importance of E2s in human health and diseases has been particularly emphasized. Studies have shown that E2s are dysregulated in variety of cancers, thus it might be a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular basis of E2s as a therapeutic target has not been described systematically. We reviewed this issue from the perspective of the special position and role of E2s in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the structure of E2s and biological processes they are involved in. In addition, the inhibitors and microRNAs targeting E2s are also summarized. This article not only provides a direction for the development of effective drugs but also lays a foundation for further study on this enzyme in the future.
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Caracciolo D, Riillo C, Di Martino MT, Tagliaferri P, Tassone P. Alternative Non-Homologous End-Joining: Error-Prone DNA Repair as Cancer's Achilles' Heel. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061392. [PMID: 33808562 PMCID: PMC8003480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer onset and progression lead to a high rate of DNA damage, due to replicative and metabolic stress. To survive in this dangerous condition, cancer cells switch the DNA repair machinery from faithful systems to error-prone pathways, strongly increasing the mutational rate that, in turn, supports the disease progression and drug resistance. Although DNA repair de-regulation boosts genomic instability, it represents, at the same time, a critical cancer vulnerability that can be exploited for synthetic lethality-based therapeutic intervention. We here discuss the role of the error-prone DNA repair, named Alternative Non-Homologous End Joining (Alt-NHEJ), as inducer of genomic instability and as a potential therapeutic target. We portray different strategies to drug Alt-NHEJ and discuss future challenges for selecting patients who could benefit from Alt-NHEJ inhibition, with the aim of precision oncology. Abstract Error-prone DNA repair pathways promote genomic instability which leads to the onset of cancer hallmarks by progressive genetic aberrations in tumor cells. The molecular mechanisms which foster this process remain mostly undefined, and breakthrough advancements are eagerly awaited. In this context, the alternative non-homologous end joining (Alt-NHEJ) pathway is considered a leading actor. Indeed, there is experimental evidence that up-regulation of major Alt-NHEJ components, such as LIG3, PolQ, and PARP1, occurs in different tumors, where they are often associated with disease progression and drug resistance. Moreover, the Alt-NHEJ addiction of cancer cells provides a promising target to be exploited by synthetic lethality approaches for the use of DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors and even as a sensitizer to checkpoint-inhibitors immunotherapy by increasing the mutational load. In this review, we discuss recent findings highlighting the role of Alt-NHEJ as a promoter of genomic instability and, therefore, as new cancer’s Achilles’ heel to be therapeutically exploited in precision oncology.
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Cui D, Xiong X, Shu J, Dai X, Sun Y, Zhao Y. FBXW7 Confers Radiation Survival by Targeting p53 for Degradation. Cell Rep 2021; 30:497-509.e4. [PMID: 31940492 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 plays a critical role in integrating a wide variety of stress responses. Therefore, p53 levels are precisely regulated by multiple ubiquitin ligases. In this study, we report that FBXW7, a substrate recognition component of the SKP1-CUL1-F-box (SCF) E3 ligase, interacts with and targets p53 for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation after exposure to ionizing radiation or etoposide. Mechanistically, DNA damage activates ATM to phosphorylate p53 on Ser33 and Ser37, which facilitates the FBXW7 binding and subsequent p53 degradation by SCFFBXW7. Inactivation of ATM or SCFFBXW7 by small molecular inhibitors or genetic knockdown/knockout approaches extends the p53 protein half-life upon DNA damage in an MDM2-independent manner. Biologically, FBXW7 inactivation sensitizes cancer cells to radiation or etoposide by stabilizing p53 to induce cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Taken together, our study elucidates a mechanism by which FBXW7 confers cancer cell survival during radiotherapy or chemotherapy via p53 targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danrui Cui
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianfeng Shu
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dai
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China; Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting genetic disorder affecting approximately 70,000 people worldwide. Current burden of treatment is high. While the latest pharmaceutical innovation has benefitted many, patients with certain genotypes remain excluded. Gene editing has the potential to correct the underlying cause of disease for all patients, representing a permanent cure.Areas covered: Various DNA editing-based strategies for treatment are currently being developed. Different strategies are called for based upon location of mutations (intronic vs. exonic), delivery mechanism of editing machinery, and cell type being targeted. Furthermore, the unique physiology of the CF lung presents a variety of barriers to delivery of CRISPR-Cas9 machinery.Expert opinion: The most significant obstacle to the use of CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo is the fact that the most clinically relevant and accessible CF tissue, the airway epithelium, is made up of non-dividing cells where precise editing via homology-directed repair (HDR) does not occur; rather, potentially deleterious imprecise editing via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) dominates. Future research should focus on the development of either more precise NHEJ-based approaches, access to airway basal cells, editing approaches that do not involve introducing genomic double-strand breaks, and strategies with ex vivo edited cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Graham
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Stephen Hart
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Kumari N, Raghavan SC. G-quadruplex DNA structures and their relevance in radioprotection. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2021; 1865:129857. [PMID: 33508382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.129857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA, the genetic material of most of the organisms, is the crucial element of life. Integrity of DNA needs to be maintained for transmission of genetic material from one generation to another. All organisms are constantly challenged by the environmental conditions which can lead to the induction of DNA damage. Ionizing radiation (IR) has been known to induce DNA damage and IR sensitivity varies among different organisms. The causes for differential radiosensitivity among various organisms have not been studied in great detail. SCOPE OF REVIEW We discuss DNA secondary structure formation, GC content of the genome, role of G-quadruplex formation, and its relationship with radiosensitivity of the genome. MAJOR CONCLUSION In Deinococcus radiodurans, the bacterium that exhibits maximum radio resistance, multiple G-quadruplex forming motifs are reported. In human cells, G-quadruplex formation led to differential radiosensitivity. In this article, we have discussed, the role of secondary DNA structure formation like G-quadruplex in shielding the genome from radiation and its implications in understanding evolution of radio protective effect of an organism. We also discuss role of GC content and its correlation with radio resistance. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This review provides an insight into the role of G-quadruplexes in providing differential radiosensitivity at different site of the genome and in different organisms. It further discusses the possibility of higher GC content contributing towards reduced radiosensitivity in different organisms, evolution of radiosensitivity, and regulation of multiple cellular processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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Manjunath M, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. SCR7, a potent cancer therapeutic agent and a biochemical inhibitor of nonhomologous DNA end-joining. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2021; 4:e1341. [PMID: 33496064 PMCID: PMC8222562 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are harmful to the cell as it could lead to genomic instability and cell death when left unrepaired. Homologous recombination and nonhomologous end‐joining (NHEJ) are two major DSB repair pathways, responsible for ensuring genome integrity in mammals. There have been multiple efforts using small molecule inhibitors to target these DNA repair pathways in cancers. SCR7 is a very well‐studied anticancer molecule that blocks NHEJ by targeting one of the critical enzymes, Ligase IV. Recent findings In this review, we have highlighted the anticancer effects of SCR7 as a single agent and in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents and radiation. SCR7 blocked NHEJ effectively both in vitro and ex vivo. SCR7 has been used for biochemical studies like chromosomal territory resetting and in understanding the role of repair proteins in cell cycle phases. Various forms of SCR7 and its derivatives are discussed. SCR7 is also used as a potent biochemical inhibitor of NHEJ, which has found its application in improving genome editing using a CRISPR‐Cas system. Conclusion SCR7 is a potent NHEJ inhibitor with unique properties and wide applications as an anticancer agent. Most importantly, SCR7 has become a handy aid for improving genome editing across different model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Bürkel F, Jost T, Hecht M, Heinzerling L, Fietkau R, Distel L. Dual mTOR/DNA-PK Inhibitor CC-115 Induces Cell Death in Melanoma Cells and Has Radiosensitizing Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239321. [PMID: 33297429 PMCID: PMC7730287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CC-115 is a dual inhibitor of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) that is currently being studied in phase I/II clinical trials. DNA-PK is essential for the repair of DNA-double strand breaks (DSB). Radiotherapy is frequently used in the palliative treatment of metastatic melanoma patients and induces DSBs. Melanoma cell lines and healthy-donor skin fibroblast cell lines were treated with CC‑115 and ionizing irradiation (IR). Apoptosis, necrosis, and cell cycle distribution were analyzed. Colony forming assays were conducted to study radiosensitizing effects. Immunofluorescence microscopy was performed to determine the activity of homologous recombination (HR). In most of the malign cell lines, an increasing concentration of CC-115 resulted in increased cell death. Furthermore, strong cytotoxic effects were only observed in malignant cell lines. Regarding clonogenicity, all cell lines displayed decreased survival fractions during combined inhibitor and IR treatment and supra-additive effects of the combination were observable in 5 out of 9 melanoma cell lines. CC-115 showed radiosensitizing potential in 7 out of 9 melanoma cell lines, but not in healthy skin fibroblasts. Based on our data CC-115 treatment could be a promising approach for patients with metastatic melanoma, particularly in the combination with radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Bürkel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.B.); (T.J.); (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.B.); (T.J.); (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.B.); (T.J.); (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Lucie Heinzerling
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ulmenweg 18, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.B.); (T.J.); (M.H.); (R.F.)
| | - Luitpold Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (F.B.); (T.J.); (M.H.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-9131-85-32312
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Identification of ACTB Gene as a Potential Safe Harbor Locus in Pig Genome. Mol Biotechnol 2020; 62:589-597. [PMID: 32979185 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-020-00276-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Transgenic pigs play an important role in biomedicine and agriculture. The "safe harbor" locus maintains consistent foreign gene expression in cells and is important for transgenic pig generation. However, as only several safe harbor loci(Rosa26, pH11 and Pifs501) have been identified in pigs, meeting the needs of the insertion of various foreign genes is difficult. In this study, we develop a novel strategy for the efficient knock-in of gene-of-interest fragments into endogenous beta-actin(ACTB) gene via CRISPR/Cas9 mediated homologous recombination with normal expression of ACTB. Thus, we provide an alternative strategy to integrate exogenous genes into the pig genome that can be applied to agricultural breeding and biomedical models.
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Wang LP, Chen TY, Kang CK, Huang HP, Chen SL. BCAS2, a protein enriched in advanced prostate cancer, interacts with NBS1 to enhance DNA double-strand break repair. Br J Cancer 2020; 123:1796-1807. [PMID: 32963349 PMCID: PMC7723048 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-020-01086-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer amplified sequence 2 (BCAS2) plays crucial roles in pre-mRNA splicing and androgen receptor transcription. Previous studies suggested that BCAS2 is involved in double-strand breaks (DSB); therefore, we aimed to characterise its mechanism and role in prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to assay the roles of BCAS2 in the DSBs of PCa cells and apoptosis in Drosophila, respectively. The effect of BCAS2 dosage on non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) were assayed by precise end-joining assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Glutathione-S-transferase pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays were used to determine whether and how BCAS2 interacts with NBS1. The expression of BCAS2 and other proteins in human PCa was determined by immunohistochemistry. Results BCAS2 helped repair radiation-induced DSBs efficiently in both human PCa cells and Drosophila. BCAS2 enhanced both NHEJ and HR, possibly by interacting with NBS1, which involved the BCAS2 N-terminus as well as both the NBS1 N- and C-termini. The overexpression of BCAS2 was significantly associated with higher Gleason and pathology grades and shorter survival in patients with PCa. Conclusion BCAS2 promotes two DSB repair pathways by interacting with NBS1, and it may affect PCa progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Po Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Kai Kang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Show-Li Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Khattar E, Tergaonkar V. Role of Rap1 in DNA damage response: implications in stem cell homeostasis and cancer. Exp Hematol 2020; 90:12-17. [PMID: 32858091 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian Rap1 is a part of the telomere binding complex named shelterin and is one of the most conserved telomeric proteins. With its essential requirement in lower species to its becoming necessary in higher species, it appears to have gained and lost several functions simultaneously evolving with telomeres. Mammalian Rap1 has been reported to play a role in inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. Mammalian Rap1 has also been found to regulate DNA damage response from telomeres in senescent cells. Recently our group uncovered its novel role in stem cell maintenance, and modulation of the chemotherapeutic response. Mechanistically it was found to function as an adaptor via protein-protein interactions and to modulate the response to DNA damage. In the current review we highlight newly identified functions of Rap1 in regulating telomeric and general DNA damage response with its impact at the cellular and organismal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Khattar
- Sunandan Divatia School of Science, SVKM's NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, India.
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore
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The Determinant of DNA Repair Pathway Choices in Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:4834965. [PMID: 32908893 PMCID: PMC7468606 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4834965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ionising radiation- (IR-) induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be the deleterious DNA lesions that pose a serious threat to genomic stability. The major DNA repair pathways, including classical nonhomologous end joining, homologous recombination, single-strand annealing, and alternative end joining, play critical roles in countering and eliciting IR-induced DSBs to ensure genome integrity. If the IR-induced DNA DSBs are not repaired correctly, the residual or incorrectly repaired DSBs can result in genomic instability that is associated with certain human diseases. Although many efforts have been made in investigating the major mechanisms of IR-induced DNA DSB repair, it is still unclear what determines the choices of IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanisms of IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices can operate in irradiated cells. We first briefly describe the main mechanisms of the major DNA DSB repair pathways and the related key repair proteins. Based on our understanding of the characteristics of IR-induced DNA DSBs and the regulatory mechanisms of DSB repair pathways in irradiated cells and recent advances in this field, We then highlight the main factors and associated challenges to determine the IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices. We conclude that the type and distribution of IR-induced DSBs, chromatin state, DNA-end structure, and DNA-end resection are the main determinants of the choice of the IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathway.
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49
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Zhao L, Bao C, Shang Y, He X, Ma C, Lei X, Mi D, Sun Y. The Determinant of DNA Repair Pathway Choices in Ionising Radiation-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: doi.org/10.1155/2020/4834965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Ionising radiation- (IR-) induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered to be the deleterious DNA lesions that pose a serious threat to genomic stability. The major DNA repair pathways, including classical nonhomologous end joining, homologous recombination, single-strand annealing, and alternative end joining, play critical roles in countering and eliciting IR-induced DSBs to ensure genome integrity. If the IR-induced DNA DSBs are not repaired correctly, the residual or incorrectly repaired DSBs can result in genomic instability that is associated with certain human diseases. Although many efforts have been made in investigating the major mechanisms of IR-induced DNA DSB repair, it is still unclear what determines the choices of IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathways. In this review, we discuss how the mechanisms of IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices can operate in irradiated cells. We first briefly describe the main mechanisms of the major DNA DSB repair pathways and the related key repair proteins. Based on our understanding of the characteristics of IR-induced DNA DSBs and the regulatory mechanisms of DSB repair pathways in irradiated cells and recent advances in this field, We then highlight the main factors and associated challenges to determine the IR-induced DSB repair pathway choices. We conclude that the type and distribution of IR-induced DSBs, chromatin state, DNA-end structure, and DNA-end resection are the main determinants of the choice of the IR-induced DNA DSB repair pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Chengyu Bao
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Yuxuan Shang
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Xinye He
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
| | - Chiyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Mi
- College of Science, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yeqing Sun
- Institute of Environmental Systems Biology, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026 Liaoning, China
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50
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DNA double strand break repair as cellular response to genotoxic asarone isomers considering phase I metabolism. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 142:111484. [PMID: 32526244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The phenylpropenes α-asarone and β-asarone are widely spread in the marsh plant Acorus calamus. Both isomers are classified as carcinogenic in rodents. However, the respective genotoxic mechanisms are not elucidated so far. The present study gives deeper insights into the genotoxic effects of asarone isomers as well as their known oxidative phase I metabolites, (E)-3'-oxoasarone and asarone epoxide. We show that asarone metabolites highly increase DNA strand breaks after 1 h of incubation, markedly metabolic activation contributes to their carcinogenic mode of action. All test compounds act as aneugens and potently enhance the amounts of micronuclei in binuclear cells. However, a prolonged incubation time of 24 h results in a decrease of DNA damage. This work suggests that asarone metabolites also induce DNA double strand breaks , why we put a strong focus on homologous recombination and non-homologous end joining. The obtained results herein indicate that asarone epoxide-induced DNA strand breaks are repaired via a homologous repair pathway.
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