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Zhang D, Yuan Y, Xiong J, Zeng Q, Gan Y, Jiang K, Xie N. Anti-breast cancer effects of dairy protein active peptides, dairy products, and dairy protein-based nanoparticles. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1486264. [PMID: 39605907 PMCID: PMC11598434 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1486264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed and fatal cancer among women worldwide. Dairy protein-derived peptides and dairy products are important parts of the daily human diet and have shown promising activities in suppressing the proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Most of the review literature employs meta-analysis methods to explore the association between dairy intake and breast cancer risk. However, there is a lack of comprehensive summary regarding the anti-breast cancer properties of dairy protein-derived peptides, dairy products, and dairy protein-based nanoparticles as well as their underlying mechanisms of action. Therefore, the present study discussed the breast cancer inhibitory effects and mechanisms of active peptides derived from various dairy protein sources. Additionally, the characteristics, anti-breast cancer activities and active components of several types of dairy products, including fermented milk, yogurt and cheeses, were summarized. Furthermore, the preparation methods and therapeutic effects of various dairy protein-containing nanoparticle delivery systems for breast cancer therapy were briefly described. Lastly, this work also provided an overview of what is currently known about the anti-breast cancer effects of dairy products in clinical studies. Our review will be of interest to the development of natural anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deju Zhang
- Biobank, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
- Food and Nutritional Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Biobank, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Xiong
- Biobank, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Qingdong Zeng
- Biobank, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yiming Gan
- Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Eastern Institute for Advanced Study, Eastern Institute of Technology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ni Xie
- Biobank, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Yasavoli‐Sharahi H, Shahbazi R, Alsadi N, Robichaud S, Kambli D, Izadpanah A, Mohsenifar Z, Matar C. Edodes Cultured Extract Regulates Immune Stress During Puberty and Modulates MicroRNAs Involved in Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer Suppression. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e70277. [PMID: 39382253 PMCID: PMC11462599 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.70277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune stressors, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), profoundly affect microbiota balance, leading to gut dysbiosis. This imbalance disrupts the metabolic phenotype and structural integrity of the gut, increasing intestinal permeability. During puberty, a critical surge in estrogen levels is crucial for mammary gland development. However, inflammation originating from the gut in this period may interfere with this development, potentially heightening breast cancer risk later. The long-term effects of pubertal inflammation on mammary development and breast cancer risk are underexplored. Such episodes can dysregulate cytokine levels and microRNA expression, altering mammary cell gene expression, and predisposing them to tumorigenesis. METHODS This study hypothesizes that prebiotics, specifically Lentinula edodes Cultured Extract (AHCC), can counteract LPS's adverse effects. Using BALB/c mice, an acute LPS dose was administered at puberty, and breast cancer predisposition was assessed at 13 weeks. Cytokine and tumor-related microRNA levels, tumor development, and cancer stem cells were explored through immunoassays and qRT-PCR. RESULTS Results show that LPS induces lasting effects on cytokine and microRNA expression in mammary glands and tumors. AHCC modulates cytokine expression, including IL-1β, IL-17A/F, and IL-23, and mitigates LPS-induced IL-6 in mammary glands. It also regulates microRNA expression linked to tumor progression and suppression, particularly counteracting the upregulation of oncogenic miR-21, miR-92, and miR-155. Although AHCC slightly alters some tumor-suppressive microRNAs, these changes are modest, highlighting a complex regulatory role that warrants further study. CONCLUSION These findings underscore the potential of dietary interventions like AHCC to mitigate pubertal LPS-induced inflammation on mammary gland development and tumor formation, suggesting a preventive strategy against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Yasavoli‐Sharahi
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Roghayeh Shahbazi
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Nawal Alsadi
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Samuel Robichaud
- Department of PathologyUniversity of MontrealMontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Darshan Babu Kambli
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Amirhossein Izadpanah
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECRTehranIran
| | - Zhaleh Mohsenifar
- Department of PathologySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Chantal Matar
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine Department, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
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Apalowo OE, Adegoye GA, Mbogori T, Kandiah J, Obuotor TM. Nutritional Characteristics, Health Impact, and Applications of Kefir. Foods 2024; 13:1026. [PMID: 38611332 PMCID: PMC11011999 DOI: 10.3390/foods13071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A global epidemiological shift has been observed in recent decades, characterized by an increase in age-related disorders, notably non-communicable chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer. An appreciable causal link between changes in the gut microbiota and the onset of these maladies has been recognized, offering an avenue for effective management. Kefir, a probiotic-enriched fermented food, has gained significance in this setting due to its promising resource for the development of functional or value-added food formulations and its ability to reshape gut microbial composition. This has led to increasing commercial interest worldwide as it presents a natural beverage replete with health-promoting microbes and several bioactive compounds. Given the substantial role of the gut microbiota in human health and the etiology of several diseases, we conducted a comprehensive synthesis covering a total of 33 investigations involving experimental animal models, aimed to elucidate the regulatory influence of bioactive compounds present in kefir on gut microbiota and their potential in promoting optimal health. This review underscores the outstanding nutritional properties of kefir as a central repository of bioactive compounds encompassing micronutrients and amino acids and delineates their regulatory effects at deficient, adequate, and supra-nutritional intakes on the gut microbiota and their broader physiological consequences. Furthermore, an investigation of putative mechanisms that govern the regulatory effects of kefir on the gut microbiota and its connections with various human diseases was discussed, along with potential applications in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oladayo Emmanuel Apalowo
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (O.E.A.); (G.A.A.)
| | - Grace Adeola Adegoye
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (O.E.A.); (G.A.A.)
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
| | - Teresia Mbogori
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
| | - Jayanthi Kandiah
- Department of Nutrition and Health Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN 47306, USA;
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Bourrie BCT, Forgie AJ, Ju T, Richard C, Cotter PD, Willing BP. Consumption of the cell-free or heat-treated fractions of a pitched kefir confers some but not all positive impacts of the corresponding whole kefir. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1056526. [PMID: 36504827 PMCID: PMC9730713 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1056526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kefir consumption can have many metabolic health benefits, including, in the case of specific kefirs, improvements in plasma and liver lipid profiles. Our group has previously shown that these health benefits are dependent on the microbial composition of the kefir fermentation, and that a pitched kefir (PK1) containing specific traditional microbes can recapitulate the health benefits of a traditional kefir. In this study we investigated how different preparations of kefir impact cholesterol and lipid metabolism and circulating markers of cardiovascular disease risk and determine if freeze-drying impacts health benefits relative to past studies. Materials and methods Eight-week-old male and female C57Bl/6 mice were fed a high fat diet (40% kcal from fat) supplemented with one of 3 freeze-dried kefir preparations (whole kefir, cell-free kefir, or heat-treated kefir) for 8 weeks prior to analysis of plasma and liver lipid profiles, circulating cardiovascular disease (CVD) biomarkers, cecal microbiome composition, and cecal short-chain fatty acid levels. These groups of mice were compared to others that were fed a control low-fat diet, control high fat diet or high fat diet supplemented with milk, respectively. Results All kefir preparations lowered plasma cholesterol in both male and female mice, while only whole kefir lowered liver cholesterol and triglycerides. Plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) was lowered by both whole kefir and heat-treated kefir in male mice but not females, while c-reactive protein (CRP) was unchanged across all high fat diet fed groups in males and females. Conclusion These results indicate that some of the metabolic benefits of consumption of this kefir do not require whole kefir while also indicating that there are multiple compounds or components responsible for the different benefits observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C. T. Bourrie
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Andrew J. Forgie
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Ireland,APC Microbiome Ireland, Cork, Ireland,VistaMilk, Cork, Ireland
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Center, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada,*Correspondence: Benjamin P. Willing,
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Zhang J, Xie Q, Huo X, Liu Z, Da M, Yuan M, Zhao Y, Shen G. Impact of intestinal dysbiosis on breast cancer metastasis and progression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1037831. [PMID: 36419880 PMCID: PMC9678367 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1037831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer has a high mortality rate among malignant tumors, with metastases identified as the main cause of the high mortality. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota has become a key factor in the development, treatment, and prognosis of breast cancer. The many microorganisms that make up the gut flora have a symbiotic relationship with their host and, through the regulation of host immune responses and metabolic pathways, are involved in important physiologic activities in the human body, posing a significant risk to health. In this review, we build on the interactions between breast tissue (including tumor tissue, tissue adjacent to the tumor, and samples from healthy women) and the microbiota, then explore factors associated with metastatic breast cancer and dysbiosis of the gut flora from multiple perspectives, including enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, antibiotic use, changes in gut microbial metabolites, changes in the balance of the probiotic environment and diet. These factors highlight the existence of a complex relationship between host-breast cancer progression-gut flora. Suggesting that gut flora dysbiosis may be a host-intrinsic factor affecting breast cancer metastasis and progression not only informs our understanding of the role of microbiota dysbiosis in breast cancer development and metastasis, but also the importance of balancing gut flora dysbiosis and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guoshuang Shen
- Affiliated Hospital of Qinghai University, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Qinghai University, Xining, China
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Rahimpour M, Ashabi G, Rahimi AM, Halimi S, Panahi M, Alemrajabi M, Nabavizadeh F. Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 Treatment Enhanced Efficacy of Capecitabine against Colon Cancer in Male Balb/c Mice. Nutr Cancer 2021; 74:2622-2631. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2014901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rahimpour
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mustafa Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Alberoni University, Kohestan, Afghanistan
| | - Shahnaz Halimi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Panahi
- Department of Pathology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Alemrajabi
- Department of Surgery, Firoozgar Hospital, Firoozgar Clinical Research Development Center (FCRDC), Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nabavizadeh
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Electrophysiology Research Center, Neurosciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Polyphenol-Enriched Blueberry Preparation Controls Breast Cancer Stem Cells by Targeting FOXO1 and miR-145. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144330. [PMID: 34299605 PMCID: PMC8304479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence supports the early deregulation of epigenetic profiles during breast carcinogenesis. Research shows that cellular transformation, carcinogenesis, and stemness maintenance are regulated by epigenetic-specific changes that involve microRNAs (miRNAs). Dietary bioactive compounds such as blueberry polyphenols may modulate susceptibility to breast cancer by the modulation of CSC survival and self-renewal pathways through the epigenetic mechanism, including the regulation of miRNA expression. Therefore, the current study aimed to assay the effect of polyphenol enriched blueberry preparation (PEBP) or non-fermented blueberry juice (NBJ) on the modulation of miRNA signature and the target proteins associated with different clinical-pathological characteristics of breast cancer such as stemness, invasion, and chemoresistance using breast cancer cell lines. To this end, 4T1 and MB-MDM-231 cell lines were exposed to NBJ or PEBP for 24 h. miRNA profiling was performed in breast cancer cell cultures, and RT-qPCR was undertaken to assay the expression of target miRNA. The expression of target proteins was examined by Western blotting. Profiling of miRNA revealed that several miRNAs associated with different clinical-pathological characteristics were differentially expressed in cells treated with PEBP. The validation study showed significant downregulation of oncogenic miR-210 expression in both 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP. In addition, expression of tumor suppressor miR-145 was significantly increased in both cell lines treated with PEBP. Western blot analysis showed a significant increase in the relative expression of FOXO1 in 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP and in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to NBJ. Furthermore, a significant decrease was observed in the relative expression of N-RAS in 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to PEBP and in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to NBJ. Our data indicate a potential chemoprevention role of PEBP through the modulation of miRNA expression, particularly miR-210 and miR-145, and protection against breast cancer development and progression. Thus, PEBP may represent a source for novel chemopreventative agents against breast cancer.
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8
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Kefir and Its Biological Activities. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061210. [PMID: 34071977 PMCID: PMC8226494 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Kefir is a fermented beverage with renowned probiotics that coexist in symbiotic association with other microorganisms in kefir grains. This beverage consumption is associated with a wide array of nutraceutical benefits, including anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-cancer, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, anti-hypertensive, and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects. Moreover, kefir can be adapted into different substrates which allow the production of new functional beverages to provide product diversification. Being safe and inexpensive, there is an immense global interest in kefir’s nutritional potential. Due to their promising benefits, kefir and kefir-like products have a great prospect for commercialization. This manuscript reviews the therapeutic aspects of kefir to date, and potential applications of kefir products in the health and food industries, along with the limitations. The literature reviewed here demonstrates that there is a growing demand for kefir as a functional food owing to a number of health-promoting properties.
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Mendes E, Casaro MB, Fukumori C, Ribeiro WR, Dos Santos AL, Sartorelli P, Lazarini M, Bogsan CSB, Oliveira MA, Ferreira CM. Preventive oral kefir supplementation protects mice from ovariectomy-induced exacerbated allergic airway inflammation. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:187-197. [PMID: 33789554 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is an inflammatory lung disease that affects more women than men in adulthood. Clinical evidence shows that hormonal fluctuation during the menstrual cycle and menopause are related to increased asthma severity in women. Considering that life expectancy has increased and that most women now undergo menopause, strategies to prevent the worsening of asthma symptoms are particularly important. A recent study from our group showed that re-exposure of ovariectomised allergic mice to antigen (ovalbumin) leads to an exacerbation of lung inflammation that is similar to clinical conditions. However, little is known about the role of probiotics in the prevention of asthma exacerbations during the menstrual cycle or menopause. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with kefir, a popular fermented dairy beverage, as a preventive strategy for modulating allergic disease. The results show that the preventive kefir administration decreases the influx of inflammatory cells in the airways and exacerbates the production of mucus and the interleukin 13 cytokine. Additionally, kefir changes macrophage polarisation by decreasing the number of M2 macrophages, as shown by RT-PCR assay. Thus, kefir is a functional food that potentially prevents allergic airway inflammation exacerbations in ovariectomised mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mendes
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - M B Casaro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - C Fukumori
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - W R Ribeiro
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - A L Dos Santos
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - P Sartorelli
- Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Diadema, SP 09972-270, Brazil
| | - M Lazarini
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
| | - C S B Bogsan
- Department of Biochemical-Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 580, B-16, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - M A Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences I, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - C M Ferreira
- Institute of Environmental, Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Sao Nicolau, 210, Diadema, SP 09913-03, Brazil
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AÇIK M, ÇAKIROĞLU FP, ALTAN M, BAYBO T. Alternative source of probiotics for lactose intolerance and vegan individuals: sugary kefir. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.27919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Sabatino MA, Carfì Pavia F, Rigogliuso S, Giacomazza D, Ghersi G, La Carrubba V, Dispenza C. Development of injectable and durable kefiran hydro-alcoholic gels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 149:309-319. [PMID: 31987942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jenab A, Roghanian R, Ghorbani N, Ghaedi K, Emtiazi G. The Efficacy of Electrospun PAN/Kefiran Nanofiber and Kefir in Mammalian Cell Culture: Promotion of PC12 Cell Growth, Anti-MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells Activities, and Cytokine Production of PBMC. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:717-728. [PMID: 32099360 PMCID: PMC7002384 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s232264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kefiran is a useful polysaccharide made of branched glucogalactose which is produced by microorganisms. Here the anti-MCF-7 breast cancer cells activity of kefiran and cytokine productions (IL-6) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) treated by kefiran was studied. Also, the effect of using kefiran as a useful and cost-effective scaffold in neural stem cell culture (PC12 cell culture) was investigated. Material and Methods Kefiran was produced from raw milk with 0.5% fat and 10 g of kefir grains. After incubation for 48 hrs at room temperature, the solvent collected (crude kefiran). These samples were kept at 100°C for 1 hr (boiled kefiran) and the supernatant was precipitated by ethanol (pure kefiran). Then, the electrospun nanofibers, pure polyacrylonitrile (PAN), PAN/kefiran 5%, and PAN/kefiran 10% were fabricated and used as scaffolds in the cell culture. The structure of fabricated was studied by SEM and the cytokine production (IL-6) in vitro in the cell culture supernatant of PBMC line after treatment with kefiran (1mg/mL, 5 mg/mL) and kefiran-PAN 5% and 10% were carried out by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The attachment of PC12 cells was examined by inverted microscope. Also, cytotoxicity of kefiran for PC12 and MCF7 cells and morphological changes of PC12 cells were evaluated by MTT and Cresyl violet staining (Nissl staining) respectively. Results The mean diameter of fabricated PAN/kefiran 5% and 10% nanofibers were 310.2±43.97 nm. The contact angle measurement results (26.9± 1.9 for the pure PAN scaffold vs 12.3± 1.13 for the PAN/kefiran) revealed enhanced hydrophilicity of scaffolds upon the incorporation of kefiran and PAN. Seeding of PC12 cells on the scaffolds showed that fabrication of kefiran into PAN led to the enhancement of cell attachment, proliferation, and morphological changes. Also, the promotion of PBMC growth and decreasing of MCF7 cell lines viability were shown through MTT assay. No significant changes were measured for the level of IL-6 in PAN/kefiran 5% treated cells compared to the control (p ≥ 0.05). Conclusion These results suggest superior properties of kefiran/PAN nanofibrous scaffolds for the neural stem cell culture especially for repairing injured spinal cord. Also, the pure kefiran could be used for the enhancement of PBMC growth and reducing the MCF7 cancerous cells growth. So, using biocompatible, anti-bacterial, and anti-tumor kefiran/PAN nanofibers for regenerative medicine seems promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahita Jenab
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Rasoul Roghanian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Najmeh Ghorbani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Giti Emtiazi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib, Isfahan, Iran
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Ferguson JF, Aden LA, Barbaro NR, Van Beusecum JP, Xiao L, Simmons AJ, Warden C, Pasic L, Himmel LE, Washington MK, Revetta FL, Zhao S, Kumaresan S, Scholz MB, Tang Z, Chen G, Reilly MP, Kirabo A. High dietary salt-induced dendritic cell activation underlies microbial dysbiosis-associated hypertension. JCI Insight 2019; 5:126241. [PMID: 31162138 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.126241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Excess dietary salt contributes to inflammation and hypertension via poorly understood mechanisms. Antigen presenting cells including dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in regulating intestinal immune homeostasis in part by surveying the gut epithelial surface for pathogens. Previously, we found that highly reactive γ-ketoaldehydes or isolevuglandins (IsoLGs) accumulate in DCs and act as neoantigens, promoting an autoimmune-like state and hypertension. We hypothesized that excess dietary salt alters the gut microbiome leading to hypertension and this is associated with increased immunogenic IsoLG-adduct formation in myeloid antigen presenting cells. To test this hypothesis, we performed fecal microbiome analysis and measured blood pressure of healthy human volunteers with salt intake above or below the American Heart Association recommendations. We also performed 16S rRNA analysis on cecal samples of mice fed normal or high salt diets. In humans and mice, high salt intake was associated with changes in the gut microbiome reflecting an increase in Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and genus Prevotella bacteria. These alterations were associated with higher blood pressure in humans and predisposed mice to vascular inflammation and hypertension in response to a sub-pressor dose of angiotensin II. Mice fed a high salt diet exhibited increased intestinal inflammation including the mesenteric arterial arcade and aorta, with a marked increase in the B7 ligand CD86 and formation of IsoLG-protein adducts in CD11c+ myeloid cells. Adoptive transfer of fecal material from conventionally housed high salt-fed mice to germ-free mice predisposed them to increased intestinal inflammation and hypertension. These findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying inflammation and hypertension associated with excess dietary salt and may lead to interventions targeting the microbiome to prevent and treat this important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Vanderbilt Translational and Clinical Cardiovascular Research Center
| | - Luul A Aden
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Liang Xiao
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Alan J Simmons
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Lejla Pasic
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Lauren E Himmel
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mary K Washington
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frank L Revetta
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew B Scholz
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics core facility, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhengzheng Tang
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Guanhua Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, and.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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14
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Karataş A. Dairy Products Added to Rearing Media Negatively Effect Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) Egg Production and Larval Development. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5184453. [PMID: 30445635 PMCID: PMC6237243 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effect of kefir, yogurt, and milk on egg production and development in Drosophila melanogaster Meigen. Kefir, yogurt, and milk were added to the Drosophila culture medium. First they were fed to mature individuals and then these females laid eggs on medium containing kefir, yogurt, and milk. Later the development of eggs and larvae was examined. The experiments were conducted on two generations, the F1 generation reared with additives in the media and F2 without the additives. The effects of these substances on the basic stages of development were also examined. In the experimental groups, the numbers of eggs and larvae decreased considerably in both the F1 and F2 generations. The comparison between the experimental groups themselves also showed a difference. In both generations, development of eggs into third instar larvae was reduced and metamorphosis was delayed. In addition, morphological abnormalities were observed in the larvae. Overall the results showed that kefir, yogurt, and milk affected egg and larva development negatively and this negative effect continued in the F2 generation. The continuation of this negative effect in the F2 generation, which was not exposed to various milk additives, is an interesting finding. These results indicate that the nutrients from the milk and the milk products used were neither utilized by nor beneficial for this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Karataş
- Education Faculty, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
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15
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Bengoa A, Iraporda C, Garrote G, Abraham A. Kefir micro-organisms: their role in grain assembly and health properties of fermented milk. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 126:686-700. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A.A. Bengoa
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA, UNLP-CIC-CONICET); La Plata Argentina
| | - C. Iraporda
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ingeniería; UNCPBA; Olavarría Argentina
| | - G.L. Garrote
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA, UNLP-CIC-CONICET); La Plata Argentina
| | - A.G. Abraham
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CIDCA, UNLP-CIC-CONICET); La Plata Argentina
- Área Bioquímica y Control de Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas; UNLP; La Plata Argentina
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16
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Bourrie BC, Cotter PD, Willing BP. Traditional kefir reduces weight gain and improves plasma and liver lipid profiles more successfully than a commercial equivalent in a mouse model of obesity. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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17
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Hatmal MM, Nuirat A, Zihlif MA, Taha MO. Exploring the influence of culture conditions on kefir's anticancer properties. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:3771-3777. [PMID: 29501341 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a major health problem in many parts of the world. Conventional anticancer treatments are painful, expensive, and unsafe. Therefore, demand is increasing for cancer treatments preferentially in the form of functional foods or nutritional supplements. Kefir, a traditional fermented milk dairy product, has significant antimutagenic and antitumor properties. This research addresses the hypothesis that kefir's anticancer properties are affected by fermentation conditions. Initially, kefir extracts prepared under standard conditions were screened against 7 cancer cell lines using the tetrazolium dye 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide colorimetric assay. Colon cancer and chronic myelogenous leukemia cells were found to be most susceptible to kefir extracts. Subsequently, a factorial design was implemented to assess the effects of 3 fermentation times (24, 48, and 72 h), 3 kefir-to-milk ratios (2, 5, and 10% wt/vol), and 3 fermentation temperatures (4, 25, and 40°C) on kefir's anticancer properties. Remarkably, exploration of the fermentation conditions allowed the anticancer properties of kefir to be enhanced by 5- to 8-fold against susceptible cell lines. Overall, these results demonstrate the possibility of optimizing the anticancer properties of kefir as a functional food in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma'mon M Hatmal
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Abeer Nuirat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| | - Malek A Zihlif
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Mutasem O Taha
- Drug Discovery Unit, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
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18
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Karatas A, Ozgumus Demir E. Dairy Products Added in Media Affect the Development of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2018; 18:5036445. [PMID: 29901740 PMCID: PMC6007335 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased interest shown in kefir, the present study examined its effects on some developmental characteristics in Drosophila. To compare the results related to kefir, another fermented product, i.e., yogurt, and the raw material of kefir, i.e., milk, were included in the experiment. All three foods were fed to Drosophila by addition to the medium. The results showed that the three foods delayed development in generations F1 and F2. In both generations, the number of adults was lower than that of the control group, but the comparison of the foods among themselves showed no significant difference. Moreover, the negative effect continued in generation F2. Phenotypically abnormal individuals were observed in the experiments, but there was no significant difference. Furthermore, the sex ratio changed in all the groups, including the control group. In the experimental group fed kefir, the sex ratio changed in favor of females, whereas in the other groups, it changed in favor of males. Whether the milk and milk products were fermented did not change the effect on Drosophila, but unexpectedly it delayed development, reduced the number of adults, and changed the sex ratio. It can be concluded that the three foods delayed development and altered the sex ratio in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Karatas
- Education Faculty, Kocaeli University, Umuttepe Campus, Kocaeli, Turkey
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19
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Kefir: a powerful probiotics with anticancer properties. Med Oncol 2017; 34:183. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-017-1044-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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20
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Motevaseli E, Dianatpour A, Ghafouri-Fard S. The Role of Probiotics in Cancer Treatment: Emphasis on their In Vivo and In Vitro Anti-metastatic Effects. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2017; 6:66-76. [PMID: 28890883 PMCID: PMC5581548 DOI: 10.22088/acadpub.bums.6.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are defined as live bacteria and yeasts that exert beneficial effects for health. Among their various effects, anti-cancer properties have been highlighted in recent years. Such effects include suppression of the growth of microbiota implicated in the production of mutagens and carcinogens, alteration in carcinogen metabolism and protection of DNA from oxidative damage as well as regulation of immune system. We performed a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PUBMED databases with key words: cancer, probiotics, lactobacilli, metastasis and invasion. Cell line studies as well as animal models and human studies have shown the therapeutic effects of probiotics in reduction of invasion and metastasis in cancer cells. These results support the beneficial effects of probiotics both in vitro and in vivo. However, pre-clinical or clinical studies are not enough to decide about their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Food Microbiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Dianatpour
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Zamberi NR, Abu N, Mohamed NE, Nordin N, Keong YS, Beh BK, Zakaria ZAB, Nik Abdul Rahman NMA, Alitheen NB. The Antimetastatic and Antiangiogenesis Effects of Kefir Water on Murine Breast Cancer Cells. Integr Cancer Ther 2016; 15:NP53-NP66. [PMID: 27230756 PMCID: PMC5739168 DOI: 10.1177/1534735416642862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Kefir is a unique cultured product that contains beneficial probiotics. Kefir culture from other parts of the world exhibits numerous beneficial qualities such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulation, and anticancer effects. Nevertheless, kefir cultures from different parts of the world exert different effects because of variation in culture conditions and media. Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women, and metastasis is the major cause of death associated with breast cancer. The antimetastatic and antiangiogenic effects of kefir water made from kefir grains cultured in Malaysia were studied in 4T1 breast cancer cells. Methods. 4T1 cancer cells were treated with kefir water in vitro to assess its antimigration and anti-invasion effects. BALB/c mice were injected with 4T1 cancer cells and treated orally with kefir water for 28 days. Results. Kefir water was cytotoxic toward 4T1 cells at IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) of 12.5 and 8.33 mg/mL for 48 and 72 hours, respectively. A significant reduction in tumor size and weight (0.9132 ± 0.219 g) and a substantial increase in helper T cells (5-fold) and cytotoxic T cells (7-fold) were observed in the kefir water–treated group. Proinflammatory and proangiogenic markers were significantly reduced in the kefir water–treated group. Conclusions. Kefir water inhibited tumor proliferation in vitro and in vivo mainly through cancer cell apoptosis, immunomodulation by stimulating T helper cells and cytotoxic T cells, and anti-inflammatory, antimetastatic, and antiangiogenesis effects. This study brought out the potential of the probiotic beverage kefir water in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadiah Abu
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | | | - Boon Kee Beh
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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22
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Bourrie BCT, Willing BP, Cotter PD. The Microbiota and Health Promoting Characteristics of the Fermented Beverage Kefir. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:647. [PMID: 27199969 PMCID: PMC4854945 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Kefir is a complex fermented dairy product created through the symbiotic fermentation of milk by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts contained within an exopolysaccharide and protein complex called a kefir grain. As with other fermented dairy products, kefir has been associated with a range of health benefits such as cholesterol metabolism and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, antimicrobial activity, tumor suppression, increased speed of wound healing, and modulation of the immune system including the alleviation of allergy and asthma. These reports have led to increased interest in kefir as a focus of research and as a potential probiotic-containing product. Here, we review those studies with a particular emphasis on the microbial composition and the health benefits of the product, as well as discussing the further development of kefir as an important probiotic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C T Bourrie
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada; Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Teagasc Food Research CentreFermoy, Ireland; APC Microbiome InstituteCork, Ireland
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23
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Randazzo W, Corona O, Guarcello R, Francesca N, Germanà MA, Erten H, Moschetti G, Settanni L. Development of new non-dairy beverages from Mediterranean fruit juices fermented with water kefir microorganisms. Food Microbiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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24
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Kefir induces apoptosis and inhibits cell proliferation in human acute erythroleukemia. Med Oncol 2015; 33:7. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-015-0722-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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25
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Gul O, Mortas M, Atalar I, Dervisoglu M, Kahyaoglu T. Manufacture and characterization of kefir made from cow and buffalo milk, using kefir grain and starter culture. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:1517-25. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Arslan S. A review: chemical, microbiological and nutritional characteristics of kefir. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2014.981588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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27
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Aragón F, Perdigón G, LeBlanc ADMD. Modification in the diet can induce beneficial effects against breast cancer. World J Clin Oncol 2014; 5:455-464. [PMID: 25114859 PMCID: PMC4127615 DOI: 10.5306/wjco.v5.i3.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The population tends to consume foods that in addition to their nutritional values can offer some benefits to their health. There are many epidemiological evidences and research studies in animal models suggesting that diet plays an important role in breast cancer prevention or progression. This review summarized some of the relevant researches about nutrition and cancer during the last years, especially in breast cancer. The analysis of probiotics and fermented products containing lactic acid bacteria in cancer prevention and/or treatment was especially discussed. It was observed that a balance of fatty acids similar to those of traditional Mediterranean diet, the consumption of fruits and vegetables, dietary fiber intake, vitamin supplementation are, along with the intake of probiotic products, the most extensively studied by the negative association to breast cancer risk. The consumption of probiotics and fermented products containing lactic acid bacteria was associated to reduce breast cancer risk in some epidemiological studies. The use of animal models showed the modulation of the host’s immune response as one of the important effects associated to the benefices observed with most probiotics. However; future assays in human are very important before the medical community can accept the addition of probiotic or fermented milks containing lactic acid bacteria as supplements for cancer patients.
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28
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Aragón F, Carino S, Perdigón G, de Moreno de LeBlanc A. The administration of milk fermented by the probiotic Lactobacillus casei CRL 431 exerts an immunomodulatory effect against a breast tumour in a mouse model. Immunobiology 2014; 219:457-64. [PMID: 24646876 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antitumour activity is one of the health-promoting effects attributed to probiotics specially analysed from preclinical models, mostly murine. Here, the effect of milk fermented by the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus casei CRL 431, on a murine breast cancer model was analysed. Mice were fed with milk fermented by Lactobacillus casei or unfermented milk before and after tumour injection. Rate of tumour development, cytokines in serum, IgA, CD4, CD8, F4/80 and cytokines positive cells in mammary glands were determined. Microvasculature in the tumour tissues was monitored. The effect of fermented milk administration after tumour injection was also evaluated. It was observed that probiotic administration delayed or blocked tumour development. This effect was associated to modulation of the immune response triggered by the tumour. The area occupied by blood vessels decreased in the tumours from mice given fermented milk which agrees with their small tumours, and fewer side effects. Finally, it was observed that probiotic administration after tumour detection was also beneficial to delay the tumour growth. In conclusion, we showed in this study the potential of milk fermented by the probiotic Lactobacillus casei CRL431 to stimulate the immune response against this breast tumour, avoiding or delaying its growth when it was preventively administrated and also when the administration started after tumour cells injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Aragón
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000ILC Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Silvia Carino
- Laboratorio de Anatomía patológica, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Perdigón
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000ILC Tucumán, Argentina; Cátedra de Inmunología, Facultad de Bioquimíca, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA-CONICET), Chacabuco 145, San Miguel de Tucumán, T4000ILC Tucumán, Argentina.
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29
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Gao J, Gu F, Ruan H, Chen Q, He J, He G. Induction of apoptosis of gastric cancer cells SGC7901 in vitro by a cell-free fraction of Tibetan kefir. Int Dairy J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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30
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Teruya K, Myojin-Maekawa Y, Shimamoto F, Watanabe H, Nakamichi N, Tokumaru K, Tokumaru S, Shirahata S. Protective effects of the fermented milk Kefir on X-ray irradiation-induced intestinal damage in B6C3F1 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 36:352-9. [PMID: 23229389 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal damage associated with radiation therapy is currently an inevitable outcome. The protective effect of Kefir was assessed for its usefulness against radiation-induced gastrointestinal damage. A Kefir supernatant was diluted by 2- or 10-fold and administered for 1 week prior to 8 Gray (Gy) X-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 2 Gy/min, with an additional 15 d of administration post-irradiation. The survival rate of control mice with normal drinking water dropped to 70% on days 4 through 9 post-irradiation. On the other hand, 100% of mice in the 10- and 2-fold-diluted Kefir groups survived up to day 9 post-irradiation (p<0.05 and p<0.01, respectively). Examinations for crypt regeneration against 8, 10 and 12 Gy irradiation at a dose rate of 4 Gy/min revealed that the crypt number was significantly increased in the mice administered both diluted Kefir solutions (p<0.01 for each). Histological and immunohistochemical examinations revealed that the diluted Kefir solutions protected the crypts from radiation, and promoted crypt regeneration. In addition, lyophilized Kefir powder was found to significantly recover the testis weights (p<0.05), but had no effects on the body and spleen weights, after 8 Gy irradiation. These findings suggest that Kefir could be a promising candidate as a radiation-protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Teruya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812–8581, Japan.
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Abstract
Lactobacillus helveticus is an important industrial thermophilic starter that is predominantly employed in the fermentation of milk for the manufacture of several cheeses. In addition to its technological importance, a growing body of scientific evidence shows that strains belonging to the L. helveticus species have health-promoting properties. In this review, we synthesize the results of numerous primary literature papers concerning the ability of L. helveticus strains to positively influence human health. Several in vitro studies showed that L. helveticus possesses many common probiotic properties, such as the ability to survive gastrointestinal transit, adhere to epithelial cells, and antagonize pathogens. In vivo studies in murine models showed that L. helveticus could prevent gastrointestinal infections, enhance protection against pathogens, modulate host immune responses, and affect the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Interventional studies and clinical trials have also demonstrated a number of health-promoting properties of L. helveticus. Finally, several studies suggested that specific enzymatic activities of L. helveticus could indirectly benefit the human host by enhancing the bioavailability of nutrients, removing allergens and other undesired molecules from food, and producing bioactive peptides through the digestion of food proteins. In conclusion, this review demonstrates that in light of the scientific literature presented, L. helveticus can be included among the bacterial species that are generally considered to be probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Taverniti
- Division of Food Microbiology and Bioprocesses, Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano Milan, Italy
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32
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Puerari C, Magalhães KT, Schwan RF. New cocoa pulp-based kefir beverages: Microbiological, chemical composition and sensory analysis. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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33
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Glibowski P, Kowalska A. Rheological, texture and sensory properties of kefir with high performance and native inulin. J FOOD ENG 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ndiaye F, Vuong T, Duarte J, Aluko RE, Matar C. Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating properties of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate from yellow field pea seeds. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51:29-37. [PMID: 21442413 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-011-0186-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enzymatic protein hydrolysates of yellow pea seed have been shown to possess high anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial activities. The aim of this work was to confirm the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities of an enzymatic protein hydrolysate of yellow field pea seeds. METHODS The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of peptides from yellow field pea proteins (Pisum sativum L.) were investigated in LPS/IFN-γ-activated RAW 264.7 NO⁻ macrophages. The immunomodulating potential of pea protein hydrolysate (PPH) was then studied in a murine model. RESULTS Pea protein hydrolysate, after a 12 h pre-treatment, showed significant inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages up to 20%. Moreover, PPH significantly inhibited their secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α- and IL-6, up to 35 and 80%, respectively. Oral administration of PPH in mice enhanced the phagocytic activity of their peritoneal macrophages and stimulated the gut mucosa immune response. The number of IgA+ cells was elevated in the small intestine lamina propria, accompanied by an increase in the number of IL-4+, IL-10+ and IFN-γ+ cells. This was correlated to up-regulation of IL-6 secretion by small intestine epithelial cells (IEC), probably responsible for B-cell terminal differentiation to IgA-secreting cells. Moreover, PPH might have increased IL-6 production in IECs via the stimulation of toll-like receptors (TLRs) family, especially TLR2 and TLR4 since either anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR4 was able to completely abolish PPH-induced IL-6 secretion. CONCLUSIONS Enzymatic protein degradation confers anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating potentials to pea proteins, and the resulted peptides could be used as an alternative therapy for the prevention of inflammatory-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatou Ndiaye
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, R2057 Roger Guindon Hall, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada
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CHEN K, KUO C, SHIU J, CHEN M. PROCESS OPTIMIZATION FOR A NOVEL KEFIR CANDY WITH HIGH PROBIOTIC VIABILITY. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4530.2009.00367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Maalouf K, Baydoun E, Rizk S. Kefir induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in HTLV-1-negative malignant T-lymphocytes. Cancer Manag Res 2011; 3:39-47. [PMID: 21448298 PMCID: PMC3064404 DOI: 10.2147/cmr.s15109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy that occurs in white blood cells. The overall cure rate in children is 85%, whereas it is only 40% in adults. Kefir is an important probiotic that contains many bioactive ingredients, which give it unique health benefits. It has been shown to control several cellular types of cancer. PURPOSE The present study investigates the effect of a cell-free fraction of kefir on CEM and Jurkat cells, which are human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-1)-negative malignant T-lymphocytes. METHODS Cells were incubated with different kefir concentrations. The cytotoxicity of the compound was evaluated by determining the percentage viability of cells. The effect of all the noncytotoxic concentrations of kefir on the proliferation of CEM and Jurkat cells was then assessed. The levels of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α), transforming growth factor- beta1 (TGF-β1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), and MMP-9 mRNA upon kefir treatment were then analyzed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Finally, the growth inhibitory effects of kefir on cell-cycle progression/apoptosis were assessed by Cell Death Detection (ELISA) and flow cytometry. RESULTS The maximum cytotoxicity recorded after 48-hours treatment with 80 μg/μL kefir was only 42% and 39% in CEM and Jurkat cells, respectively. The percent reduction in proliferation was very significant, and was dose-, and time-dependent. In both cell lines, kefir exhibited its antiproliferative effect by downregulating TGF-α and upregulating TGF-β1 mRNA expression. Upon kefir treatment, a marked increase in cell-cycle distribution was noted in the preG(1) phase of CEM and Jurkat cells, indicating the proapoptotic effect of kefir, which was further confirmed by Cell Death Detection ELISA. However, kefir did not affect the mRNA expression of metalloproteinases needed for the invasion of leukemic cell lines. CONCLUSION In conclusion, kefir is effective in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of HTLV-1-negative malignant T-lymphocytes. Therefore, further in vivo investigation is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Maalouf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elias Baydoun
- Department of Biology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sandra Rizk
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria are present in many foods such as yoghurt and are frequently used as probiotics to improve some biological functions of the host. Many researchers have evaluated the effects of yoghurt and lactic acid bacteria against diseases such as cancer and intestinal inflammation. The preventive effect of probiotics on intestinal carcinogenesis may be associated with changes in the intestinal microbiota, suppressing the growth of bacteria that convert procarcinogens into carcinogens. Other mechanisms could be related to the immune response modulation and have been evaluated using milks fermented with lactic acid bacteria in chemically induced colon cancer and hormone-dependent breast cancer models. We demonstrated, using a murine colon cancer model, that yoghurt consumption inhibited tumour growth by decreasing the inflammatory response by increasing IL-10-secreting cells, cellular apoptosis and diminishing procarcinogenic enzymes. Milk fermented with Lactobacillus helveticus R389 delayed breast tumour growth by decreasing IL-6 and increasing IL-10 in serum and in the mammary glands and tumour-infiltrating immune cells. Previous results obtained with yoghurt administration in a colon cancer model led us to analyse its effect on a trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced intestinal inflammation model in mice. Yoghurt was able to attenuate the symptoms of acute inflammation by reducing inflammatory cytokines, and increasing regulatory cytokine IL-10-producing cells, leading to desirable changes of the intestinal microbiota. It was demonstrated, by using murine models, that the consumption of fermented milks can modulate the immune system and can maintain it in a state of surveillance, which could affront different pathologies such as cancer and intestinal inflammation.
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Lim SD, Kim KS, Cho SA, Do JR. Physiological Characteristics and Immunomodulating Activity by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei BFI46 Isolated from New-Born Infant Feces. Korean J Food Sci Anim Resour 2010. [DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2010.30.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Rizk S, Maalouf K, Baydoun E. The antiproliferative effect of kefir cell-free fraction on HuT-102 malignant T lymphocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 9 Suppl 3:S198-203. [PMID: 19778841 DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.s.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Kefir is produced by adding kefir grains (a mass of proteins, polysaccharides, bacteria, and yeast) to pasteurized milk; it has been shown to control several cellular types of cancer, such as Sarcoma 180 in mice, Lewis lung carcinoma, and human mammary cancer. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia, which is a fatal disease with no effective treatment. The current study aims at investigating the effect of a cell-free fraction of kefir on HuT-102 cells, which are HTLV-1-positive malignant T-lymphocytes. Cells were incubated with different kefir concentrations: the cytotoxicity of the compound was evaluated by determining the percentage viability of cells. The effect of all the noncytotoxic concentrations of kefir cell-free fraction on the proliferation of HuT-102 cells was then assessed. The levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-alpha mRNA upon kefir treatment were then analyzed using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Finally, the growth inhibitory effects of kefir on cell cycle progression and/or apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. The maximum cytotoxicity recorded at 80 microg/microL for 48 hours was only 43%. The percent reduction in proliferation was very significant, dose and time dependent, and reached 98% upon 60-microg/microL treatment for 24 hours. Kefir cell-free fraction caused the downregulation of TGF-alpha, which is a cytokine that induces the proliferation and replication of cells. Finally, a marked increase in cell cycle distribution was noted in the pre-G1 phase. In conclusion, kefir is effective in inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis of HTLV-1-positive malignant T-lymphocytes. Therefore, further in vivo investigation is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Rizk
- Department of Biology, Natural Sciences Division, Lebanese American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Hong WS, Chen HC, Chen YP, Chen MJ. Effects of kefir supernatant and lactic acid bacteria isolated from kefir grain on cytokine production by macrophage. Int Dairy J 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2008.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Yang Z, Zhou F, Ji B, Li B, Luo Y, Yang L, Li T. Symbiosis between Microorganisms from Kombucha and Kefir: Potential Significance to the Enhancement of Kombucha Function. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2008; 160:446-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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de Moreno de Leblanc A, Matar C, Farnworth E, Perdigón G. Study of immune cells involved in the antitumor effect of kefir in a murine breast cancer model. J Dairy Sci 2008; 90:1920-8. [PMID: 17369232 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2006-079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Administration of kefir and a kefir cell-free fraction (KF) to mice injected with breast tumor cells produced, locally in the mammary gland, different profiles of cells secreting cytokines. Here, the immune cell populations in mammary glands affected by the cyclic consumption of kefir or KF for 2 or 7 d were evaluated using a breast tumor model. Apoptosis was also assayed as another mechanism involved in tumor growth delay. The rate development of tumor cells, IgA(+) cells, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes was monitored in mammary gland tissues. The number of Bcl-2(+) cells in the mammary gland was compared with the apoptosis observed in the tumor. Two-day cyclical administration of both products delayed tumor growth and increased the number of IgA(+) cells in the mammary gland. Changes in the balance between CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the mammary gland were observed in mice from the group fed KF cyclically for 2 d, such that the number of CD4+ cells increased when the number of CD8+ cells remained constant. Mice that received 2-d cyclic administration of KF showed significant increases in the number of apoptotic cells and decreases in Bcl-2(+) cells in the mammary gland, compared with the tumor control group. The present study allows a better understanding of the mechanisms (immune and nonimmune) involved in the antitumor effect observed in mice administered kefir or KF. The importance of nonmicrobial components released during milk fermentation to obtain the beneficial antitumor effects is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Moreno de Leblanc
- Départment de Chimie-Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada E1A 3E9
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Milk peptides and immune response in the neonate. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 606:253-69. [PMID: 18183933 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-74087-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive peptides encrypted within the native milk proteins can be released by enzymatic proteolysis, food processing, or gastrointestinal digestion. These peptides possess a wide range of properties, including immunomodulatory properties. The first months of life represent a critical period for the maturation of the immune system because a tolerance for nutrient molecules should be developed while that for pathogen-derived antigens is avoided. Evidence has accumulated to suggest that milk peptides may regulate gastrointestinal immunity, guiding the local immune system until it develops its full functionality. Our data using the weaning piglet as the model suggest that several milk peptides can downregulate various immune properties at a time (one to two weeks after weaning) that coincides with immaturity of the immune system. The protein kinase A system and/or the exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP (Epac-1) are implicated in the mechanism through which milk peptides can affect immune function in the early postweaning period. Despite the fact that the research in this field is in its infancy, the evidence available suggests that milk protein peptides may promote development of neonatal immune competence. Milk contains a variety of components that provide immunological protection and facilitate the development of neonatal immune competence. Two main categories of milk compounds are thought to be associated with immunological activity. The first category includes cytokines, which neonates do not produce efficiently. Cytokines present in milk are thought to be protected against intestinal proteolysis and could alleviate immunological deficits, aiding immune system maturation (Kelleher & Lonnerdal, 2001; Bryan et al., 2006). The second category of milk compounds includes milk protein peptides. Milk peptides may affect mucosal immunity possibly by guiding local immunity until it develops its full functionality (Baldi et al., 2005). This chapter focuses on the effects of milk peptides on immune function and attempts to provide an overview of the knowledge available in this field.
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Galdeano CM, de Moreno de LeBlanc A, Vinderola G, Bonet MEB, Perdigón G. Proposed model: mechanisms of immunomodulation induced by probiotic bacteria. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2007; 14:485-92. [PMID: 17360855 PMCID: PMC1865623 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00406-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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