Factors associated with visceral fat accumulation in the general population in Okinawa, Japan

doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.261

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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics

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Retrospective Study

World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. May 6, 2016; 7(2): 261-267
Published online May 6, 2016. doi: 10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.261

Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the 1004 subjects in this study

Gender (M/F)	540/464
Age (yr)	55.6 ± 11.6
Height (cm)	159.7 ± 9.1
Body weight (kg)	63.8 ± 11.7
BMI (kg/m²)	24.9 ± 3.4
WC (cm)	88.0 ± 8.4
SBP (mmHg)	123.1 ± 14.5
DBP (mmHg)	76.9 ± 9.6
VFA (cm²)	99.3 ± 50.5
HGB (g/dL)	14.3 ± 1.4
PLT (× 10⁴/μL)	22.2 ± 4.9
AST (IU/L)	23.1 ± 8.3
ALT (IU/L)	25.4 ± 16.0
GGT (IU/L)	34.6 ± 30.7
ALP (IU/L)	226.1 ± 64.2
ChE (IU/L)	355.1 ± 65.9
TC (mg/dL)	206.5 ± 31.7
LDL-C (mg/dL)	126.1 ± 29.0
HDL-C (mg/dL)	56.0 ± 13.2
TG (mg/dL)	121.0 ± 74.3
FPG (g/dL)	99.7 ± 16.1
HbA1c (%)	5.3 ± 0.5
UA (mg/dL)	5.73 ±1.4
Alcohol consumption (non/current drinkers)	561/443

Data are expressed as means ± standard deviation or numbers where appropriate. BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; VFA: Visceral fat area; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ChE: Cholinesterase; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; FPG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; UA: Uric acid.

Table 2 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of all subjects by univariate analysis

	VFA ≥ 100 (n = 459)	VFA < 100 (n = 545)	P value
Gender (M/F)	384/111	192/353	< 0.001
Age (yr)	56.9 ± 11.5	54.5 ± 11.5	0.319
Height (cm)	162.61 ± 8.6	157.3 ± 8.8	< 0.001
Body weight (kg)	70.1 ± 11.1	58.5 ± 9.4	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	26.5 ± 3.4	23.6 ± 2.6	< 0.001
WC (cm)	91.9 ± 7.9	84.8 ± 7.3	< 0.001
SBP(mmHg)	126.5 ± 13.6	120.3 ± 14.6	< 0.001
DBP(mmHg)	79.1 ± 9.2	75.0 ± 9.5	< 0.001
HGB (g/dL)	14.8 ± 1.2	13.9 ± 1.3	< 0.001
PLT (× 10⁴/μL)	22.0 ± 4.9	23.3 ± 8.5	0.24
AST (IU/L)	22.8 ± 7.9	25.4 ± 10.2	0.32
ALT (IU/L)	24.6 ± 15.2	25.9 ± 16.7	0.19
GGT (IU/L)	32.5 ± 27.3	36.3 ± 33.3	0.048
ALP (IU/L)	226.4 ± 62.6	225.9 ± 65.7	0.88
ChE (IU/L)	357.8 ± 67.2	352.8 ± 64.7	0.23
TC (mg/dL)	208.5 ± 31.7	204.9 ± 31.7	0.07
LDL-C (mg/dL)	126.8 ± 29.6	125.4 ± 28.6	0.45
HDL-C (mg/dL)	56.5 ± 13.9	55.5 ± 12.6	0.23
TG (mg/dL)	119.5 ± 58.2	122.3 ± 79.1	0.56
FPG (g/dL)	98.7 ± 14.5	100.5 ± 17.3	0.07
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.47	5.3 ± 0.59	0.11
UA (mg/dL)	5.7 ± 1.4	5.8 ± 1.3	0.09
Alcohol consumption (non/current drinkers)	254/205	307/238	0.401

BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; VFA: Visceral fat area; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ChE: Cholinesterase; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; FPG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; UA: Uric acid.

Table 3 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of male subjects by univariate analysis

	VFA ≥ 100 (n = 348)	VFA < 100 (n = 192)	P value
Age (yr)	55.3 ± 11.7	50.6 ± 12.9	< 0.001
Height (cm)	166.1 ± 6.0	166.2 ± 6.4	0.93
Body weight (kg)	72.1 ± 9.9	66.7 ± 8.2	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	26.1 ± 3.0	24.1 ± 2.4	0.001
WC (cm)	90.7 ± 7.0	84.9 ± 6.7	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	126.6 ± 14.1	121.8 ± 14.2	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	79.8 ± 9.5	77.0 ± 8.8	0.001
HGB (g/dL)	15.2 ± 1.0	15.1 ± 1.1	0.29
PLT (× 10⁴/μL)	21.4 ± 4.4	21.5 ± 4.2	0.76
AST (IU/L)	22.9 ± 8.0	23.4 ± 8.7	0.51
ALT (IU/L)	24.4 ± 15.9	25.8 ± 16.6	0.34
GGT (IU/L)	32.3 ± 29.3	25.8 ± 16.6	0.29
ALP (IU/L)	227.0 ± 64.1	228.2 ± 72.2	0.84
ChE (IU/L)	359.0 ± 68.5	353.9 ± 68.2	0.41
TC (mg/dL)	209.6 ± 32.8	203.4 ± 32.7	0.03
LDL-C (mg/dL)	127.1 ± 31.0	124.5 ± 30.1	0.35
HDL-C (mg/dL)	57.4 ± 13.7	55.3 ± 13.4	0.09
TG (mg/dL)	118.4 ± 68.3	118.8 ± 79.1	0.95
FPG (g/dL)	98.6 ± 15.3	101.4 ± 19.6	0.07
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.5	5.3 ± 0.7	0.06
UA (mg/dL)	5.6 ± 1.4	5.7 ± 1.2	0.28
Alcohol consumption (non/current drinkers)	209/139	119/73	0.37

Table 4 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of female subjects by univariate analysis

	VFA ≥ 100 (n = 111)	VFA < 100 (n = 353)	P value
Age (yr)	62.1 ± 9.4	56.7 ± 10.0	< 0.001
Height (cm)	151.4 ± 5.6	152.5 ± 5.5	0.07
Body weight (kg)	63.9 ± 12.2	54.1 ± 6.7	< 0.001
BMI (kg/m²)	27.8 ± 4.4	23.3 ± 2.7	< 0.001
WC (cm)	95.6 ± 9.5	84.7 ± 7.6	< 0.001
SBP (mmHg)	126.0 ± 11.9	119.4 ± 14.8	< 0.001
DBP (mmHg)	76.9 ± 8.0	74.0 ± 9.7	0.004
HGB (g/dL)	13.6 ± 1.1	13.3 ± 0.9	0.02
PLT (× 10⁴/μL)	24.1 ± 5.9	22.9 ± 5.1	0.03
AST (IU/L)	22.5 ± 7.6	23.3 ± 8.4	0.38
ALT (IU/L)	25.3 ± 12.8	26.0 ± 16.8	0.67
GGT (IU/L)	33.0 ± 20.2	36.9 ± 30.3	0.21
ALP (IU/L)	224.8 ± 57.8	224.6 ± 61.9	0.97
ChE (IU/L)	354.0 ± 62.8	352.2 ± 62.8	0.79
TC (mg/dL)	204.8 ± 27.9	205.7 ± 31.1	0.77
LDL-C (mg/dL)	125.8 ± 24.7	125.9 ± 27.7	0.98
HDL-C (mg/dL)	53.8 ± 14.2	55.6 ± 12.2	0.2
TG (mg/dL)	123.1 ± 68.0	124.1 ± 79.1	0.9
FPG (g/dL)	98.9 ± 11.7	100.1 ± 15.9	0.5
HbA1c (%)	5.2 ± 0.4	5.3 ± 0.5	0.11
UA (mg/dL)	5.7 ± 1.4	5.8 ± 1.3	0.66
Alcohol consumption (non/current drinkers)	45/66	188/165	0.01

Table 5 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of all subjects by multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Age (≥ 56 yr)	0.692	0.165	17.714	< 0.001	1.999	1.448-2.759
Male gender	1.746	0.202	74.406	< 0.001	5.73	3.854-8.52
BMI (≥ 24.4 kg/m²)	1.621	0.158	105.265	< 0.001	5.06	3.712-6.897
BP (≥ 149/90 mmHg)	0.415	0.196	4.503	0.034	1.515	1.032-2.223
HGB (≥ 14.3 g/dL)	0.251	0.193	1.696	0.193	1.286	0.881-1.876
PLT (≥ 22.2 × 10⁴/μL)	-0.014	0.187	0.006	0.938	0.986	0.683-1.422
TC (≥ 219 mg/dL)	-0.206	0.234	0.775	0.379	0.814	0.514-1.288
TG (≥ 149 mg/dL)	0.473	0.203	5.416	0.02	1.604	1.077-2.389
HDL-C (≥ 40 mg/dL)	-0.197	0.279	0.499	0.48	0.821	0.475-1.42
LDL-C (≥ 139 mg/dL)	0.184	0.242	0.574	0.449	1.201	0.747-1.932
AST (≥ 30 IU/L)	-0.191	0.276	0.477	0.49	0.826	0.481-1.42
ALT (≥ 30 IU/L)	0.075	0.238	0.099	0.753	1.078	0.676-1.72
GGT (≥ 51 IU/L)	-0.324	0.233	1.927	0.165	0.724	0.458-1.143
ALP (≥ 325 IU/L)	0.156	0.305	0.263	0.608	1.169	0.643-2.126
ChE (≥ 350 IU/L)	-0.065	0.165	0.155	0.694	0.937	0.678-1.294
UA (≥ 5.8 mg/dL)	-0.117	0.177	0.439	0.508	0.89	0.629-1.257
FPG (≥ 110 g/dL)	-0.473	0.257	3.369	0.066	0.623	0.376-1.033
HbA1c (≥ 6.2%)	-0.205	0.45	0.208	0.649	0.814	0.337-1.969
Current drinking	0.371	0.171	4.713	0.03	1.449	1.037-2.026

Table 6 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of male subjects by multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Age (≥ 56 yr)	0.688	0.21	10.734	0.001	1.99	1.319-3.004
BMI (≥ 25 kg/m²)	1.459	0.204	51.055	< 0.001	4.301	2.883-6.417
BP (≥ 149/90 mmHg	0.418	0.247	2.859	0.091	1.518	0.936-2.464
Hb (≥ 15.1 g/dL)	0.293	0.203	2.098	0.148	1.341	0.902-1.995
Plt (≥ 20.9 × 10⁴/μL)	-0.324	0.236	1.874	0.171	0.724	0.455-1.15
TC (≥ 219 mg/dL)	-0.104	0.316	0.108	0.743	0.901	0.485-1.674
TG (≥ 149 mg/dL)	0.602	0.273	4.862	0.027	1.826	1.069-3.117
HDL-C (≥ 40 mg/dL)	0.218	0.341	0.408	0.523	1.243	0.637-2.427
LDL-C (≥ 139 mg/dL)	0.037	0.322	0.013	0.908	1.038	0.552-1.952
AST (≥ 30 IU/L)	-0.161	0.343	0.22	0.639	0.851	0.434-1.669
ALT (≥ 30 IU/L)	0.022	0.302	0.005	0.942	1.022	0.566-1.847
GGT (≥ 51 IU/L)	-0.003	0.309	0	0.992	0.997	0.544-1.828
ALP (≥ 325 IU/L)	0.124	0.37	0.113	0.737	1.132	0.548-2.34
ChE (≥ 350 IU/L)	-0.049	0.217	0.052	0.819	0.952	0.622-1.455
UA (≥ 5.8 mg/dL)	-0.085	0.232	0.133	0.716	0.919	0.583-1.448
FPG (≥ 110 g/dL)	-0.485	0.327	2.201	0.138	0.615	0.324-1.169
HbA1c (≥ 6.2%)	-0.162	0.532	0.093	0.761	0.85	0.3-2.414
Current drinking	0.345	0.222	2.421	0.12	1.412	0.914-2.18

BMI: Body mass index; WC: Waist circumference; BP: Blood pressure; VFA: Visceral fat area; HGB: Hemoglobin; PLT: Platelet; AST: Aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; GGT: γ-glutamyl transferase; ALP: Alkaline phosphatase; ChE: Cholinesterase; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; FPG: Fasting blood glucose; HbA1c: Hemoglobin A1c; UA: Uric acid; SE: Standard error.

Table 7 Clinical parameters associated with visceral fat accumulation of female subjects by multivariate logistic regression analysis

Variable	β	SE	Wald	P value	OR	95%CI
Age (≥ 58 yr)	0.793	0.259	9.349	0.002	2.211	1.33-3.676
BMI (≥ 24.4 kg/m²)	2.074	0.298	48.386	< 0.001	7.957	4.436-14.275
BP (≥ 149/90 mmHg)	0.576	0.346	2.768	0.096	1.78	0.902-3.509
Hb (≥ 14.3 g/dL)	0.39	0.26	2.25	0.134	1.477	0.887-2.457
Plt (≥ 22.2 × 10⁴/μL)	0.186	0.295	0.399	0.528	1.205	0.676-2.146
TC (≥ 219 mg/dL)	-0.297	0.388	0.586	0.444	0.743	0.347-1.59
TG (≥ 149 mg/dL)	0.148	0.334	0.196	0.658	1.16	0.602-2.233
HDL-C (≥ 40 mg/dL)	-0.83	0.465	4.463	0.035	0.374	0.15-0.931
LDL-C (≥ 139 mg/dL)	0.355	0.4	0.791	0.374	1.427	0.652-3.122
AST (≥ 30 IU/L)	-0.137	0.489	0.078	0.78	0.872	0.334-2.275
ALT (≥ 30 IU/L)	0.247	0.394	0.392	0.531	1.28	0.591-2.773
GGT (≥ 51 IU/L)	-0.928	0.393	5.567	0.018	0.395	0.183-0.855
ALP (≥ 325 IU/L)	-0.093	0.571	0.027	0.87	0.911	0.298-2.787
ChE (≥ 350 IU/L)	-0.106	0.267	0.158	0.691	0.899	0.533-1.517
UA (≥ 5.8 mg/d)	-0.011	0.285	0.001	0.97	0.989	0.566-1.729
FPG (≥ 110 g/dL)	-0.567	0.412	1.895	0.169	0.567	0.253-1.272
HbA1c (≥ 6.2%)	0.225	0.824	0.075	0.785	1.252	0.249-6.299
Current drinking	0.574	0.285	4.062	0.044	1.776	1.016-3.104

Citation: Arakaki S, Maeshiro T, Hokama A, Hoshino K, Maruwaka S, Higashiarakawa M, Parrott G, Hirata T, Kinjo K, Fujita J. Factors associated with visceral fat accumulation in the general population in Okinawa, Japan. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2016; 7(2): 261-267
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/2150-5349/full/v7/i2/261.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4292/wjgpt.v7.i2.261