Comorbidities and systemic steroids drive pneumonia risk in inflammatory bowel disease: Propensity score-matched cohort study

Table 1 Summary of factors used for matching in propensity score models

Propensity score model	Factors used for matching
Base model	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, income status, educational attainment, current smoking status, and alcohol consumption, all 18 components of the CCI, use of systemic steroids, anti-TNF inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and immunomodulators
Model 1	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, income status, educational attainment, current smoking status, and alcohol consumption
Model 2	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, income status, educational attainment, current smoking status, and alcohol consumption, all 18 components of the CCI
Model 3	Age, sex, race/ethnicity, income status, educational attainment, current smoking status, and alcohol consumption, use of systemic steroids, anti-TNF inhibitors, calcineurin inhibitors, and immunomodulators

CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Table 2 Baseline characteristics of inflammatory bowel disease cohort stratified by pneumonia status, n (%)

Characteristics	IBD cohort, n = 2810
	No pneumonia, n = 2678	Pneumonia, n = 132
Demographic
Age in year, mean (SD)	58.0 (17.1)	65.4 (14.9)
Male sex	1017 (38)	55 (41.7)
Race/ethnicity
Non-Hispanic White	1937 (72.3)	92 (69.7)
Non-Hispanic Black	268 (10)	> 201
Hispanic	244 (9.1)	< 201
Non-Hispanic Asian	39 (1.5)	< 201
Other	190 (7.1)	< 201
Annual income
< $35000	626 (23.4)	52 (39.4)
$35-75000	550 (20.5)	22 (16.7)
> $75000	1059 (39.5)	27 (20.5)
Education
Highest grade: About 11	73 (2.7)	< 201
Highest grade: 12 to some college	1019 (38.1)	69 (52.3)
Highest grade: College graduate	1519 (56.7)	> 201
Current smoker	231 (8.6)	< 201
Alcohol use	2447 (91.4)	118 (89.4)
Baseline comorbid conditions
Myocardial infarction	143 (5.3)	36 (27.3)
Congestive heart failure	233 (8.7)	59 (44.7)
Peripheral vascular disease	441 (16.5)	72 (54.5)
Cerebrovascular disease	338 (12.6)	53 (40.2)
Chronic pulmonary disease	986 (36.8)	99 (75)
Rheumatic disease	366 (13.7)	32 (24.2)
Dementia	29 (1.1)	< 201
Hemiplegia or paraplegia	57 (2.1)	< 201
Diabetes mellitus without complication	288 (10.8)	26 (19.7)
Diabetes mellitus with complication	265 (9.9)	40 (30.3)
Renal disease	378 (14.1)	47 (35.6)
Mild liver disease	633 (23.6)	51 (38.6)
Moderate to severe liver disease	68 (2.5)	< 201
Peptic ulcer disease	288 (10.8)	31 (23.5)
Any solid tumor	391 (14.6)	27 (20.5)
Lymphoma or leukemia	103 (3.8)	< 201
Metastatic solid tumor	154 (5.8)	23 (17.4)
AIDS	23 (0.9)	< 201
CCI score (SD)	3.66 (3.55)	4.56 (4.04)
CCI score 0-4	1606 (60)	25 (18.9)
CCI score 5-9	678 (25.3)	32 (24.2)
CCI score ≥ 10	394 (14.7)	75 (56.8)
Baseline medications
Systemic steroids	1992 (74.4)	121 (91.7)
Anti-TNF inhibitor	722 (27)	40 (30.3)
Calcineurin inhibitor	261 (9.7)	24 (18.2)
Immunomodulators	772 (28.8)	40 (30.3)

¹Values for certain groups with counts less than 20 are reported as "< 20" according to All of Us Data Dissemination Policy.

AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.

Table 3 Multivariable analyses of factors associated with pneumonia risk in the inflammatory bowel disease cohort

Category	Variable	Adjusted ORs (95%CI)
	Age at IBD diagnosis (per decade)	0.90 (0.77-1.06)
	Duration of IBD (per decade)	0.97 (0.72-1.30)
Sex	Female	0.83 (0.57-1.23)
Race/Ethnicity	Non-Hispanic White
	Non-Hispanic Black	1.33 (0.77-2.23)
	Hispanic	0.38 (0.14-0.85)a
	Non-Hispanic Asian	1.09 (0.06-5.50)
	Other	0.97 (0.39-2.08)
Annual income	< $35000	-
	$35-75000	0.61 (0.35-1.06)
	> $75000	0.46 (0.26-0.81)b
Education	Highest grade: About 11	-
	Highest grade: 12 to some college	0.48 (0.21-1.22)
	Highest grade: College graduate	0.36 (0.15-0.97)a
Lifestyle choices	Current smoker	0.93 (0.48-1.66)
	Alcohol use	1.03 (0.56 - 2.03)
CCI	CCI score 0-4	-
	CCI score 5-9	3.00 (1.63-5.62)b
	CCI score ≥ 10	12.20 (6.69-23.00)b
Medication use	Systemic steroids	2.26 (1.21-4.64)a
	Anti-TNF inhibitor	1.39 (0.88-2.15)
	Calcineurin inhibitor	1.36 (0.81-2.20)
	Immunomodulators	0.87 (0.56-1.34)
	Pneumococcal vaccination	1.00 (0.65-1.52)

^aP < 0.05.

^bP < 0.01.

CCI: Charlson Comorbidity Index; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; OR: Odds ratio; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor.