Disease characteristics and long-term outcomes of cyclic vomiting syndrome in Singaporean children

Table 1 Characteristics of patients with cyclic vomiting, n (%)

	Total number of patients (n = 32)
Female	22 (69)
Developmental delay/autism spectrum disorder	5 (16)
Started on prophylaxis medications	16 (50)
Incidence of hypertension (Sato subset)	3 (10)
History of migraines	2 (7)
Identifiable food trigger	0 (0)
Growth parameters
Median weight-for-age z score	-1.5 (range -3.8 to 2)
Median BMI z score	-1 (range -7.5 to 1.9)
Weight z score < -2	12 (40)
BMI z score < -2	12 (40)
Height z score < -2	5 (16)

BMI: Body mass index.

Table 2 A summary of worldwide pediatric cyclic vomiting syndrome cohort studies

Ref.	Cohort size	Mean age of onset	Overall sex ratio (male:female)	Concomitant incidence of migraine (%)	Mean frequency of attacks (before prophylaxis)	Response to prophylaxis
Abu-Arafeh et al[20]	34 children	5 years	1:1	21	8 episodes/year	Not described
Li et al[21]	214 children	6 years	1:3	30	Not described	Not described
Ertekin et al[22]	24 children	7 years	1:2	25	Not described	Not described
Haghighat et al[14]	181 children	5 years	1:1	20	6 episodes/year	Not described
Liao et al[12]	24 children	7 years	2:1	Not described	2 episodes/year	1 episode/year
Foreman et al[23]	42 children	4 years	1:1	4	12 episodes/year	Not described
Dipasquale et al[24]	57 children	8 years	1.3:1	Not described	Not described	Not described
Singapore	32 children	7 years	1:2	7	4 episodes/year	1 episode/year