Harnessing postbiotics for liver health: Emerging perspectives

Figure 1 Mechanism of action of postbiotics. This includes (1) Enhancement of gut eubiosis, favouring commensal species while suppressing pathogenic strains; (2) Strengthening intestinal integrity by upregulation of occludins, tight junctions etc.; (3) Enhanced epithelial regeneration and mucosal healing promotes cell repair and reduces apoptosis; (4) Improved transit of lipid metabolites with enhanced processing at liver resulting in reduced pro-inflammatory lipid mediators; (5) Modulation of immune cells reduces excessive inflammation; and (6) Reduction of chronic inflammation and regulation of metabolism lowers the risk of malignant transformation. IgG: Immunoglobulin G; T-RM: Resident memory T.