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World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
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2150-5330
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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

Retrospective Cohort Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025.
World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. Sep 22, 2025; 16(3): 107954
Published online Sep 22, 2025. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i3.107954
Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study cohort (n = 799)
Characteristics
Number of patients
Percentage
Age at diagnosis
mean ± SD61.8 ± 12.8N/A
Median, IQR62-16.5N/A
Sex
Male53366.7
Female26633.3
Race/ethnicity
White43954.9
Black16720.9
Hispanic17521.9
Other182.3
NM_004985.5 (KRAS) mutations
Wildtype48360.5
c.35G>A (p.Gly12Asp)10813.4
c.35G>T (p.Gly12Val)729.0
c.34G>T (p.Gly12Cys)253.1
Other p.Gly12 mutations313.9
c.38G>A (p.Gly13Asp)627.8
p.Gln61 mutations182.3
NM_002524.5 (NRAS) mutations
Wildtype73892.3
p.Gln61 mutations212.7
Other mutations131.7
Unknown273.3
NM_004333.6 (BRAF) mutations
Wildtype74693.4
c.1799T>A (p.Val600Glu)486.0
Unknown50.6
DNA MMR
MMR-proficient70988.6
MMR-deficient8410.5
Unknown60.9
Primary tumor site
Right colon24430.5
Transverse colon516.4
Left colon28135.2
Rectum22327.9
Familial risk
No45556.9
Yes34443.1
Tobacco use
No29637.0
Yes50363.0
Number of comorbidities
014618.3
1 or 235744.7
3 or more29637.0
BRAF: V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; NRAS: Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog; CI: Confidence interval; OR: Odds ratio; MMR: Mismatch repair; IQR: Interquartile range; N/A: Not applicable.
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Table 2 Gene mutations according to colorectal cancer tumor specimens sources (n = 799), n (%)
Specimen source
Total
Wildtype
KRAS mutation
NRAS mutation
BRAF mutation
Primary tumor tissue722 (90.3)376 (92.1)270 (85.4)32 (94.1)44 (91.6)
Metastatic tumor tissue77 (9.7)32 (7.9)46 (14.6)2 (5.9)4 (8.4)
BRAF: V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; NRAS: Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog.
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Table 3 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog, and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 mutations by pathological stage in patients with colorectal cancer patients (n = 799), n (%)
Protein changeNucleotide changeOverallpT1
pT2
pT3
pT4
Unknown
65 (8.1)
102 (12.8)
344 (43.1)
257 (32.2)
31 (3.8)
NM_004985.5 (KRAS) hot-spot mutations
KRAS wildtypeN/A483 (60.5)43 (8.8)57 (11.8)228 (47.1)133 (27.5)23 (4.8)
KRAS codon 12
p.Gly12Asp (G12D)c.35G>A108 (13.5)6 (5.6)17 (15.7)46 (42.6)35 (32.4)4 (3.7)
p.Gly12Val (G12V)c.35G>T72 (9.0)5 (6.9)8 (11.1)25 (34.7)33 (45.8)1 (1.5)
p.Gly12Cys (G12C)c.34G>T25 (3.1)2 (8.0)4 (16.0)10 (40.0)9 (36.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gly12Ser (G12S)c.34G>A18 (2.3)3 (16.7)3 (16.7)7 (38.8)5 (27.8)0 (0.0)
p.Gly12Ala (G12A)c.35G>C8 (1.0)1 (12.5)1 (12.5)2 (25.0)3 (37.5)1 (12.5)
p.Gly12Arg (G12R)c.34G>C5 (0.6)0 (0.0)2 (40.0)0 (0.0)4 (60.0)0 (0.0)
KRAS codon 13
p.Gly13Asp (G13D)c.38G>A62 (7.7)4 (6.4)8 (12.8)20 (32.3)30 (48.5)0 (0.0)
KRAS codon 61
p.Gln61His (Q61H)c.183A>T5 (0.6)1 (20.0)1 (20.0)1 (20.0)2 (40.0)0 (0.0)
c.183A>C6 (0.7)1 (16.7)0 (0.0)1 (16.7)3 (50.0)1 (16.7)
p.Gln61Leu (Q61L)c.182A>T4 (0.5)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)3 (75.0)0 (0.0)1 (25.0)
p.Gln61Arg (Q61R)c.182A>G3 (0.4)0 (0.0)1 (33.3)1 (33.3)1 (33.3)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Glu (Q61E)c.181C>G1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (100)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
NM_002524.5 (NRAS) hot-spot mutations
NRAS wildtypeN/A738 (92.3)61 (8.3)97 (13.2)317 (42.8)235 (31.8)29 (3.9)
NRAS codon 12
p.Gly12Asp (G12D)c.35G>A6 (0.8)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)3 (50.0)2 (33.3)1 (26.7)
p.Gly12Val (G12V)c.35G>T3 (0.4)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (33.3)2 (66.7)0 (0.0)
p.Gly12Cys (G12C)c.34G>T1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (100)0 (0.0)
p.Gly12Ser (G12S)c.34G>A1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (100)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
NRAS codon 13
p.Gly13Val (G13V)c.38G>T2 (0.3)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)2 (100)0 (0.0)
NRAS codon 61
p.Gln61Lys (Q61K)c.181C>A12 (1.5)0 (0.0)2 (16.7)7 (58.3)3 (25.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Arg (Q61R)c.182A>G6 (0.8)1 (16.7)0 (0.0)3 (50.0)2 (33.3)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61His (Q61H)c.183A>T2 (0.3)0 (0.0)1 (50.0)1 (50.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Leu (Q61L)c.182A>T1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (100)0 (0.0)
Unknown NRASN/A27 (3.3)3 (11.1)2 (7.4)12 (44.5)9 (33.3)1 (3.7)
NM_004333.6 (BRAF) V600 mutations
BRAF V600 wildtypeN/A746 (93.4)62 (8.3)99 (13.3)318 (42.6)238 (31.9)29 (3.9)
p.Val600Glu (V600E)c.1799T>A48 (6.0)3 (6.3)3 (6.3)25 (52.2)15 (31.1)2 (4.1)
Unknown BRAFN/A5 (0.6)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)1 (20.0)4 (80.0)
BRAF: V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; NRAS: Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog; pT: Pathological stage; N/A: Not applicable.
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Table 4 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog, neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog, and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1 mutations by lymph node and distant metastases in patients with colorectal cancer (n = 799), n (%)
Protein changeNucleotide changeOverall+ pN
+ M
380 (47.6)
298 (37.3)
NM_004985.5 (KRAS) hot-spot mutations
KRAS wildtypeN/A483 (60.5)231 (47.7)155 (32.0)
KRAS codon 12
p.Gly12Asp (G12D)c.35G>A108 (13.5)51 (47.2)52 (48.1)
p.Gly12Val (G12V)c.35G>T72 (9.0)39 (54.2)38 (52.8)
p.Gly12Cys (G12C)c.34G>T25 (3.1)15 (60.0)13 (52.0)
p.Gly12Ser (G12S)c.34G>A18 (2.3)5 (27.8)7 (38.9)
p.Gly12Ala (G12A)c.35G>C8 (1.0)2 (25.0)2 (25.0)
p.Gly12Arg (G12R)c.34G>C5 (0.6)2 (40.0)3 (60.0)
KRAS codon 13
p.Gly13Asp (G13D)c.38G>A62 (7.7)31 (50.0)22 (35.5)
KRAS codon 61
p.Gln61His (Q61H)c.183A>T5 (0.6)2 (40.0)3 (60.0)
c.183A>C6 (0.7)2 (33.3)4 (66.7)
p.Gln61Leu (Q61L)c.182A>T4 (0.5)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Arg (Q61R)c.182A>G3 (0.4)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Glu (Q61E)c.181C>G1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (100.0)
NM_002524.5 (NRAS) hot-spot mutations
NRAS wildtypeN/A738 (92.3)352 (47.7)271 (36.7)
NRAS codon 12
p.Gly12Asp (G12D)c.35G>A6 (0.8)2 (33.3)3 (50.0)
p.Gly12Val (G12V)c.35G>T3 (0.4)1 (33.3)1 (33.3)
p.Gly12Cys (G12C)c.34G>T1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (100.0)
p.Gly12Ser (G12S)c.34G>A1 (0.1)0 (0.0)1 (100.0)
NRAS codon 13
p.Gly13Val (G13V)c.38G>T2 (0.3)2 (100.0)1 (50.0)
NRAS codon 61
p.Gln61Lys (Q61K)c.181C>A12 (1.5)8 (66.6)5 (41.7)
p.Gln61Arg (Q61R)c.182A>G6 (0.8)3 (50.0)2 (33.3)
p.Gln61His (Q61H)c.183A>T2 (0.3)1 (50.0)0 (0.0)
p.Gln61Leu (Q61L)c.182A>T1 (0.1)0 (0.0)0 (0.0)
Unknown NRASN/A27 (3.3)11 (40.7)13 (48.1)
NM_004333.6 (BRAF) V600 mutations
BRAF V600 wildtypeN/A746 (93.4)349 (46.8)278 (37.3)
p.Val600Glu (V600E)c.1799T>A48 (6.0)28 (58.3)15 (31.2)
Unknown BRAFN/A5 (0.6)3 (60.0)5 (100.0)
BRAF: V-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B1; KRAS: Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog; NRAS: Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog; M: Distant metastasis; pN: Lymph node metastasis; N/A: Not applicable.
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