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Wong JPC, Wijaya S, Ting KN, Wiart C, Mustafa K, Shipton F, Khoo TJ. Crude Ethanol Extract of Pithecellobium ellipticum as a Potential Lipid-Lowering Treatment for Hypercholesterolaemia. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2014; 2014:492703. [PMID: 24839451 PMCID: PMC4009285 DOI: 10.1155/2014/492703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
If left untreated, hypercholesterolaemia can lead to atherosclerosis, given time. Plants from the Fabaceae family have shown the ability to significantly suppress atherosclerosis progression. We selected four extracts from Pithecellobium ellipticum, from the Fabaceae family, to be screened in a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA reductase) assay. The ethanol extract, at a concentration of 500 μ g/mL, exhibited superior inhibition properties over the other extracts by demonstrating 80.9% inhibition, while 0.223 μ g/mL of pravastatin (control) showed 78.1% inhibition towards enzymatic activity. These findings led to the fractionation of the ethanol extract using ethyl acetate : methanol (95 : 5), gradually increasing polarity and produced seven fractions (1A to 7A). Fraction 7A at 150 μ g/mL emerged as being the most promising bioactive fraction with 78.7% inhibition. FRAP, beta carotene, and DPPH assays supported the findings from the ethanol extract as it exhibited good overall antioxidant activity. The antioxidant properties have been said to reduce free radicals that are able to oxidize lipoproteins which are the cause of atherosclerosis. Phytochemical screenings revealed the presence of terpenoid, steroid, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds as the responsible group of compound(s), working individually or synergistically, within the extract to prevent binding of HMG-CoA to HMG-CoA reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet P.-C. Wong
- Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sumi Wijaya
- Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kang-Nee Ting
- School of Biomedical, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Christophe Wiart
- Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kamarul'Ain Mustafa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Jalan Sultan Mahmud, 20400 Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Fiona Shipton
- Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Teng-Jin Khoo
- Center for Natural and Medicinal Products Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, University of Nottingham, Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shengjie Tongyu Granule Inhibits Vascular Remodeling in ApoE-Gene-Knockout Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:897875. [PMID: 22811752 PMCID: PMC3395271 DOI: 10.1155/2012/897875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 03/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present paper was to investigate the effect of Shengjie Tongyu granule on vascular remodeling in atherosclerotic mice and the relevant underlying mechanism. Sixty male ApoE-gene-knockout mice, fed a high-fat diet from 6 weeks of age, were randomized into a Shengjie Tongyu granule group (4.00 g/kg/d), a simvastatin group (9.01 mg/kg/d), and a control group (normal saline: 0.2 mL/d). At the ages of 30 and 40 weeks, we sacrificed the mice for various measurements. The results show that treatment with Shengjie Tongyu granule and simvastatin significantly decreased lumen and plaque areas in the aortic root at 30 and 40 weeks of age, decreased grade II elastic fiber lesions in the ascending aorta at 30 weeks of age, and decreased both grade II and III lesions at 40 weeks of age, compared to controls. The content of superoxide anions, and expression of MOMA-2, plasma ICAM-1, and NFκB p50 in 30- and 40-week-old mice in the Shengjie Tongyu granule and simvastatin groups were also significantly reduced compared to the control group. In conclusion, Shengjie Tongyu granule has a clear inhibitory effect on vascular remodeling and on inflammatory pathways in ApoE-gene-knockout mice.
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Drew J. Janice Drew’s work on diet and cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2011; 2:61-4. [PMID: 21860839 PMCID: PMC3158879 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v2.i4.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated reduced consumption of plant derived foods are linked to increased risk of colon cancer as well as a number of other organ specific cancers. Inflammatory processes are a contributing factor but the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Obesity and cancer incidence are increasing worldwide, presenting bleak prospects for reducing, or preventing, obesity related cancers. The incidence of these preventable cancers can be achieved with greater understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking diet and carcinogenesis. Janice Drew has developed a research program over recent years to investigate molecular mechanisms related to consumption of anti-inflammatory metabolites generated from consumption of plant based diets, the impact of high fat diets and associated altered metabolism and obesity on regulation of colon inflammatory responses and processes regulating the colon epithelium. Comprehensive strategies have been developed incorporating transcriptomics, including the novel gene expression technology, the GenomeLab System and proteomics, together with biochemical analyses of plasma and tissue samples to assess correlated changes in oxidative stress, inflammation and pathology. The approaches developed have achieved success in establishing antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of dietary antioxidants and associated genes and pathways that interact to modulate redox status in the colon. Cellular processes and genes altered in response to obesity and high fat diets have provided evidence of molecular mechanisms that are implicated in obesity related cancer.
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