Radiology education in Europe: Analysis of results from 22 European countries

Table 1 List of survey questions

	Survey questions
A	How long is medical school in your country excluding internship?
B	Is internship required in your country?
C	How long is the radiology residency/post-graduate training in your country including internship in number of years?
D	Please provide the number of radiology residency programs in your country (rough estimate if exact figure is not known)
E	Is subspecialty radiology fellowship training available in your country?
F	Which subspecialty fellowship trainings are available in your country?
G	What percentage of radiology residents travel outside your country for subspecialized radiology training?
H	Approximately how many radiologists are there in your country?
I	If subspecialty training is not present in your country, are week- or month-long courses for advanced training and credentialing in a particular subspecialty available from your national societies?
J	Are there research requirements for radiology residents/trainees to finish training?
K	If there is a research requirement to finish training, please explain. Otherwise, please skip this question
L	What kind of national certifying exam or university based exam is required for residents to be certified in radiology?
M	How many MRI scanners are available in your country?
N	What percentage of radiology/medical imaging procedures is done by non-radiologists?
O	Is there a degree option like MSc in medical physics in your country?
P	Who teaches medical physics to radiology residents in your country?
Q	Are radiology residents formally examined for medical physics?

Table 2 Medical school, internship, and residency responses

Country	Length of medical school (excluding internship)	Internship requirement	Length of radiology residency (internship included)	Number of radiology residency programs
Armenia	6	No	2	1-5
Austria	6	Yes	6	6-10
Bulgaria	6	No	4	1-5
Croatia	6	Yes	5	6-10
Denmark	6	Yes	5	41-50
Estonia	5	No	4	1-5
Greece	6	No	5	11-20
Hungary	6	No	5	6-10
Italy	6	Yes	4	31-40
Lithuania	5	No	5	1-5
Malta	5	Yes	5	1-5
Norway	6	No	5	--
Poland	6	Yes	5	41-50
Portugal	6	Yes	5	> 80
Romania	5	Yes	4	21-30
Serbia	6	Yes	4	> 80
Slovakia	6	No	5	6-10
Slovenia	6	Yes	5	1-5
Spain	6	No	4	> 80
Sweden	6	Yes	7	51-100
Switzerland	6	No	5	21-30
United Kingdom	5	Yes	5	41-50

Table 3 Subspecialty fellowship responses

Country	Subspecialty	Types of available subspecialties											Percent radiologists traveling abroad for specialization	Approx. number of radiologists	Specialization training by national society
		Neuro	IR	MSK	Chest	Abd	Neuro-IR	NM	US	Breast	CV	Ped
Armenia	N												< 50%	201-400	Y
Austria	Y	Y											< 50%	> 400	Y
Bulgaria	N												< 50%	Difficult to estimate	N
Croatia	Y	Y	Y						Y				< 50%	201-400	N
Denmark	N												< 50%	> 400	N
Estonia	Y		Y										< 50%	--	N
Greece	Y		Y	Y		Y						Y	< 50%	--	--
Hungary	Y	Y	Y				Y			Y		Y	< 50%	> 400	Y
Italy	N												< 50%	> 400	Y
Lithuania	N												< 50%	201-400	Y
Malta	N												> 50%	< 50	Y
Norway	---												< 50%	> 400	--
Poland	N												< 50%	> 400	N
Portugal	N												< 50%	> 400	N
Romania	Y	Y				Y		Y					< 50%	> 400	N
Serbia	Y		Y			Y							< 50%	101-200	N
Slovakia	Y		Y							Y	Y	Y	--	> 400	N
Slovenia	N												< 50%	101-200	N
Spain	N												< 50%	> 400	N
Sweden	Y							Y					0%	--	--
Switzerland	Y	Y	Y	Y			Y	Y				Y	< 50%	> 400	--
United Kingdom	Y	Y	Y				Y	Y					< 50%	> 400	N

Neuro: Neuroradiology; IR: Interventional radiology; MSK: Musculoskeletal radiology; Chest: Chest radiology; Abd: Abdominal radiology; Neuro-IR: Interventional neuroradiology; NM: Nuclear medicine; US: Ultrasound; Breast: Breast imaging; CV: Cardiovascular imaging; Ped: Pediatric radiology; Y: Yes; N: No.

Table 4 Certification and research responses

Country	Research requirement for residency	If yes, describe research requirement	Type of certifying exam required	Number of MRI scanners	Percentage of radiology procedures by non-radiologists
Armenia	No	---	Oral	6-10	---
Austria	Yes	9-mo research	Written and oral	> 100	15%-20%
Bulgaria	No	---	Oral	10-50	> 20%
Croatia	Yes	Indexed publication	Written and oral	10-50	---
Denmark	Yes	1-mo research	Oral	10-50	0%-5%
Estonia	No	---	Oral	---	---
Greece	Yes	---	Written and oral	---	---
Hungary	No	---	Written and oral	5-10	---
Italy	Yes	At least one research project	Written and oral	> 100	0%-5%
Lithuania	Yes	Research presentation	Written and oral	10-50	---
Malta	No	---	Written and oral	6-10	---
Norway	---	---	---	> 100	---
Poland	No	---	Written and oral	> 100	15%-20%
Portugal	No	---	Oral	51-100	> 20%
Romania	No	---	Written and oral	< 5	---
Serbia	No	---	Written and oral	10-50	5%-10%
Slovakia	No	---	Written and oral	10-50	---
Slovenia	Yes	At least one publication during residency	Written and oral	10-50	10%-15%
Spain	No	---	Written	> 100	10%-15%
Sweden	Yes	---	---	---	---
Switzerland	No	---	Written and oral	51-100	> 20%
United Kingdom	Yes	Basic research competency	Written and oral	> 100	> 20%

Table 5 Medical physics responses

Country	Medical physics degree	Medical physics taught by	Formal examination of medical physics
Armenia	Yes	Radiologist	Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
			Only oral test
Austria	No	Radiologist	Only written test
Bulgaria	No	Radiologist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics portion
Croatia	No	Radiologist	Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics part
			Radiologists conduct oral exam in medical physics and radiation safety
Denmark	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Only written test
			Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics portion
Estonia	Yes	---	---
Greece	Yes	Medical physicist	Only oral test
Hungary	Yes	Medical physicist	There is both oral and written test
Italy	No	Medical physicist	Only oral test
Lithuania	No	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
Malta	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
			Only written test
Norway	No	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
Poland	Yes	Radiologist	Only written test
Portugal	No	Other	---
Romania	No	Medical physicist	Yes there is a question paper along combined with another subject
			Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics part
Serbia	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
Slovakia	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a question paper combined with another subject
			There is both oral and written test
Slovenia	No	Medical physicist	Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics portion
Spain	Yes	Medical physicist	Only written test
Sweden	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
Switzerland	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Only written test
			Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics portion
United Kingdom	Yes	Medical physicist	Yes, there is a separate question paper on this subject
			Radiologists review the answer sheets for medical physics portion