Preoperative embolization of primary bone tumors: A case control study

Table 1 Patient demography and baseline features of study group and control group

Study group (embolisation group, n = 26)		Control group (non-embolisation group, n = 28)
Characteristics	Number (%)	Characteristics	Number (%)
Age Group		Age Group
0-40 yr	18 (69%)	0-40 yr	18 (64%)
40-80 yr	7 (27%)	40-80 yr	10 (36%)
> 80 yr	1 (4%)
Sex		Sex
Male	15 (58%)	Male	16 (57%)
Female	11 (42%)	Female	12(43%)
Tumor histology		Tumor histology
Giant cell tumor	20 (78%)	Giant cell tumor	23 (82%)
Aneurysmal bone cyst	2 (7%)	Aneurysmal bone cyst	2 (7%)
Chondrosarcoma	2 (7%)	Chondrosarcoma	0 (0%)
Osteoblastoma	1 (4%)	Osteoblastoma	2 (7%)
Chondroblastoma	1 (4%)	Chondroblastoma	1 (4%)

Table 2 Intraoperative details of patients of study group and control group for entire study population

Parameters	Study group, n = 26	Control group, n = 28	P value
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
Minimum	250	800
Maximum	2900	6000	< 0.0015
Median	1300	1800
Intraoperative blood transfusion (mL)
Minimum	0	700
Maximum	1400	8400	< 0.0001
Median	700	1400
Surgical time (min)
Minimum	115	145	> 0.14
Maximum	450	450

Table 3 Intraoperative details of patients of study group and control group only for giant cell tumors of extremities

Parameters	Study group, n = 18	Control group, n = 22	P value
Intraoperative blood loss (mL)
Minimum	250	800
Maximum	2900	6000	< 0.0012
Median	1300	1800
Intraoperative blood transfusion (mL)
Minimum	0	700
Maximum	1400	8400	< 0.0007
Median	525	1400
Surgical time (min)
Minimum	115	145
Maximum	340	450	> 0.0079
Median	210	252.5

Table 4 Patient demographics, histological diagnosis, location of tumor, blood loss, transfusion requirement and surgical time of study group and control group for the entire study population

S.No	Study group (embolisation group), n = 26							Control group (non-embolisation group), n = 28
	Age/sex	Diagnosis	Site	Embolising agent	Blood loss (mL)	Transfusion (mL)	Surgical time (min)	Age/sex	Diagnosis	Site	Blood loss (mL)	Transfusion (mL)	Surgical time (min)
1	52 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	2900	1400	230	10 F	ABC	LL	1450	750	170
2	30 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1740	700	231	46 F	GCT	LL	1300	1400	240
3	18 M	OB	SPINE	PVA + GEL FOAM	1650	700	240	58 M	GCT	LL	1600	1450	230
4	17 M	ABC	SPINE	PVA + GEL FOAM	1600	700	355	20 F	ABC	UL	1800	1400	195
5	42 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1500	700	340	28 F	OB	SPINE	2500	1750	195
6	14 F	ABC	SPINE	PVA + GEL FOAM	1200	700	230	31 M	GCT	LL	1250	1050	220
7	34 M	CS	ILIUM	GEL FOAM	1900	1400	450	21 M	GCT	LL	2500	1050	145
8	39 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1600	700	240	34 M	GCT	SPINE	2500	1400	295
9	45 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1300	350	180	34 F	GCT	LL	1800	1400	150
10	31 M	GCT	LL	PVA	250	0	115	60 F	GCT	LL	1200	700	150
11	20 F	GCT	UL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1300	700	250	20 M	GCT	LL	6000	8400	450
12	25 F	GCT	SPINE	PVA	1300	700	230	28 M	OB	SPINE	1300	700	230
13	48 M	GCT	SACRUM	PVA	1400	700	240	30 M	GCT	LL	2000	2100	350
14	15 M	GCT	UL	PVA + GEL FOAM	500	350	170	45 F	GCT	LL	1500	1400	225
15	32 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1600	700	260	22 M	GCT	LL	4300	2100	315
16	30 F	GCT	UL	PVA	350	0	135	40 F	GCT	LL	1800	1400	245
17	28 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1400	700	240	24 F	GCT	LL	800	700	290
18	32 M	GCT	LL	PVA	400	350	190	16 M	CB	LL	1400	1050	185
19	45 F	GCT	UL	PVA	2100	1050	245	17 M	GCT	UL	1800	700	180
20	20 M	GCT	LL	PVA	600	0	125	22 F	GCT	LL	1500	1050	260
21	20 F	GCT	LL	PVA	800	350	145	34 M	GCT	UL	900	700	245
22	82 M	GCT	LL	PVA	900	350	155	29 F	GCT	LL	1500	1400	270
23	15 M	CB	LL	PVA	750	350	135	26 M	GCT	LL	1600	1050	290
24	22 M	GCT	UL	PVA+GEL FOAM	1800	1400	230	27 F	GCT	LL	2600	2100	335
25	52 M	CS	UL	PVA	500	0	250	18 M	GCT	LL	3450	2450	330
26	42 F	GCT	UL	PVA	300	0	140	23 F	GCT	UL	2600	2050	285
27								21 F	GCT	LL	2100	1400	245
28								24 M	GCT	LL	1900	1400	290

GCT: Giant cell tumor; ABC: Aneurysmal bone cyst; OB: Osteoblastoma; CS: Chondrosarcoma; UL: Upper limb; LL: Lower Limb.

Table 5 Patient demographics, histological diagnosis, location of tumor, blood loss, transfusion requirement and surgical time of study group and control group for the giant cell tumors of extremities

S.No	Study group (embolisation group), n = 18							Control group (non-embolisation group), n = 22
	Age/sex	Diagnosis	Site	Embolising agent	Blood loss (mL)	Transfusion (mL)	Surgical time (min)	Age /sex	Diagnosis	Site	Blood loss (mL)	Transfusion (mL)	Surgical time (min)
1	52 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	2900	1400	230	46 F	GCT	LL	1300	1400	240
2	30 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1740	700	231	58 M	GCT	LL	1600	1450	230
3	42 M	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1500	700	340	31 M	GCT	LL	1250	1050	220
4	39 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1600	700	240	21 M	GCT	LL	2500	1050	145
5	45 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1300	350	180	34 F	GCT	LL	1800	1400	150
6	31 M	GCT	LL	PVA	250	0	115	60 F	GCT	LL	1200	700	150
7	20 F	GCT	UL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1300	700	250	20 M	GCT	LL	6000	8400	450
8	15 M	GCT	UL	PVA + GEL FOAM	500	350	170	30 M	GCT	LL	2000	2100	350
9	32F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1600	700	260	45F	GCT	LL	1500	1400	225
10	30 F	GCT	UL	PVA	350	0	135	22 M	GCT	LL	4300	2100	315
11	28 F	GCT	LL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1400	700	240	40 F	GCT	LL	1800	1400	245
12	32 M	GCT	LL	PVA	400	350	190	24 F	GCT	LL	800	700	290
13	45 F	GCT	UL	PVA	2100	1050	245	17 M	GCT	UL	1800	700	180
14	20 M	GCT	LL	PVA	600	0	125	22 F	GCT	LL	1500	1050	260
15	20 F	GCT	LL	PVA	800	350	145	34 M	GCT	UL	900	700	245
16	82 M	GCT	LL	PVA	900	350	155	29 F	GCT	LL	1500	1400	270
17	22 M	GCT	UL	PVA + GEL FOAM	1800	1400	230	26 M	GCT	LL	1600	1050	290
18	42 F	GCT	UL	PVA	300	0	140	27 F	GCT	LL	2600	2100	335
19								18 M	GCT	LL	3450	2450	330
20								23 F	GCT	UL	2600	2050	285
21								21 F	GCT	LL	2100	1400	245
22								24M	GCT	LL	1900	1400	290

GCT: Giant cell tumor; UL: Upper limb; LL: Lower Limb; PVA: Polyvinyl alcohol.

Table 6 Comparing our results with literature reports

Ref.	Year	No. of patients	Type of study	Result
Thiex et al[29]	2013	104	Retrospective	EBL = 100-15000 mL
				BT = 0-99 units
Ibrahim et al[36]	2013	18	Retrospective	EBL = 1100-2600 mL
				MBL = 1400 mL
				BT = 0-8 units
Kobayashi et al[27]	2012	62	Retrospective	EBL = 250-11000 mL
				MBL = 2554 mL
				BT = 0-28 units
Al-Hadithy et al[20]	2011	26	Retrospective	EBL = 100-1800 mL
				BT = 0-3 units
Zhang et al[32]	2009	47	Retrospective	EBL = 705±120 mL
				BT = 689±133 mL
Lee et al[13]	2008	6	Prospective	EBL = 200-830 mL
				BT = Nil
Our study	2012-2013	26 (study group)	Case control study	For study group
				EBL = 250-2900 mL
				BT = 0-1400 mL
		28 (control group)		For control group
				EBL = 800-6000 mL
				BT = 700-8400 mL
				P < 0.05

EBL: Estimated blood loss; MBL: Mean blood loss; BT: Blood transfusion.