Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility

doi:10.4329/wjr.v8.i1.21

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World J Radiol. Jan 28, 2016; 8(1): 21-49
Published online Jan 28, 2016. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v8.i1.21

Table 1 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in healthy human liver using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	1.39 (0.16)
Ichikawa et al[28], 1998	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/54	46 (14F, 32M)/58	1.6, 16, 55	2.28 (1.23)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	47	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	0.87 (0.26)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6s), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 1.05 (0.30) P2: 1.02 (0.25) b < 410: P1: 1.55 (0.37) P2: 1.16 (0.42) b < 100: P1: 4.80 (2.37) P2: 3.55 (1.75)
Moteki et al[25], 2002	Siemens Impact	1.0	Turbo FLASH, BH, FA = 12°	8.8/4	46	0, 50.2, 295	1.11 (1.02), 12.3 (5.17)
¹Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	(1) 0.92-0.96 (0.09-0.14) (2) 1.03-1.14 (0.22-0.40)
Boulanger et al[155], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI, BH	3000/52	10 (2F, 8M)/43.5	50, 100, 150, 200, 250	1.79 (0.25)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	1.697 (0.052)
Taouli et al[47], 2003	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, FS	(1) 2400/ 104	14	(1) 0, 500	(1) 1.83 (0.36)
				(2) 3106/ 104		(2) 0, 134, 267, 400	(2) 1.51 (0.49)
Taouli et al[39], 2004	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, FS	(1800-2400)/(63-83)	10 (3F, 7M)/33	0, 500	NPI: 1.60 (0.13)
							PI: 1.52 (0.15)
							DTI + PI: 1.51 (0.21)
Deng et al[156], 2006	Siemens Sonata	1.5	(1) SS SE EPI, BH	2000/82	9	0, 502	(1) 1.18 (0.14)
			(2) MS PROPELLER, FB, RT, FS + 2 saturation slabs	2000/105			(2) 1.39 (0.19)
Lewin et al[157], 2007	Siemens Maestro	1.5	SS SE EPI, NC, FS	1400/76	20 (9F, 11M)/31.4 (7)	0, 200, 400, 800	1.44 (0.02)
Taouli et al[158], 2007	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, BH, FS	1300/(51-71)	7 (2F, 5M)/32	0, 50, 300, 500, 700, 1000	1.66 (0.12)
Luciani et al[159], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	RT	1500/70	25 (13F, 12M)/48 (16)	0, 200, 400, 800	1.39 (0.2)
Bruegel et al[160], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, NC, BH, FS	NR/69	102 (46F, 56M)/61	50, 300, 600	1.24 (0.15)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens Trio	3.0	Stimulated echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	2.4 (0.50) E
²Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 0.86(0.2)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 0.83(0.2)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Watanabe et al[51], 2011	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS EPI, BH	2291/44	18	0, 500	1.36 (0.11)
Bakan et al[162], 2012	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	4800/82	25 (11F, 14M)/39.8 (11.4)	0, 500, 1000	1.75 (0.14)
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 1.05 (0.04) V2: 1.06 (0.07)
³Andreou et al[163], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, NC, RT, FS	5000/68	14 (7F, 7M)/59.7	0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 250, 500, 900	1.22
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 1.22 (0.15)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750	(2) 0.96 (0.08)
Klasen et al[63], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI	(6825-6930)/(68-76)	50 (30F, 20M)/55.1	50, 300, 600	O1: 1.053 (0.124)
							O2: 1.088 (0.146)
Larsen et al[48], 2013	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, BHI, BHE, RT, FB, FS	(1600-2000)/71-72	10 (4F, 6M)/24	0, 150, 500, 750, 1000	b = 0, 750:
							BHI: 1.52 (0.11)
							BHE: 1.54 (0.1)
							FB: 1.44 (0.11)
							RT: 1.48 (0.11)
							b = 150, 750:
							BHI: 0.81 (0.09)
							BHE: 0.83 (0.10)
							FB: 0.91 (0.08)
							RT: 0.92 (0.07)
Penner et al[164], 2013	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI, RT, SPIR	1648/63	15 (12F, 3M)/44 (11)	0, 50, 800	1.30 (0.11)




Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) LL: 1.207 (0.194)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					RL: 1.026 (0.260)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(2) LL: 1.132 (0.250)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					RL: 0.966 (0.187)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(3) LL: 1.349 (0.178)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					RL: 1.128 (0.127)
							(4) LL: 1.097 (0.129)
							RL: 1.108 (0.110)
							(5) LL: 1.271 (0.133)
							RL: 1.151 (0.162)
							(6) LL: 1.524 (0.356)
							RL: 1.280 (0.372)

Leporq et al[33], 2015	GE Discovery	3.0	SE EPI, RT, FB, No FS	2000/(48-55)	25 (9F, 16M)/27.1 (4.5)	0, 800	RT: 1.65 (0.28)
							FB + (TE = 48): 1.63 (0.22)
							FB + (TE = 55): 1.57 (0.26)
							FB + WA:
							1.55 (0.24)
Duran et al[165], 2015	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, FB, SPIR	3448/63	53 (33F, 20M)/50	0, 150, 600	1.52 (0.32)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute IVIM-specific parameters.

¹Range for three diffusion directions;

²Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper;

³These authors reported the mean of median ADC values. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppressed; E: Estimated from the chart; FA: Flip angle; P: Population; V: Visit; PI: Parallel imaging; NPI: No parallel imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; WA: Weighted averaging for different b values; LL: Left liver lobe; RL: Right liver lobe.

Table 2 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human kidney (renal parenchyma) using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	3.54 (0.47)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6s), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 1.79 (0.27) P2: 1.92 (0.32) b < 410: P1: 1.79 (0.49) P2: 2.14 (0.44) b < 100: P1: 2.98 (3.01) P2: 3.73 (1.94)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	78	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	1.55 (0.27)
Namimoto et al[30], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	NR/123	16	30, 300	M: 2.84 (0.72)
							C: 2.55 (0.62)
Ries et al[41], 2001	Philips	1.5	(1) SS EPI, BH	BH/86	10	0, 195, 390	a. C: 2.80 (0.32)
			(2) MS EPI, BH	BH/94			M: 2.30 (0.42)
							b. C: 2.89 (0.28)
							M: 2.18 (0.36)
¹Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	C: (1) 1.63-1.66 (0.09-0.14) (2) 1.67-1.81 (0.22-0.26)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	M: 2.091 (0.055)
							C: 2.58 (0.053)
Thoeny et al[31], 2005	Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS + two saturation slabs	3200/71	18 (5F, 13M)/27	0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 500, 750, 1000	b ≤ 1000: M: 1.87 (0.08) C: 2.03 (0.09) b > 300: M: 1.50 (0.12) C: 1.67 (0.11) b < 150: M: 3.76 (0.55) C: 3.72 (0.45)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	(1) 145	0, 600	(1) R, 2.67 (0.29)
					(2) 144		(2) L, 2.60 (0.32)
Kilickesmez et al[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	M: 1.94 (0.18)
							C: 2.08 (0.22)
²Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 1.8 (0.1)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 1.8 (0.1)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 1.76 (0.08)
							V2: 1.76 (0.10)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) R, 2.07 (0.18)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	L, 2.08 (0.19)
						200, 300, 450,	(2) R, 1.79 (0.17)
						600, 750	L, 1.78 (0.16)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) C: 1.92 (0.169)
	(2) Siemens Trio						M: 1.90 (0.137)
	(3) Philips Achieva	3.0					(2) C: 1.86 (0.132)
	(4) Philips Achieva						M: 1.80 (0.093)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(3) C: 1.95 (0.176)
	(6) GE Discovery						M: 1.93 (0.11)
		3.0					(4) C: 1.94 (0.132)
							M: 1.90 (0.11)
		1.5					(5) C: 1.95 (0.156)
		3.0					M: 1.94 (0.143)
							(6) C: 2.05 (0.194)
							M: 1.93 (0.147)
Sulkowska et al[166], 2015	Philips Ingenia	1.5	SS EPI	NR/71	50 (28F, 22M)/39 (12)	(1) 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750	(1) C: 2.26 (0.2) M: 2.21 (0.17)
						(2) 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 150, 300, 500, 700, 900	(2) C: 2.13 (0.16) M: 2.06 (0.2)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Range of values for three directions;

²Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; STEAM: Stimulated echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppressed; E: Estimated from the chart; FA: Flip angle; P: Population; V: Visit; PI: Parallel imaging; NPI: No parallel imaging; DTI: Diffusion tensor imaging; WA: Weighted averaging for different b values; LL: Left liver lobe; RL: Right liver lobe.

Table 3 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human spleen using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (t)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (sd) (yr)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (sd) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Müller et al[60], 1994	Siemens	1.5	STEAM EPI, BH	2BH/18	10 (7F, 3M)/24	2, 8, 22, 32, 57, 89, 176, 395	0.95 (0.15)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	76	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	0.88 (0.33)
Kim et al[29], 1999	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH (6sec), FS	NR/70	P1: 6 (1F, 5M)/29 P2: 48 (18F, 30M)/57	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	b < 850: P1: 0.93 (0.30) P2: 0.80 (0.34) b < 410: P1: 0.85 (0.25) P2: 0.99 (0.54) b < 100: P1: 2.17 (3.28) P2: 2.81 (1.93)
¹Mürtz et al[32], 2002	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, RT, BHE, SPIR + four saturation slabs	(1) RT, 4HB/83 (2) 3000/83	12 (4F, 8M)/31	50, 300, 700, 1000, 1300	(1) 0.59-0.63 (0.04-0.06) (2) 0.73-0.85 (0.25-0.36)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	1.047 (0.082)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	185	0, 600	1.26 (0.23)
Bruegel et al[160], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, NC, BH, FS	NR/69	96	50, 300, 600	0.82 (0.11)
Kiliçkesmez[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI, FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	1.28 (0.38)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens Trio	3.0	Stimulated Echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	1.28 (0.39)
²Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. SiemensAvanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 0.7 (0.05)
	b. SiemensTrio	b. 3.0	(1) BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 0.65 (0.08)
			(2) BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			(3) FB, PI
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 0.81 (0.06) V2: 0.82 (0.07)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 0.90 (0.10)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	(2) 0.80 (0.08)
						200, 300, 450,
						600, 750
Klasen et al[63], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI	(6825-6930)/(68-76)	50 (30F, 20M)/55.1	50, 300, 600	O1: 0.774 (0.061)
							O2: 0.805 (0.081)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 0.863 (0.092)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					(2) 0.775 (0.069)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 0.876 (0.153)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 0.851 (0.080)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 0.855 (0.138)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 0.888 (0.214)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Range for three diffusion directions;

Table 4 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human pancreatic body using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of Patients/mean age (SD) (year)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	78	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	1.02 (0.28)
Chow et al[55], 2003	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	3000/(46.9-57.5)	12 (4F, 8M)/29	10, 300	2.605 (0.168)
Deng et al[156], 2006	Siemens Sonata	1.5	(1) SS SE EPI, BH	2000/82	9	0, 502	(1) 1.88 (0.27)
			(2) MS PROPELLER, FB, RT, FS + two saturation slabs	2000/105			(2) 2.14 (0.31)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	124	0, 600	1.81 (0.41)
Kiliçkesmez et al[64], 2008	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS EPI,FB, FS	4900/93	50 (29F, 21M)/38.9	0, 500, 1000	1.68 (0.26)
Braithwaite et al[49], 2009	Siemens	3.0	Stimulated Echo EPI, FB, FS	3200/76	20 (20M)/34.7	0, 400	2.63 (0.72)
Fattahi et al[65], 2009	Philips Intera	1.5	SS EPI, BH	1500/66	14 (11F, 3M)/46.1	0, 600	1.78 (0.07)
¹Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. Siemens Avanto	a. 1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(1) 150/75	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 1.07 (0.1)
	b. Siemens Trio	b. 3.0	1. BH, no PI	(2) 144/72			b. 1.08 (0.1)
			2. BH, PI	(3) 174/87
			3. FB, PI
Thomas et al[167], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS EPI, FB, RT, FS	8000/90	38 (24F, 14M)/56	0, 800	1.77 (0.32)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750	(1) 1.70 (0.22)
				(2) 2500/(76-95)		(2) 0, 50, 100,	(2) 1.26 (0.16)
						200, 300, 450,
						600, 750
Ma et al[168], 2014	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI, BH, RT, FB, SPIR	(2275-5454)/58.8	21 (11F, 10M)/28.3 (3.6)	0, 500	BH: 1.57 (0.26)
							RT: 1.75 (0.28)
							FB: 1.71 (0.28)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 1.427 (0.165)
	(2) Siemens Trio	3.0					(2) 1.418 (0.189)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 1.427 (0.212)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 1.371 (0.193)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 1.496 (0.220)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 1.621 (0.283)
Ma et al[153], 2015	GE Signa	3.0	SS EPI	6000/58.6	22 (13M)/63.7 (6.8)	0, 600	VOI: 1.44 (0.11)
							ROI: 1.40 (0.14)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; MS: Multi-shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; ROI: Single slice region of interest; VOI: Whole volume region of interest.

Table 5 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human gallbladder using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD) (yr)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Yamada et al[24], 1999	Siemens Vision	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, FS	NR/123	62	0, 30, 300, 900, 1100	2.81 (0.36)
Yoshikawa et al[57], 2006	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH, SPIR	1500/66	151	0, 600	3.50 (0.51)
¹Saremi et al[161], 2011	a. SiemensAvanto b. SiemensTrio	a. 1.5 b. 3.0	SS SE EPI, FS (1) BH, no PI (2) BH, PI (3) FB, PI	(1) 150/75 (2) 144/72 (3) 174/87	13 (2F, 11M)/46 (13)	50, 400, 1000	a. 2.6 (0.4) b. 2.6 (0.3)
Miquel et al[34], 2012	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(5300-5800)/62	10 (7F, 3M)/32.3 (4.6)	100, 200, 500, 750, 1000	V1: 2.93 (0.20) V2: 2.91 (0.21)
Corona-Villalobos et al[58], 2013	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, BH	(1) 3000/(69-79) (2) 2500/(76-95)	100 (36F, 64M)/60.4 (14.3)	(1) 0, 750 (2) 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 450, 600, 750	(1) 3.01 (0.33) (2) 2.74 (0.37)
Donati et al[56], 2014	(1) Siemens Sonata (2) Siemens Trio	1.5 3.0	SS SE EPI, FB, FS	(5000-6225)/(36-76)	10 (10M)/36.6 (7.7)	0, 1000	(1) 2.585 (0.354) (2) 2.506 (0.223)
	(3) Philips Achieva	1.5					(3) 2.657 (0.229)
	(4) Philips Achieva	3.0					(4) 2.718 (0.327)
	(5) GE Signa	1.5					(5) 2.670 (0.312)
	(6) GE Discovery	3.0					(6) 2.785 (0.477)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Mean ADC of the three sequences reported in the paper. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; PI: Parallel imaging.

Table 6 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human prostate using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
¹Gibbs et al[77], 2001	GE	1.5	SS SE EPI	4000/110	8/29	0, 720	CG: 1.17 (0.18)
							PZ: 1.25 (0.23)
Issa[169], 2002	GE	1.5	SS SE EPI	4000/120	7/29	64, 144, 257, 401, 578, 786	CG: 1.63 (0.30) PZ: 1.91 (0.46)
Sato et al[79], 2005	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI	2700/96	6	0, 300, 600	CG: 1.68 (0.26) PZ: 1.93 (0.24)
Pickles et al[170], 2006	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/65.7	9/32	0, 500	CG: 1.27 (0.14)
							PZ: 1.60 (0.25)
Kumar et al[78], 2006	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI	3000/96	7/31.4 (3.6)	0, 250, 500, 750, 1000	CG: 0.9 (0.1) PZ: 1.5 (0.2)
Gibbs et al[171], 2007	GE Excite	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/65.7	8/35	0, 500	CG: 1.21², 1.26³
							PZ: 1.56², 1.63³
Ren et al[172], 2008	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	3000/63	16/37.9	0, 500	CG: 1.352 (0.052)
							PZ: 1.829 (0.071)
Kozlowski et al[76], 2008	GE Signa	1.5	(1) SS FSE	(1) 8000/87.5	(1) 14	0, 600	(1) CG: 1.373 (0.179)
			(2) SS EPI	(2) 8000/87.5	(2) 15		PZ: 1.573 (0.270)
							(2) CG: 1.518 (0.126)
							PZ: 1.992 (0.208)
Tamada et al[173], 2008	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	5500/67.7	114/55 (1) 20 ≤ age ≤ 39 (n = 11) (2) 40 ≤ age ≤ 59 (n = 62) (3) 60 ≤ age ≤ 89 (n = 41)	0, 1000	(1) CG: 1.22 (0.10) PZ: 1.37 (0.18) (2) CG: 1.27 (0.12) PZ: 1.63 (0.26) (3) CG: 1.27 (0.12) PZ: 1.74 (0.25)
Riches et al[27], 2009	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	2500/69	50/66 (6)	0, 800	CG: 1.72 (0.35)
							PZ: 1.66 (0.34)
Liu et al[174], 2013	GE Signa	3.0	SS SE EPI	4000/71.9	102	0, 1000	n = 69,
							CG: 1.36 (0.12)
							n = 74,
							PZ: 1.69 (0.28)
Emad-Eldin et al[74], 2014	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	3600/110	12	0, 500, 800	CG: 1.469 (0.239)
							PZ: 1.839 (0.233)
⁴Peng et al[175], 2014	Philips Achieva	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(1) (2948-8191)/(71-79) (2) (3854-8616)/(83-85)	(1) 26/61.1 (7.2) (2) 25/62.0 (6.4)	(1) 0, 1000 (2) 0, 50, 200, 1500, 2000	PZ: (1) 1.75 (0.3) E (2) 1.33 (0.1) E

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹In this study 6 more b-values within the range were used;

²Mean ADC over a short-term period of a few minutes between first scan and second scan;

³Mean ADC over a medium-term of a month between first scan and second scan;

⁴These authors reported the median values. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; FSE: Fast spin echo; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breathhold; BHI: Breathhold end inspiratory; BHE: Breathhold end expiratory; SPIR: Spectral pre-saturation with inversion recovery; PZ: Peripheral zone; CG: Central gland; n: Number of patients; E: Estimate from the chart.

Table 7 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in human Uterus (endometrium, myometrium and cervix) using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Naganawa et al[99], 2005	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI	2500/96	10/46.6	0, 300, 600	Cervix, 1.79 (0.24)
Tamai et al[88], 2007	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	4400/(74-99)	12/49	0, 500, 100	Endometrium, 1.53 (0.10)
Zhang et al[176], 2007	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	6800/70	(9 + 7V)/34 median	0, 800	Cervix, 1.71 (0.14)
McVeigh et al[91], 2008	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	4000/68	30/47	0, 600	Cervix n = 26, 2.09 (0.46)
Shen et al[92], 2008	GE Excite	1.5	SS SE EPI	8000/83	7/45.2	0, 500, 800, 1000	Endometrium, 1.277 (0.219)
Fujii et al[177], 2008	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI, STIR FS, FB	(9500-9800)/(73-78)	26/53	0, 1000	Endometrium n = 25, 1.44 (0.34)
Tamai et al[89], 2008	Siemens Symphony	1.5	SS SE EPI, FS	(2700-4400)/(78-90)	43/48	0, 500, 1000	Myometrium, 1.62 (0.11)
Inada et al[178], 2009	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	(3400-7500)/68	31/44.9 (12.7)	0, 800	Endometrium, 1.52 (0.20)
							Myometrium, 1.53 (0.25)
Liu et al[179], 2009	GE Excite	1.5	SS EPI	4000/58.5	57	0, 1000	Cervix, 1.50 (0.16)
Payne et al[180], 2010	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	4500/80	62/38	0, 100, 300, 500, 800	Cervix n = 43, 1.769 (0.239)
Chen et al[98], 2010	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI, STIR FS	6800/70	20/34.4	0, 800	Cervix, 1.593 (0.151)
Cao et al[87], 2012	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI, FB	NR/NR	64/55.4	0, 1000	Endometrium, 1.267 (0.221)
							Myometrium, 1.496 (0.196)
							Junctional zone, 1.126 (0.190)
Kuang et al[90], 2013	Siemens Trio	3.0	SS SE EPI, FS	AX: 7000/71,	67	(1) 0, 600	Cervix, (1) 1.55 (0.28)
				SAG: 1800/76		(2) 0, 1000	(2) 1.41 (0.10)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; BHI: Breath-hold end inspiratory; BHE: Breath-hold end expiratory; n: Number of patients; STIR: Short TI inversion recovery; FS: Fat suppression; NA: Not available; AX: Axial; SAG: Sagittal; W: Week; V: Volunteer.

Table 8 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values reported in the normal fibroglandular breast tissue using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	System	Field strength (T)	Sequence	TR/TE (ms/ms)	No. of patients/mean age (SD)	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Englander et al[181], 1997	GE Signa	1.5	SE	(2 or 3)HB/100	4/32 (2.6)	12.48, 611.31, 199.61, 449.12, 77.97, 311.89, 112.28	1.64 (0.19)
Partridge et al[17], 2001	GE Signa	1.5	SS FSE	8000/86	8/27	0, 578	n = 6, W1: 1.72 (0.23) W2: 1.61 (0.22) W3: 1.66 (0.17) W4: 1.75 (0.17)
Sinha et al[105], 2002	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	5000/72	16	0, 269, 537, 806, 1074	2.37 (0.27)
Woodhamset al[106], 2005	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	5000/61.8	190/53	0, 750, 1000	2.09 (0.27)
Park et al[182], 2007	GE Signa	1.5	SS EPI	6000/75	41/53.1	0, 1000	1.51 (0.29)
Yoshikawa et al[107], 2008	Philips Intera	1.5	SS SE EPI	6238/90	27	0, 200, 400, 600, 800	1.96 (0.21)
Kim et al[119], 2009	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	6000/75	67/54	0, 1000	1.59 (0.27)
Baron et al[114], 2010	Siemens Avanto	1.5	SS SE EPI, (1) FS (2) STIR (3) SPAIR (4) WaterExcitation	3000/93	7/26.6	0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600	(1) 1.99 (2) 2.02 (3) 2.03 (4) 2.06 overall 2.03 (0.03)
Partridge et al[44], 2010	GE Signa	1.5	SS SE EPI	7 s/71.5	12/36 (median)	0, 600, 1000	1.95 (0.24)
O’Flynn et al[109], 2012	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, SPAIR, SSGR	3771/67	31/45.9 13 PRM/36.6 18 PM/55.2	(1) 0, 100, 150, 200, 350, 700, 1200 (2) 100, 150, 200, 350, 700, 1200	PRM, (1) 1.84 (0.26) (2) 1.77 (0.26) PM, (1) 1.46 (0.3) (2) 1.33 (0.3)
Tagliafico et al[183], 2012	GE Signa	3.0	SS EPI	16675/NR	60/57 (median)	0, 1000	1.92 (0.30)
AlRashidi et al[108], 2012	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI, SPAIR	9543/50	26	0, 50, 150, 800	MC, W1: 2.18 (0.38) W2: 2.20 (0.39) W3: 2.22 (0.38) W4: 2.22 (0.33)
McDonald et al[184], 2014	Philips Achieva	3.0	SS SE EPI	5336/61	103/47 (11)	0, 800	1.62 (0.30)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters. ADC: Apparent diffusion coefficient; F: Female; M: Male; NR: Not reported; SS: Single shot; SE: Spin echo; EPI: Echo planar imaging; FSE: Fast spin echo; RF: Radiofrequency; RT: Respiratory triggered; NC: Navigator controlled; FB: Free breathing; BH: Breath-hold; HB: Heart beats; n: Number of patients; SPAIR: Spectral selection attenuated inversion recovery; SSGR: Slice selection gradient reversal; FS: Fat suppression; AX: Axial; SAG: Sagittal; MC: Menstrual cycle; PM: Post-menopause; PRM: Pre-menopause; W: Week; L: Left; R: Right.

Table 9 Estimates of apparent diffusion coefficient values of cancer vs normal tissue/benign disease reported in selected studies on different anatomical regions using a mono-exponential fit

Ref.	Anatomical region	Journal	Tumour and tissue	No. of subjects	b-values (s/mm²)	Mean ADC (SD) (× 10^-3 mm²/s)
Kim et al[29], 1999	Liver	AJR	Malignant Normal liver	49 48	3, 57, 192, 408, 517, 705, 846	1.01 (0.38) 1.92 (0.32)
¹Taouli et al[47], 2003	Liver	Radiology	Metastatic lesions	15	(1) 0, 500	(1) Lesions 0.94 (0.60)
			Normal liver	14	(2) 0, 134, 267, 400	Normal 1.83 (0.36)
						(2) Lesions 0.85 (0.51)
						Normal 1.51 (0.49)
Sato et al[79], 2005	Prostate	JMRI	Prostate cancer	23	0, 300, 600	1.11 (0.41)
			Normal prostate	23		1.68 (0.40)
Naganawa et al[99], 2005	Cervix	European	Cervical cancer	12	0, 300, 600	1.09 (0.20)
		Radiology	Normal cervix	10		1.79 (0.24)
McVeigh et al[91], 2008	Cervix	European	Cervical cancer	47	0, 600	1.09 (0.20)
		Radiology	Normal cervix	26		2.09 (0.46)
Yoshikawa et al[107], 2008	Breast	RadiationMedicine	IDC NIDC Normal breast	24 3 27	0, 200, 400, 600, 800	1.07 (0.19) 1.42(0.17) 1.96(0.21)
Kim et al[119], 2009	Breast	JMRI	Breast cancer	62	0, 1000	1.09 (0.27)
			Normal breast	67		1.59 (0.27)
Riches et al[27], 2009	Prostate	NMR in	Prostate cancer	43	0, 800	1.33 (0.52)
		Biomedicine	Central gland	50		1.72 (0.35)
			Peripheral zone	50		1.66 (0.34)
Fattahi et al[65], 2009	Pancreas	JMRI	Pancreatic cancer	10	0, 600	1.46 (0.18)
			Normal pancreas	14		1.78 (0.07)
Sugita et al[185], 2009	Gallbladder	EuropeanRadiology	Gallbladder carcinoma	15	0, 1000	1.28 (0.41)
			Gallbladder disease	14		1.92 (0.21)
Taouli et al[186], 2009	Kidney	Radiology	RCC	64 (28 RCC)	0, 400, 800	1.41 (0.61)
			Benign lesions	64 (81 benign lesions)		2.23 (0.87)
Wang et al[187], 2010	Kidney	Radiology	RCC	83	(1) 0, 500	(1) RCC 1.849 (0.399)
			RP		(2) 0, 800	RP 2.455 (0.238)
						(2) RCC 1.698 (0.323)
						RP 2.303 (0.172)
Cao et al[87], 2012	Uterus	European Journal of Radiology	Endometrial carcinoma	13	0, 1000	1.011 (0.102)
			Normal endometrium	64		1.267 (0.221)
Ogawa et al[188], 2012	Gallbladder	Journal of Gastroenterology	Gallbladder carcinoma	36	0, 1000	1.83 (0.69)
			Gallbladder disease	117		2.60 (0.54)

Some studies were carried out with more b-values than specified in the following table to compute intravoxel incoherent motion-specific parameters.

¹Authors in this study used two different DW sequences. IDC: Invasive ductal carcinoma; NIDC: Noninvasive ductal carcinoma; RCC: Renal carcinoma; RP: Renal parenchyma; DW: Diffusion-weighted.

Citation: Jafar MM, Parsai A, Miquel ME. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cancer: Reported apparent diffusion coefficients, in-vitro and in-vivo reproducibility. World J Radiol 2016; 8(1): 21-49
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v8/i1/21.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v8.i1.21