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        ©The Author(s) 2025.
    
    
        World J Radiol. Sep 28, 2025; 17(9): 112983
Published online Sep 28, 2025. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v17.i9.112983
Published online Sep 28, 2025. doi: 10.4329/wjr.v17.i9.112983
            Table 1 The baseline demographics, clinical, imaging characteristics
        
    | Gender | Number (n) | Percentage (%) | 
| Male | 120 | 62.5 | 
| Female | 72 | 37.5 | 
| Total | 192 | 100 | 
| Male:female = 1.7:1 | ||
| Comorbidity | ||
| Hypertension | 150 | 78.1 | 
| Diabetes | 74 | 38.5 | 
| Chronic kidney disease | 66 | 35.1 | 
| Smoking | 46 | 24 | 
| Dyslipidemia | 38 | 19.8 | 
| Alcohol intake | 6 | 3.1 | 
| Parameter | ||
| Capsuloganglionic | 100 | 52.1 | 
| Lobar | 70 | 36.5 | 
| Infratentorial | 22 | 11.5 | 
| IVH | ||
| Present | 108 | 56.3 | 
| Absent | 84 | 43.8 | 
| SAH | ||
| Present | 6 | 3.1 | 
| Absent | 186 | 96.9 | 
| Baseline hematoma volume | ||
| < 30 mL | 114 | 59.4 | 
| ≥ 30 mL | 78 | 40.6 | 
| Midline shift | ||
| Present | 148 | 77.1 | 
| Absent | 44 | 22.9 | 
| Island sign | ||
| Present | 62 | 32.3 | 
| Absent | 130 | 67.7 | 
| Swirl sign | ||
| Present | 44 | 22.9 | 
| Absent | 148 | 77.1 | 
| Black hole sign | ||
| Present | 58 | 30.2 | 
| Absent | 134 | 69.8 | 
            Table 2 Non-contrast computed tomography imaging characteristics of study population with and without hematoma expansion, n (%)
        
    
            Table 3 Imaging characteristics as per island sign, swirl sign, black hole sign
        
    | Variable | IS/SS/BS (+) | IS/SS/BS (-) | P value | 
| Imaging characteristics as per island sign | |||
| Baseline hematoma volume (mL), mean ± SD | 40.9 ± 27.03 | 24.5 ± 26.08 | 0.005a | 
| HE, n (%) | 56 (90.3) | 50 (38.5) | < 0.001a | 
| Imaging characteristics as per swirl sign | |||
| Baseline hematoma volume (mL), mean ± SD | 37.9 ± 21.62 | 25.4 ± 23.97 | 0.031a | 
| HE, n (%) | 32 (72.7) | 74 (50.0) | 0.049a | 
| Imaging characteristics as per black hole sign | |||
| Baseline hematoma volume (mL), mean ± SD | 35.8 ± 21.98 | 26.1 ± 18.85 | 0.045a | 
| HE, n (%) | 42 (72.4) | 64 (47.8) | 0.026a | 
            Table 4 Multivariate logistic regression depicting predictors for hematoma expansion
        
    
            Table 5 Summary of the hematoma expansion Prediction Grading System
        
    | Component | Points | 
| Baseline hematoma volume (mL) | |
| ≥ 30 | 1 | 
| < 30 | 0 | 
| IVH | |
| Present | 1 | 
| Absent | 0 | 
| Island sign | |
| Present | 1 | 
| Absent | 0 | 
| Black hole sign | |
| Present | 1 | 
| Absent | 0 | 
| Swirl sign | |
| Present | 1 | 
| Absent | 0 | 
            Table 6 Risk of hematoma expansion according to the Prediction Grading System
        
    | Total score | No. of patients | HE | Risk of HE (%) | 
| 0 | 54 | 4 | 7.4 | 
| 1 | 32 | 12 | 37.5 | 
| 2 | 40 | 30 | 75.0 | 
| 3 | 28 | 24 | 85.7 | 
| 4 | 30 | 28 | 93.3 | 
| 5 | 8 | 8 | 100 | 
- Citation: Parry AH, Fatima SA, Wani M, Jehangir M, Farooq O, Wagay MI, Ashraf O, Hakeem AA. Predicting hematoma growth in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: A simplified non-contrast computed tomography based five-point grading approach. World J Radiol 2025; 17(9): 112983
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8470/full/v17/i9/112983.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4329/wjr.v17.i9.112983

 
         
                         
                 
                 
                 
                 
                 
                         
                         
                        