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Praecht A, Garvie S, Sorkhou M, MacKillop J, George TP. Tobacco use and impulsivity in people with mental illness: A systematic review. Am J Addict 2025. [PMID: 40241302 DOI: 10.1111/ajad.70032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2025] [Accepted: 03/25/2025] [Indexed: 04/18/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Impulsivity is a risk factor for the development and maintenance of tobacco use, especially among individuals with comorbid mental illness, but the nature of this relationship is poorly understood. We systematically examined evidence for the relationship between impulsivity and tobacco use in people with psychiatric disorders. METHODS Following PRISMA guidelines, original peer-reviewed articles published from database inception to July 2024 were searched for using PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, Ovid, and PsycINFO. RESULTS Of 1192 articles identified, 16 met the inclusion criteria. There was consistent evidence of a positive relationship between tobacco use and impulsivity in schizophrenia (SZ), major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD). However, the majority of studies were cross-sectional studies, preventing causal inferences. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Tobacco smoking is robustly associated with impulsivity in people with SZ, MDD, and BD, although causal conclusions cannot be drawn due to methodological limitations of the current literature. Future prospective and experimental studies are needed to ascertain whether impulsivity is a risk factor for smoking, how tobacco use affects impulsivity, and whether impulsivity may be a treatment target for smoking cessation. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE To our knowledge, this article is the first comprehensive review of literature, specifically examining the relationship of tobacco smoking and impulsivity among individuals with psychiatric disorders. By highlighting this understudied intersection, our findings provide novel insights into the relationship between smoking behaviors and impulsivity in individuals with mental illness, contributing to more effective treatment strategies and emphasizing the need for tailored interventions to address these co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Praecht
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shivahn Garvie
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Sorkhou
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Helton WS. Perceptual decoupling in the sustained attention to response task is indeed unlikely: a reply to Shelat and Geisbrecht (in press). Exp Brain Res 2025; 243:88. [PMID: 40072597 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-025-07033-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 03/18/2025]
Abstract
Shelat and Geisbrecht (in press) challenge Bedi et al.'s (Exp Brain Rese 242(8):2033-2040 2024b) position that perceptual decoupling in the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) is unlikely. Instead they argue perceptual decoupling is likely in the SART and advocate for the SART's continued use in perceptual decoupling research. Shelat and Geisbrecht, however, are overlooking the extensive behavioral evidence that perceptual decoupling in the SART is indeed unlikely, including research by the researchers who originally developed the task demonstrating nearly 100% awareness of the task stimuli. The SART was developed to be a very short replacement for the long duration low Go, high No-Go target detection tasks used by sustained attention or vigilance researchers. While altering the response format in the SART to a high Go, low No-Go task indeed resulted in errors occurring reliably in a very short duration, the resulting SART has a substantial speed-accuracy trade-off. This causes immense confusion when interpreting performance in the SART. Furthermore, Shelat and Geisbrecht suggest DeBettencourt et al. (Nat Hum Behav 3(8):808-816, 2019) as a method improvement on the original SART, but ignore the entire point of the SART which was to be a short duration replacement for traditional vigilance tasks. The task utilized by DeBettencourt et al. (Nat Hum Behav 3(8):808-816, 2019) is as long in duration or longer than traditional vigilance tasks, but still is contaminated with a speed-accuracy trade-off, which makes untangling the underlying processes involved challenging. If researchers want to study sustained attention- perceptual decoupling, vigilance researchers have already figured out how to do this and the way to do this is not the SART.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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Li Y, van Kralingen T, Masi M, Villanueva Sanchez B, Mitchell B, Johnson J, Miranda-Barrientos J, Rehg J, Martinowich K, Carr GV. Time-on-task-related decrements in performance in the rodent continuous performance test are not caused by physical disengagement from the task. NPP - DIGITAL PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2025; 3:4. [PMID: 39959604 PMCID: PMC11825365 DOI: 10.1038/s44277-025-00025-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2024] [Revised: 12/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/18/2025]
Abstract
Attention deficits, a hallmark of many neuropsychiatric disorders, significantly impair quality of life and functional outcome for patients. Continuous Performance Tests (CPTs) are widely used to assess attentional function in clinical settings and have been adapted for mice as the rodent Continuous Performance Test (rCPT). In this study, we combined traditional analyses of rCPT performance with markerless pose estimation using DeepLabCut and visual field analysis (VFA) to objectively measure the orientation of mice toward stimuli during rCPT sessions. Additionally, we extended the session length to assess performance decrements over time. Our findings show that extending rCPT sessions from 45-90 min results in a significant decline in performance in male mice, which aligns with performance decrements observed in clinical research. Importantly, physical engagement with the task remained relatively stable throughout the session, even as performance deteriorated. This suggests that the performance decline specifically reflects a time-on-task (TOT)-dependent vigilance decrement rather than physical disengagement. We also investigated the effects of amphetamine, an FDA-approved treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), on rCPT performance. Amphetamine significantly reduced false alarms without affecting orientation or physical engagement with task stimuli in both male and female mice. This improved rCPT performance in males, but not in females because hit rate also declined following amphetamine administration in females. Collectively, these findings validate a behavioral tracking platform for objectively measuring physical engagement in the rCPT and a task modification that accentuates TOT-dependent performance decrements, enhancing the translational value of the rCPT for studies related to human neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Thomas van Kralingen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Megan Masi
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Brandon Villanueva Sanchez
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE USA
| | - Beyonca Mitchell
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX USA
| | - Jorge Miranda-Barrientos
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Jason Rehg
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Gregory V. Carr
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
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4
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Ward HB, Beermann A, Xie J, Yildiz G, Felix KM, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead K, Cannon TD, Cornblatt B, Keshavan M, Mathalon D, Perkins DO, Seidman L, Stone WS, Tsuang MT, Walker EF, Woods S, Coleman MJ, Bouix S, Holt DJ, Öngür D, Breier A, Shenton ME, Heckers S, Halko MA, Lewandowski KE, Brady RO. Robust Brain Correlates of Cognitive Performance in Psychosis and Its Prodrome. Biol Psychiatry 2025; 97:139-147. [PMID: 39032726 PMCID: PMC11634655 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocognitive impairment is a well-known phenomenon in schizophrenia that begins prior to psychosis onset. Connectome-wide association studies have inconsistently linked cognitive performance to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. We hypothesized that a carefully selected cognitive instrument and refined population would allow identification of reliable brain-behavior associations with connectome-wide association studies. To test this hypothesis, we first identified brain-cognition correlations via a connectome-wide association study in early psychosis. We then asked, in an independent dataset, if these brain-cognition relationships would generalize to individuals who develop psychosis in the future. METHODS The Seidman Auditory Continuous Performance Task (ACPT) effectively differentiates healthy participants from those with psychosis. Our connectome-wide association study used the HCP-EP (Human Connectome Project for Early Psychosis) (n = 183) to identify links between connectivity and ACPT performance. We then analyzed data from the NAPLS2 (North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study 2) (n = 345), a multisite prospective study of individuals at risk for psychosis. We tested the connectome-wide association study-identified cognition-connectivity relationship in both individuals at risk for psychosis and control participants. RESULTS Our connectome-wide association study in early-course psychosis identified robust associations between better ACPT performance and higher prefrontal-somatomotor connectivity (p < .005). Prefrontal-somatomotor connectivity was also related to ACPT performance in at-risk individuals who would develop psychosis (n = 17). This finding was not observed in nonconverters (n = 196) or control participants (n = 132). CONCLUSIONS This connectome-wide association study identified reproducible links between connectivity and cognition in separate samples of individuals with psychosis and at-risk individuals who would later develop psychosis. A carefully selected task and population improves the ability of connectome-wide association studies to identify reliable brain-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Burrell Ward
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.
| | - Adam Beermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gulcan Yildiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carrie E Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kristin Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Tyrone D Cannon
- Department of Psychology and Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Barbara Cornblatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital and Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Glen Oaks, New York
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Daniel Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Diana O Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Larry Seidman
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William S Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ming T Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Elaine F Walker
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Scott Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael J Coleman
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvain Bouix
- Department of Software Engineering and Information Technology, École de technologie supérieure, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daphne J Holt
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Dost Öngür
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Martha E Shenton
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephan Heckers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Mark A Halko
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Roscoe O Brady
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Palazzo S, Spampinato C, Kavasidis I, Giordano D, Schmidt J, Shah M. Rebuttal to "Comments on 'Decoding Brain Representations by Multimodal Learning of Neural Activity and Visual Features' ". IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE 2024; 46:11540-11542. [PMID: 38985553 DOI: 10.1109/tpami.2024.3426296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Bharadwaj et al. (2023) present a comments paper evaluating the classification accuracy of several state-of-the-art methods using EEG data averaged over random class samples. According to the results, some of the methods achieve above-chance accuracy, while the method proposed in (Palazzo et al. 2020), that is the target of their analysis, does not. In this rebuttal, we address these claims and explain why they are not grounded in the cognitive neuroscience literature, and why the evaluation procedure is ineffective and unfair.
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Bedi A, Russell PN, Helton WS. Perceptual decoupling in the sustained attention to response task is unlikely. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:2033-2040. [PMID: 38958722 PMCID: PMC11252176 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06885-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Researchers dispute the cause of errors in high Go, low No Go target detection tasks, like the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART). Some researchers propose errors in the SART are due to perceptual decoupling, where a participant is unaware of stimulus identity. This lack of external awareness causes an erroneous response. Other researchers suggest the majority of the errors in the SART are instead due to response leniency, not perceptual decoupling. Response delays may enable a participant who is initially unaware of stimulus identity, perceptually decoupled, to become aware of stimulus identity, or perceptually recoupled. If, however, the stimulus presentation time is shortened to the minimum necessary for stimulus recognition and the stimulus is disrupted with a structured mask, then there should be no time to enable perception to recouple even with a response delay. From the perceptual decoupling perspective, there should be no impact of a response delay on performance in this case. Alternatively if response bias is critical, then even in this case a response delay may impact performance. In this study, we shortened stimulus presentation time and added a structured mask. We examined whether a response delay impacted performance in the SART and tasks where the SART's response format was reversed. We expected a response delay would only impact signal detection theory bias, c, in the SART, where response leniency is an issue. In the reverse formatted SART, since bias was not expected to be lenient, we expected no impact or minimal impact of a response delay on response bias. These predictions were verified. Response bias is more critical in understanding SART performance, than perceptual decoupling, which is rare if it occurs at all in the SART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bedi
- University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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7
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Sharpe BT, Smith J. Influence of Vigilance Performance on Lifeguard Gaze Behaviour. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 20:220-233. [PMID: 39678921 PMCID: PMC11638701 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study sought to examine the gaze behaviours exhibited by lifeguards with different levels of experience while performing a task focused on detecting drowning incidents across extended periods. The results indicated a gradual decline in detection performance over time, regardless of the lifeguards' levels of experience. Analysis of the participants' gaze behaviours unveiled that this decline was associated with alterations in both the number and duration of fixations. The results indicated that lifeguards with greater experience maintained higher levels of detection performance and fixation numbers for extended durations, while exhibiting consistent fixation durations throughout the task, in contrast to their less experienced counterparts. These findings offer initial indications that lifeguards with more experience may possess an attentional advantage during tasks requiring sustained vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T. Sharpe
- Institute of Psychology, Business, and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
| | - Jenny Smith
- Institute of Applied Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, United Kingdom
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8
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Raine A, Brodrick L, Pardini D, Jennings JR, Waller R. Increased cardiac vagal tone in childhood-only, adolescent-only, and persistently antisocial teenagers: the mediating role of low heart rate. Psychol Med 2024; 54:2426-2434. [PMID: 38469880 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291724000552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac vagal tone is an indicator of parasympathetic nervous system functioning, and there is increasing interest in its relation to antisocial behavior. It is unclear however whether antisocial individuals are characterized by increased or decreased vagal tone, and whether increased vagal tone is the source of the low heart rate frequently reported in antisocial populations. METHODS Participants consisted of four groups of community-dwelling adolescent boys aged 15.7 years: (1) controls, (2) childhood-only antisocial, (3) adolescent-only antisocial, and (4) persistently antisocial. Heart rate and vagal tone were assessed in three different conditions: rest, cognitive stressor, and social stressor. RESULTS All three antisocial groups had both lower resting heart rates and increased vagal tone compared to the low antisocial controls across all three conditions. Low heart rate partially mediated the relationship between vagal tone and antisocial behavior. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that increased vagal tone and reduced heart rate are relatively broad risk factors for different developmental forms of antisocial behavior. Findings are the first to implicate vagal tone as an explanatory factor in understanding heart rate - antisocial behavior relationships. Future experimental work using non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation or heart rate variability biofeedback is needed to more systematically evaluate this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Raine
- Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Lia Brodrick
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Dustin Pardini
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | - J Richard Jennings
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Rebecca Waller
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Young HA, Cousins AL, Byrd-Bredbenner C, Benton D, Gershon RC, Ghirardelli A, Latulippe ME, Scholey A, Wagstaff L. Alignment of Consumers' Expected Brain Benefits from Food and Supplements with Measurable Cognitive Performance Tests. Nutrients 2024; 16:1950. [PMID: 38931303 PMCID: PMC11206270 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Consumers often cite cognitive improvements as reasons for making dietary changes or using dietary supplements, a motivation that if leveraged could greatly enhance public health. However, rarely is it considered whether standardized cognitive tests that are used in nutrition research are aligned to outcomes of interest to the consumer. This knowledge gap presents a challenge to the scientific substantiation of nutrition-based cognitive health benefits. Here we combined focus group transcript review using reflexive thematic analysis and a multidisciplinary expert panel exercise to evaluate the applicability of cognitive performance tools/tasks for substantiating the specific cognitive benefits articulated by consumers with the objectives to (1) understand how consumers comprehend the potential benefits of nutrition for brain health, and (2) determine the alignment between consumers desired brain benefits and validated tests and tools. We derived a 'Consumer Taxonomy of Cognitive and Affective Health in Nutrition Research' which describes the cognitive and affective structure from the consumers perspective. Experts agreed that validated tests exist for some consumer benefits including focused attention, sustained attention, episodic memory, energy levels, and anxiety. Prospective memory, flow, and presence represented novel benefits that require the development and validation of new tests and tools. Closing the gap between science and consumers and fostering co-creative approaches to nutrition research are critical to the development of products and dietary recommendations that support realizable cognitive benefits that benefit public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley A. Young
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Alecia L. Cousins
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Carol Byrd-Bredbenner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08854, USA;
| | - David Benton
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, UK; (A.L.C.); (D.B.)
| | - Richard C. Gershon
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60208, USA;
| | | | - Marie E. Latulippe
- Institute for the Advancement of Food and Nutrition Sciences, Washington, DC 20005, USA;
| | - Andrew Scholey
- Nutrition Dietetics and Food, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Notting Hill, VIC 3168, Australia;
- Centre for Mental Health and Brain Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, VIC 3122, Australia
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Bedi A, Russell PN, Helton WS. Response uncertainty influences response bias in the sustained attention to response task: a signal detection theory perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:81-90. [PMID: 37318596 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In the current investigation, we modified the high Go, low No-Go Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) by replacing the single response on Go trials with a dual response to increase response uncertainty. In three experiments, a total of 80 participants completed either the original SART with no response uncertainty regarding the Go stimuli, or versions of the dual response SART in which response probabilities for the two possible responses to the Go stimuli varied from 0.9-0.1, 0.7-0.3, to 0.5-0.5. This resulted in a scale of increasing response uncertainty based on information theory to the Go stimuli. The probability of No-Go withhold stimuli was kept.11 in all experiments. Using the Signal Detection Theory perspective proposed by Bedi et al. (Psychological Research: 1-10, 2022), we predicted that increasing response uncertainty would result in a conservative response bias shift, noted by decreased errors of commission and slower response times to both Go and No-Go stimuli. These predictions were verified. The errors of commission in the SART may not be a measures of conscious awareness per se, but instead indicative of the level of participant trigger happiness-the willingness to respond quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bedi
- University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - William S Helton
- University of Canterbury, Chirstchurch, New Zealand.
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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11
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McGarry SPD, Neilson BN, Brown NL, Strong KD, Greenlee ET, Klein MI, Coyne JT. An investigation of cardiac vagal tone over time and its relation to vigilance performance: a growth curve modeling approach. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2023; 4:1244658. [PMID: 38234476 PMCID: PMC10790917 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1244658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Research over the last couple of decades has demonstrated a relationship between psychophysiological measures, specifically cardiac functions, and cognitive performance. Regulation of the cardiac system under parasympathetic control is commonly referred to as cardiac vagal tone and is associated with the regulation of cognitive and socioemotional states. The goal of the current study was to capture the dynamic relationship between cardiac vagal tone and performance in a vigilance task. Method/Results We implemented a longitudinal growth curve modeling approach which unveiled a relationship between cardiac vagal tone and vigilance that was non-monotonic and dependent upon each person. Discussion The findings suggest that cardiac vagal tone may be a process-based physiological measure that further explains how the vigilance decrement manifests over time and differs across individuals. This contributes to our understanding of vigilance by modeling individual differences in cardiac vagal tone changes that occur over the course of the vigilance task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P. D. McGarry
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brittany N. Neilson
- Operational Psychology Department, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Noelle L. Brown
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Eric T. Greenlee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Martina I. Klein
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Joseph T. Coyne
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
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12
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Sharpe BT, Smith MS, Williams SCR, Talbot J, Runswick OR, Smith J. An expert-novice comparison of lifeguard specific vigilance performance. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2023; 87:416-430. [PMID: 38081714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lifeguards must maintain alertness and monitor an aquatic space across extended periods. However, lifeguard research has yet to investigate a lifeguard's ability to maintain performance over time and whether this is influenced by years of certified experience or the detection difficulty of a drowning incident. The aim of this study was to examine whether lifeguard experience, drowning duration, bather number, and time on task influences drowning detection performance. METHOD A total of 30 participants took part in nine 60-minute lifeguard specific tasks that included 11 drowning events occurring at five-minute intervals. Each task had manipulated conditions that acted as the independent variables, including bather number and drowning duration. RESULTS The experienced group detected a greater number of drowning events per task, compared to novice and naïve groups. Findings further highlighted that time, bather number, and drowning duration has a substantial influence on lifeguard specific drowning detection performance. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS It is hoped that the outcome of the study will have applied application in highlighting the critical need for lifeguard organizations to be aware of a lifeguard's capacity to sustain attention, and for researchers to explore methods for minimizing any decrement in vigilance performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Sharpe
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK; Institute of Psychology, Business and Human Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK.
| | - Marcus S Smith
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Talbot
- Royal Life Saving Society (RLSS), UK
| | - Oliver R Runswick
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jenny Smith
- Institute of Sport, Nursing and Allied Health, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
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13
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Mohsenian S, Kouhnavard B, Nami M, Mehdizadeh A, Seif M, Zamanian Z. Effect of temperature reduction of the prefrontal area on accuracy of visual sustained attention. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2023; 29:1368-1375. [PMID: 36177972 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2131116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Objectives. Detection of sensitive signs in many work environments with automated systems (aviation industry, flight safety tower, maritime industry, monitoring in the military industry, etc.) is essential and requires constant visual attention. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of forehead cooling on the accuracy of stable visual attention. Methods. This interventional study was performed on 34 male students. The sampling method was a randomized block design. Subjects were assessed by demographic questionnaire, Snellen chart, Spielberger state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and physiological and cognitive measurements. Results. Prefrontal cortex (PFC) cooling caused significant changes in sublingual temperature during four measurements in the intervention group. There were no significant changes in heart rate, diastolic blood pressure and saturation of peripheral oxygen (%SpO2) between the two groups. The critical flicker frequency (CFF) as an indicator of cognitive fatigue showed that cognitive improvement after PFC cooling occurred following a reduction in cognitive fatigue. Conclusions. Considering the importance of choosing non-invasive methods to improve the operator's cognitive skills while performing cognitive tasks in the field of neuroergonomics, it can be concluded that PFC cooling is an effective and safe way to improve some cognitive skills such as visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Mohsenian
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Nami
- Faculty of Neuroscience, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | | | - Mojgan Seif
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zahra Zamanian
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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14
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Gyles SP, McCarley JS, Yamani Y. Psychometric curves reveal changes in bias, lapse rate, and guess rate in an online vigilance task. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:2879-2893. [PMID: 37115493 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02652-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
When human monitors are required to detect infrequent signals among noise, they typically exhibit a decline in correct detections over time. Researchers have attributed this vigilance decrement to three alternative mechanisms: shifts in response bias, losses of sensitivity, and attentional lapses. The current study examined the extent to which changes in these mechanisms contributed to the vigilance decrement in an online monitoring task. Participants in two experiments (N = 102, N = 192) completed an online signal detection task, judging whether the separation between two probes each trial exceeded a criterion value. Separation was varied across trials and data were fit with logistic psychometric curves using Bayesian hierarchical parameter estimation. Parameters representing sensitivity, response bias, attentional lapse rate, and guess rate were compared across the first and last 4 minutes of the vigil. Data gave decisive evidence of conservative bias shifts, an increased attentional lapse rate, and a decreased positive guess rate over time on task, but no strong evidence for or against an effect of sensitivity. Sensitivity decrements appear less robust than criterion shifts or attention lapses as causes of the vigilance loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P Gyles
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, 2950 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Jason S McCarley
- School of Psychological Science, Oregon State University, 2950 SW Jefferson Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Yusuke Yamani
- Department of Psychology, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
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15
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Weijs ML, Jonauskaite D, Reutimann R, Mohr C, Lenggenhager B. Effects of environmental colours in virtual reality: Physiological arousal affected by lightness and hue. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230432. [PMID: 37830019 PMCID: PMC10565396 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
It is a popular belief that colours impact one's psychological and affective functioning. However, clear-cut scientific evidence is still lacking, largely due to methodological challenges. Virtual reality (VR) enabled us to control and modify the environment. We exposed 60 participants to red or blue environments varying in lightness and saturation. We assessed participants' physiological responses (i.e. arousal) with heart rate and skin conductance measures, and their self-reported levels of valence and arousal in response to the coloured environments. The results revealed physiological effects of lightness and hue. When compared with the baseline measures, heart rate increased, and heart rate variability decreased more in the dark than the medium lightness rooms. Both measures signalled higher arousal in the darker room, irrespective of hue. Also, when compared with the baseline measures, skin conductance increased more in the red than the blue rooms, again signalling higher arousal in the red condition. The difference between the red and the blue conditions was detectable only on some saturation and lightness combinations. We conclude that being immersed in environments of different colours can change physiological arousal. However, not all changes are driven by hue and not all the effects are measurable on all physiological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Lieve Weijs
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8050, Switzerland
| | - Domicele Jonauskaite
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1010, Austria
| | - Ricarda Reutimann
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
| | - Christine Mohr
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Bigna Lenggenhager
- Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich 8006, Switzerland
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz 78457, Germany
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16
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DeBrosse AC, Li Y, Wiseman R, Ross R, Garrison S, Hallock HL, Barrow JC, Martinowich K, Carr GV. Degrading stimuli by reducing image resolution impairs performance in a rodent continuous performance test. Behav Processes 2023; 212:104941. [PMID: 37673291 PMCID: PMC10591849 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2023.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention is a cognitive domain often disrupted in neuropsychiatric disorders and continuous performance tests (CPTs) are common clinical assays of attention. In CPTs, participants produce a behavioral response to target stimuli and refrain from responding to non-target stimuli. Performance in CPTs is measured as the ability to discriminate between targets and non-targets. Rodent versions of CPTs (rCPTs) have been validated with both anatomical and pharmacological studies, providing a translational platform for understanding attention function. In humans, stimulus degradation, the inclusion of visual noise in the image to reduce resolution, in CPTs impairs performance. Reduced image contrast, changes in the relative luminescence of elements in the image, has been used in rCPTs to test similar constructs, but, to our knowledge, reduced image resolution has not been tested in an rCPT. In this study, we tested multiple levels of stimulus degradation in a touchscreen version of the rCPT in mice. We found that stimulus degradation significantly decreased performance in males and females. Specifically, we found decreased stimulus discrimination and increases in hit reaction time and reaction time variability. These findings are in line with the effects of stimulus degradation in human studies. These data extend the utility and translational value of the family of rCPTs by demonstrating that stimulus degradation in the form of reduced image resolution produces qualitatively similar behavioral responses in mice as those in previous human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C DeBrosse
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ye Li
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robyn Wiseman
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Racine Ross
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Kenyon College, Gambier, OH, USA
| | - Sy'Keria Garrison
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Fayetteville State University, Fayetteville, NC, USA
| | - Henry L Hallock
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James C Barrow
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keri Martinowich
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory V Carr
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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17
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Dalecki M, Steinberg F, Beurskens R. Rapid Dual-Task Decrements After a Brief Period of Manual Tracking in Simulated Weightlessness by Water Submersion. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:1001-1013. [PMID: 34861791 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211051804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigating dual-task (DT) performance during simulated weightlessness by water submersion, using a manual tracking and a choice reaction task. In contrast to previous work, we focus on performance changes over time. BACKGROUND Previous research showed motor tracking and choice reaction impairments under DT and single-task (ST) conditions in shallow water submersion. Recent research analyzed performance as average across task time, neglecting potential time-related changes or fluctuations of task-performance. METHOD An unstable tracking and a choice reaction task was performed for one minute under ST and DT conditions in 5 m water submersion and on dry land in 43 participants. Tracking and choice reaction time performance for both tasks were analyzed in blocks of 10 seconds. RESULTS Tracking performance deteriorated underwater compared to dry land conditions during the second half while performing one minute in DT conditions. Choice reaction time increased underwater as well, but independent of task time and type. CONCLUSION Tracking error increased over time when performing unstable tracking and choice reaction together. Potentially, physiological and psychological alterations under shallow submersion further strain the human system during DT operations, exceeding available recourse capacities such that DT performance deteriorated over time. APPLICATION Humans operating in simulated weightlessness underwater should be aware of substantial performance declines that can occur within a short amount of time during DT situations that include continuous tracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dalecki
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Fabian Steinberg
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Rainer Beurskens
- Fachhochschule des Mittelstandes, University of Applied Sciences, Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Pitts J, Singhal K, Apte Y, Patel P, Kannan L, Bhatt T. The Effect of Cognitive Task, Gait Speed, and Age on Cognitive-Motor Interference during Walking. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7368. [PMID: 37687823 PMCID: PMC10490746 DOI: 10.3390/s23177368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Dual-tasking can cause cognitive-motor interference (CMI) and affect task performance. This study investigated the effects of age, gait speed, and type of cognitive task on CMI during gait. Ten younger and 10 older adults walked on a pressure-sensitive GAITRite walkway which recorded gait speed and step length. Participants walked at a slow, preferred, or fast speed while simultaneously completing four cognitive tasks: visuomotor reaction time (VMRT), serial subtraction (SS), word list generation (WLG), and visual Stroop (VS). Each combination of task and speed was repeated for two trials. Tasks were also performed while standing. Motor and cognitive costs were calculated with the formula: ((single-dual)/single × 100). Higher costs indicate a larger reduction in performance from single to dual-task. Motor costs were higher for WLG and SS than VMRT and VS and higher in older adults (p < 0.05). Cognitive costs were higher for SS than WLG (p = 0.001). At faster speeds, dual-task costs increased for WLG and SS, although decreased for VMRT. CMI was highest for working memory, language, and problem-solving tasks, which was reduced by slow walking. Aging increased CMI, although both ages were affected similarly by task and speed. Dual-task assessments could include challenging CMI conditions to improve the prediction of motor and cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pitts
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Kunal Singhal
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of St. Augustine for Health Sciences, Austin, TX 32086, USA
| | - Yashashree Apte
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Prakruti Patel
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Lakshmi Kannan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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19
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Kang S, Hong SI, Kang S, Song M, Yang MA, Essa H, Baker M, Lee J, Bruce RA, Lee SW, Choi DS. Astrocyte activities in the external globus pallidus regulate action-selection strategies in reward-seeking behaviors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh9239. [PMID: 37327345 PMCID: PMC10275597 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An imbalance in goal-directed and habitual behavioral control is a hallmark of decision-making-related disorders, including addiction. Although external globus pallidus (GPe) is critical for action selection, which harbors enriched astrocytes, the role of GPe astrocytes involved in action-selection strategies remained unknown. Using in vivo calcium signaling with fiber photometry, we found substantially attenuated GPe astrocytic activity during habitual learning compared to goal-directed learning. The support vector machine analysis predicted the behavioral outcomes. Chemogenetic activation of the astrocytes or inhibition of GPe pan-neuronal activities facilitates the transition from habit to goal-directed reward-seeking behavior. Next, we found increased astrocyte-specific GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid) transporter type 3 (GAT3) messenger RNA expression during habit learning. Notably, the pharmacological inhibition of GAT3 occluded astrocyte activation-induced transition from habitual to goal-directed behavior. On the other hand, attentional stimuli shifted the habit to goal-directed behaviors. Our findings suggest that the GPe astrocytes regulate the action selection strategy and behavioral flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sa-Ik Hong
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Seungwoo Kang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Minryung Song
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Abel Yang
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hesham Essa
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew Baker
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jeyeon Lee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert A. Bruce
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sang Wan Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Kim Jaechul Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Sup Choi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- Neuroscience Program, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
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20
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Buser D, Schwaninger A, Sauer J, Sterchi Y. Time on task and task load in visual inspection: A four-month field study with X-ray baggage screeners. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2023; 111:103995. [PMID: 37207523 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2023.103995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that performance in visual inspection and typical vigilance tasks depend on time on task and task load. European regulation mandates that security officers (screeners) take a break or change tasks after 20 min of X-ray baggage screening. However, longer screening durations could reduce staffing challenges. We investigated the effects of time on task and task load on visual inspection performance in a four-month field study with screeners. At an international airport, 22 screeners inspected X-ray images of cabin baggage for up to 60 min, while a control group (N = 19) screened for 20 min. Hit rate remained stable for low and average task loads. However, when the task load was high, the screeners compensated by speeding up X-ray image inspection at the expense of the hit rate over time on task. Our results support the dynamic-allocation resource theory. Moreover, extending the permitted screening duration to 30 or 40 min should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Buser
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Applied Psychology, Institute Humans in Complex Systems, Riggenbachstrasse 16, CH-4600, Olten, Switzerland.
| | - A Schwaninger
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Applied Psychology, Institute Humans in Complex Systems, Riggenbachstrasse 16, CH-4600, Olten, Switzerland.
| | - J Sauer
- University of Fribourg, Department of Psychology, Rue P.A. de Faucigny 2, CH-1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Y Sterchi
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Applied Psychology, Institute Humans in Complex Systems, Riggenbachstrasse 16, CH-4600, Olten, Switzerland.
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21
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Bedi A, Russell PN, Helton WS. Go-stimuli probability influences response bias in the sustained attention to response task: a signal detection theory perspective. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2023; 87:509-518. [PMID: 35403969 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01679-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The sustained attention to response task (SART) is a popular measure in the psychology and neuroscience of attention. The underlying psychological cause for errors, in particular errors of commission, in the SART is actively disputed. Some researchers have suggested task-disengagement due to mind-wandering or mindlessness, and others have proposed strategic choices. In this study we explored an alternative perspective based on Signal Detection Theory, in which the high rate of commission errors in the SART reflects simply a shift in response bias (criterion) due to the high prevalence of Go-stimuli. We randomly assigned 406 participants to one of ten Go-stimuli prevalence rates (50%, 64%, 74%, 78%, 82%, 86%, 90%, 94%, 98% and 100%). As Go-stimuli prevalence increased reaction times to both Go and No-Go stimuli decreased, omission errors decreased and commission errors increased. These all were predicted from a hypothesized bias shift, but the findings were not compatible with some alternative theories of SART performance. These findings may have implications for similar tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Bedi
- University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | | | - William S Helton
- University of Canterbury, Canterbury, New Zealand.
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA.
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22
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Román-Caballero R, Martín-Arévalo E, Lupiáñez J. Changes in Response Criterion and Lapse Rate as General Mechanisms of Vigilance Decrement: Commentary on McCarley and Yamani (2021). Psychol Sci 2023; 34:132-136. [PMID: 36318745 DOI: 10.1177/09567976221121342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple theories have used perceptual sensitivity and response criterion indices to explain the decrements in performance across time on task (i.e., vigilance decrement). In a recent study, McCarley and Yamani (2021) offered conceptual and methodological advances to this debate by using a vigilance task that parametrically manipulates noise and signal and analyzes the outcomes with psychometric curves. In the present Commentary, we reanalyze data (N = 553) from a different, already existing vigilance task, the Attentional Networks Test for Interactions and Vigilance-executive and arousal components (ANTI-Vea). Psychometric curves with the ANTI-Vea showed robust changes in response criterion and lapse rate, although not in sensitivity. Our interpretation is that the need to keep the standard in memory in McCarley and Yamani's task could produce a decrease in sensitivity and be related to reduced fidelity of the memory representation rather than to a decrement in perceptual abilities across time on task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Román-Caballero
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Martín-Arévalo
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Mind, Brain, and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Spain
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23
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Titova NV, Bezdolny YN, Katunina EA. [Asthenia, mental fatigue and cognitive dysfunction]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:38-47. [PMID: 37315240 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202312305138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conditions associated with asthenia are usually characterized by increased fatigue, impaired activities of daily living and decreased productivity. In clinical practice it is important to distinguish between idiopathic chronic fatigue (primary or functional asthenia) and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Fatigue can also be classified by neuromuscular and/or cognitive and mental fatigue. The article discusses the neuroanatomical basis and focuses on the neurocognitive theory of pathological fatigue. In addition the relationship between mental stress, fatigue and cognitive impairments such as subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are also discussed. We discuss the rationale that for treatment of asthenic conditions accompanied by cognitive dysfunction it is justified to use combination therapy - fonturacetam and a preparation containing nicotinoyl-GABA and Ginkgo Biloba.
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Affiliation(s)
- N V Titova
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - E A Katunina
- Federal Center of Brain and Neurotechnologies, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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24
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Pitts J, Bhatt T. Effects of mentally induced fatigue on balance control: a systematic review. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:13-30. [PMID: 36329316 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06464-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between cognitive demands and postural control is controversial. Mental fatigue paradigms investigate the attentional requirements of postural control by assessing balance after a prolonged cognitive task. However, a majority of mental fatigue research has focused on cognition and sports performance, leaving balance relatively underexamined. The purpose of this paper was to systematically review the existing literature on mental fatigue and balance control. We conducted a comprehensive search on PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies comparing balance performance pre- to post-mental fatigue or between a mental fatigue and control group. The literature search resulted in ten relevant studies including both volitional (n = 7) and reactive (n = 3) balance measures. Mental fatigue was induced by various cognitive tasks which were completed for 20-90 min prior to balance assessment. Mental fatigue affected both volitional and reactive balance, resulting in increased postural sway, decreased accuracy on volitional tasks, delayed responses to perturbations, and less effective balance recovery responses. These effects could have been mediated by the depletion of attentional resources or impaired sensorimotor perception which delayed appropriate balance-correcting responses. However, the current literature is limited by the number of studies and heterogeneous mental fatigue induction methods. Future studies are needed to confirm these postulations and examine the effects of mental fatigue on different populations and postural tasks. This line of research could be clinically relevant to improve safety in occupational settings where individuals complete extremely long durations of cognitive tasks and for the development of effective fall-assessment and fall-prevention paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pitts
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Tanvi Bhatt
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 W Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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Vyas NS, Burke L, Netherwood S, Caviston P, Simic M, Buchsbaum MS. Neurocognitive profile of adolescents with early-onset schizophrenia and their unaffected siblings. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:677-688. [PMID: 34989324 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.2023758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the neurocognitive profiles of Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS; onset before age 18) and paired unaffected siblings and the little-studied effect of age-of-onset and duration of illness on cognitive performance. METHODS 31 EOS probands, and 31 of their siblings, had four cognitive domains assessed: (a) Memory: California Verbal Learning Test, and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised; (b) Working memory: Digit Span; (c) Attention: Degraded-Stimulus Continuous Performance Test, Span of Apprehension (SPAN), and Trail Making Test (TMT) part A; (d) Executive function: Wisconsin card sorting task, and TMT part B. Diagnosis was confirmed using the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV. RESULTS While EOS showed a generalised neurocognitive deficit (0.25-0.50 effect size) compared with siblings, across all cognitive domains, significantly greater patient deficits were observed with, working memory, attention, and executive function and minimal differences for digit span forward, block design and false alarms on the SPAN-12 confirmed by repeated measures MANOVA. Patients with earlier onset (12-15) showed greater deficits on false alarm and digits backward scores. Siblings showed individual cognitive task profiles similar to patients, confirming familial effects. EOS showed much more variable scores than siblings with more individual tasks showing 2 SD deficits than siblings. Long duration patients had greater z-score variability across tasks. CONCLUSIONS Duration of illness was a more important characteristic in patients with onset 16 and over than in younger onset patients with comparable durations. Both the similarity of sibling pair profiles and greater patient variability across task provide further support for neurobiological heterogeneity in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S Vyas
- Department of Psychology, Kingston University London, Kingston-upon-Thames, UK.,Department of Imaging, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Lisa Burke
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Southwark, UK
| | | | - Paul Caviston
- North East London NHS Foundation Trust, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Essex, UK
| | - Mima Simic
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, CAMHS National and Specialist Services, London, UK
| | - Monte S Buchsbaum
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology Emeritus, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Irvine School of Medicine, University of California, CA, USA
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Proost M, Habay J, De Wachter J, De Pauw K, Rattray B, Meeusen R, Roelands B, Van Cutsem J. How to Tackle Mental Fatigue: A Systematic Review of Potential Countermeasures and Their Underlying Mechanisms. Sports Med 2022; 52:2129-2158. [PMID: 35543922 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01678-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mental fatigue (MF) is a psychobiological state that impairs cognitive as well as physical performance in different settings. Recently, numerous studies have sought ways to counteract these negative effects of MF. An overview of the explored countermeasures for MF is, however, lacking. OBJECTIVES The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the different MF countermeasures currently explored in literature. Countermeasures were classified by the timing of application (before, during or after the moment of MF) and type of intervention (behavioural, physiological and psychological). METHODS The databases of PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched until March 7, 2022. Studies were eligible when MF was induced using a task with a duration of at least 30 min, when they assessed MF markers in at least two out of the three areas wherein MF markers have been defined (i.e., behavioural, subjective and/or [neuro]physiological) and used a placebo or control group for the countermeasure. RESULTS A total of 33 studies investigated one or more countermeasures against MF. Of these, eight studies assessed a behavioural countermeasure, 22 a physiological one, one a psychological countermeasure and two a combination of a behavioural and psychological countermeasure. The general finding was that a vast majority of the countermeasures induced a positive effect on behavioural (e.g., task or sport performance) and/or subjective MF markers (e.g., visual analogue scale for MF or alertness). No definitive conclusion could be drawn regarding the effect of the employed countermeasures on (neuro)physiological markers of MF as only 19 of the included studies investigated these measures, and within these a large heterogeneity in the evaluated (neuro)physiological markers was present. DISCUSSION Within the physiological countermeasures it seems that the use of odours during a MF task or caffeine before the MF task are the most promising interventions in combating MF. Promising behavioural (e.g., listening to music) and psychological (e.g., extrinsic motivation) countermeasures of MF have also been reported. The most assumed mechanism through which these countermeasures operate is the dopaminergic system. However, this mechanism remains speculative as (neuro)physiological markers of MF have been scarcely evaluated to date. CONCLUSION The present systematic review reveals that a wide range of countermeasures have been found to successfully counteract MF on a subjective, (neuro)physiological and/or behavioural level. Of these, caffeine, odours, music and extrinsic motivation are the most evidenced for countering MF. To provide in-detail practical guidelines for the real-life application of MF countermeasures, more research must be performed into the underlying mechanisms and into the optimal dosage and time of application/intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Proost
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jelle Habay
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jonas De Wachter
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ben Rattray
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,BruBotics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Cutsem
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium. .,Vital Signs and Performance Monitoring Research Unit, LIFE Department, Royal Military Academy, Brussels, Belgium.
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27
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Schumann F, Steinborn MB, Kürten J, Cao L, Händel BF, Huestegge L. Restoration of Attention by Rest in a Multitasking World: Theory, Methodology, and Empirical Evidence. Front Psychol 2022; 13:867978. [PMID: 35432083 PMCID: PMC9010884 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.867978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we evaluate the status of both theory and empirical evidence in the field of experimental rest-break research based on a framework that combines mental-chronometry and psychometric-measurement theory. To this end, we (1) provide a taxonomy of rest breaks according to which empirical studies can be classified (e.g., by differentiating between long, short, and micro-rest breaks based on context and temporal properties). Then, we (2) evaluate the theorizing in both the basic and applied fields of research and explain how popular concepts (e.g., ego depletion model, opportunity cost theory, attention restoration theory, action readiness, etc.) relate to each other in contemporary theoretical debates. Here, we highlight differences between all these models in the light of two symbolic categories, termed the resource-based and satiation-based model, including aspects related to the dynamics and the control (strategic or non-strategic) mechanisms at work. Based on a critical assessment of existing methodological and theoretical approaches, we finally (3) provide a set of guidelines for both theory building and future empirical approaches to the experimental study of rest breaks. We conclude that a psychometrically advanced and theoretically focused research of rest and recovery has the potential to finally provide a sound scientific basis to eventually mitigate the adverse effects of ever increasing task demands on performance and well-being in a multitasking world at work and leisure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schumann
- Mittweida University of Applied Sciences, Mittweida, Germany
| | | | - Jens Kürten
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Liyu Cao
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Lynn Huestegge
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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28
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Brau JM, Sugarman A, Rothlein D, DeGutis J, Esterman M, Fortenbaugh FC. The impact of image degradation and temporal dynamics on sustained attention. J Vis 2022; 22:8. [PMID: 35297998 PMCID: PMC8944397 DOI: 10.1167/jov.22.4.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinical populations that have sustained attention deficits also have visual deficits. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the quality of visual input and different forms of image degradation can contribute to worse performance on sustained attention tasks, particularly those with dynamic and complex visual stimuli. This study investigated the impact of image degradation on an adapted version of the gradual-onset continuous performance task (gradCPT), where participants must discriminate between gradually fading city and mountain scenes. Thirty-six normal-vision participants completed the task, which featured two blocks of six resolution and contrast levels. Subjects either completed a version with gradually fading or static image presentations. The results show decreases in image resolution impair performance under both types of temporal dynamics, whereas performance is only impaired under gradual temporal dynamics for decreases in image contrast. Image similarity analyses showed that performance has a higher association with an observer's ability to gather an image's global spatial layout (i.e. gist) than local variations in pixel luminance, particularly under gradual image presentation. This work suggests that gradually fading attention paradigms are sensitive to deficits in primary visual function, potentially leading to these issues being misinterpreted as attentional failures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Brau
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,
| | - Alexander Sugarman
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,
| | - David Rothlein
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,
| | - Joseph DeGutis
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,
| | - Michael Esterman
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Attention and Learning Lab (BALLAB), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.,
| | - Francesca C Fortenbaugh
- Translational Research Center for TBI and Stress Disorders (TRACTS), VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA.,
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29
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Zhao S, Shibata K, Hellyer PJ, Trender W, Manohar S, Hampshire A, Husain M. Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcab295. [PMID: 35128398 PMCID: PMC8807287 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that COVID-19 infection can lead to serious neurological consequences in a small percentage of individuals. However, in the months following acute illness, many more suffer from fatigue, low motivation, disturbed mood, poor sleep and cognitive symptoms, colloquially referred to as 'brain fog'. But what about individuals who had asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 and reported no concerns after recovering from COVID-19? Here, we examined a wide range of cognitive functions critical for daily life (including sustained attention, memory, motor control, planning, semantic reasoning, mental rotation and spatial-visual attention) in people who had previously suffered from COVID-19 but were not significantly different from a control group on self-reported fatigue, forgetfulness, sleep abnormality, motivation, depression, anxiety and personality profile. Reassuringly, COVID-19 survivors performed well in most abilities tested, including working memory, executive function, planning and mental rotation. However, they displayed significantly worse episodic memory (up to 6 months post-infection) and greater decline in vigilance with time on task (for up to 9 months). Overall, the results show that specific chronic cognitive changes following COVID-19 are evident on objective testing even amongst those who do not report a greater symptom burden. Importantly, in the sample tested here, these were not significantly different from normal after 6-9 months, demonstrating evidence of recovery over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Zhao
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Kengo Shibata
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Peter J. Hellyer
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, 926, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - William Trender
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, 926, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Sanjay Manohar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Adam Hampshire
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, 926, Sir Michael Uren Hub, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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30
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Bahnfleth CL, Strupp BJ, Caudill MA, Canfield RL. Prenatal choline supplementation improves child sustained attention: A 7-year follow-up of a randomized controlled feeding trial. FASEB J 2021; 36:e22054. [PMID: 34962672 PMCID: PMC9303951 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101217r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Numerous rodent studies demonstrate developmental programming of offspring cognition by maternal choline intake, with prenatal choline deprivation causing lasting adverse effects and supplemental choline producing lasting benefits. Few human studies have evaluated the effect of maternal choline supplementation on offspring cognition, with none following children to school age. Here, we report results from a controlled feeding study in which pregnant women were randomized to consume 480 mg choline/d (approximately the Adequate Intake [AI]) or 930 mg choline/d during the 3rd trimester. Sustained attention was assessed in the offspring at age 7 years (n = 20) using a signal detection task that showed benefits of maternal choline supplementation in a murine model. Children in the 930 mg/d group showed superior performance (vs. 480 mg/d group) on the primary endpoint (SAT score, p = .02) and a superior ability to maintain correct signal detections (hits) across the 12‐min session (p = .02), indicative of improved sustained attention. This group difference in vigilance decrement varied by signal duration (p = .04). For the briefest (17 ms) signals, the 480 mg/d group showed a 22.9% decline in hits across the session compared to a 1.5% increase in hits for the 930 mg/d group (p = .04). The groups did not differ in vigilance decrement for 29 or 50 ms signals. This pattern suggests an enhanced ability to sustain perceptual amplification of a brief low‐contrast visual signal by children in the 930 mg/d group. This inference of improved sustained attention by the 930 mg/d group is strengthened by the absence of group differences for false alarms, omissions, and off‐task behaviors. This pattern of results indicates that maternal 3rd trimester consumption of the choline AI for pregnancy (vs. double the AI) produces offspring with a poorer ability to sustain attention—reinforcing concerns that, on average, choline consumption by pregnant women is approximately 70% of the AI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara J Strupp
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Richard L Canfield
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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31
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Demro C, Mueller BA, Kent JS, Burton PC, Olman CA, Schallmo MP, Lim KO, Sponheim SR. The psychosis human connectome project: An overview. Neuroimage 2021; 241:118439. [PMID: 34339830 PMCID: PMC8542422 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigations within the Human Connectome Project have expanded to include studies focusing on brain disorders. This paper describes one of the investigations focused on psychotic psychopathology: The psychosis Human Connectome Project (P-HCP). The data collected as part of this project were multimodal and derived from clinical assessments of psychopathology, cognitive assessments, instrument-based motor assessments, blood specimens, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. The dataset will be made publicly available through the NIMH Data Archive. In this report we provide specific information on how the sample of participants was obtained and characterized and describe the experimental tasks and procedures used to probe neural functions involved in psychotic disorders that may also mark genetic liability for psychotic psychopathology. Our goal in this paper is to outline the data acquisition process so that researchers intending to use these publicly available data can plan their analyses. MRI data described in this paper are limited to data acquired at 3 Tesla. A companion paper describes the study's 7 Tesla image acquisition protocol in detail, which is focused on visual perceptual functions in psychotic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jerillyn S Kent
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Philip C Burton
- College of Liberal Arts, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United State
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United State; Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, United State.
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McCarley JS, Yamani Y. Psychometric Curves Reveal Three Mechanisms of Vigilance Decrement. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1675-1683. [PMID: 34543100 DOI: 10.1177/09567976211007559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vigilance decrement is a decline in signal detection rate that occurs over time on a sustained-attention task. The effect has typically been ascribed to conservative shifts of response bias and losses of perceptual sensitivity. Recent work, though, has suggested that sensitivity losses in vigilance tasks are spurious, and other findings have implied that attentional lapses contribute to vigilance failures. To test these possibilities, we used Bayesian hierarchical modeling to compare psychometric curves for the first and last blocks of a visual vigilance task. Participants were a convenience sample of 99 young adults. Data showed evidence for all three postulated mechanisms of vigilance loss: a conservative shift of response bias, a decrease in perceptual sensitivity, and a tendency toward more frequent attentional lapses. Results confirm that sensitivity losses are possible in a sustained-attention task but indicate that mental lapses can also contribute to the vigilance decrement.
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33
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Hong JC, Tai KH, Hwang MY, Lin PH. Comparing the Effects of Stroke-Appearing and Stroke-Disappearing on Learning the Order of Strokes in Chinese Characters. Front Psychol 2021; 12:704457. [PMID: 34484058 PMCID: PMC8416153 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.704457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Different approaches to stimulating perceptions in learning can be easily designed with technology-enhanced learning systems. This study aimed to explore how different approaches can influence learners' perceptions that may negatively or positively affect their learning performance of writing Chinese characters using the correct Chinese order of strokes (COS). We therefore designed an e-learning system which was subdivided into two modes: stroke-appearing (i.e., using red to mark incorrect strokes) and stroke-disappearing (i.e., using blanks to mark incorrect strokes) to indicate strokes written in the incorrect order. We then investigated the modes that would facilitate a higher level of attention and better learning outcomes. A total of 10 third-grade elementary school students participated in the experiment, divided into two test groups. Their EEG data were collected, and time series analysis and t-tests were utilized to analyze the differences. The results indicated that: (1) there was a significant difference in the attention levels of the students practicing with the stroke-appearing and stroke-disappearing modes when learning COS, and (2) there was a significant difference in the learning outcomes of the students practicing with the stroke-appearing and stroke-disappearing modes when learning COS. These findings support the specific role of stroke order knowledge in learning Chinese characters and the need for the design of an effective method for teaching children to learn Chinese characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Chao Hong
- Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Hsin Tai
- Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yueh Hwang
- Chinese Language and Technology Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hsin Lin
- Department of Business Administration, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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34
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Joshi YB, Thomas ML, Braff DL, Green MF, Gur RC, Gur RE, Nuechterlein KH, Stone WS, Greenwood TA, Lazzeroni LC, MacDonald LR, Molina JL, Nungaray JA, Radant AD, Silverman JM, Sprock J, Sugar CA, Tsuang DW, Tsuang MT, Turetsky BI, Swerdlow NR, Light GA. Anticholinergic Medication Burden-Associated Cognitive Impairment in Schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2021; 178:838-847. [PMID: 33985348 PMCID: PMC8440496 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20081212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many psychotropic medications used to treat schizophrenia have significant anticholinergic properties, which are linked to cognitive impairment and dementia risk in healthy subjects. Clarifying the impact of cognitive impairment attributable to anticholinergic medication burden may help optimize cognitive outcomes in schizophrenia. The aim of this study was to comprehensively characterize how this burden affects functioning across multiple cognitive domains in schizophrenia outpatients. METHODS Cross-sectional data were analyzed using inferential statistics and exploratory structural equation modeling to determine the relationship between anticholinergic medication burden and cognition. Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (N=1,120) were recruited from the community at five U.S. universities as part of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia-2. For each participant, prescribed medications were rated and summed according to a modified Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden (ACB) scale. Cognitive functioning was assessed by performance on domains of the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (PCNB). RESULTS ACB score was significantly associated with cognitive performance, with higher ACB groups scoring worse than lower ACB groups on all domains tested on the PCNB. Similar effects were seen on other cognitive tests. Effects remained significant after controlling for demographic characteristics and potential proxies of illness severity, including clinical symptoms and chlorpromazine-equivalent antipsychotic dosage. CONCLUSIONS Anticholinergic medication burden in schizophrenia is substantial, common, conferred by multiple medication classes, and associated with cognitive impairments across all cognitive domains. Anticholinergic medication burden from all medication classes-including psychotropics used in usual care-should be considered in treatment decisions and accounted for in studies of cognitive functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash B. Joshi
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - David L. Braff
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Michael F. Green
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles,Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles
| | - Ruben C. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Raquel E. Gur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | - William S. Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, and Massachusetts Mental Health Center Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston
| | | | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif,Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care System, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Laura R. MacDonald
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Juan L. Molina
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - John A. Nungaray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Allen D. Radant
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle,Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle
| | - Jeremy M. Silverman
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York,Research and Development, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, New York
| | - Joyce Sprock
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Catherine A. Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles,Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Los Angeles
| | - Debby W. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle,Northwest Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | | | - Neal R. Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Gregory A. Light
- Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
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Golob EJ, Nelson JT, Scheuerman J, Venable KB, Mock JR. Auditory spatial attention gradients and cognitive control as a function of vigilance. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13903. [PMID: 34342887 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Selection and effort are central to attention, yet it is unclear whether they draw on a common pool of cognitive resources, and if so, whether there are differences for early versus later stages of cognitive processing. This study assessed effort by quantifying the vigilance decrement, and spatial processing at early and later stages as a function of time-on-task. Participants performed an auditory spatial attention task, with occasional "catch" trials requiring no response. Psychophysiological measures included bilateral cerebral blood flow (transcranial Doppler), pupil dilation, and blink rate. The shape of attention gradients using reaction time indexed early processing, and did not significantly vary over time. Later stimulus-response conflict was comparable over time, except for a reduction to left hemispace stimuli. Target and catch trial accuracy decreased with time, with a more abrupt decrease for catch versus target trials. Diffusion decision modeling found progressive decreases in information accumulation rate and non-decision time, and the adoption of more liberal response criteria. Cerebral blood flow increased from baseline and then decreased over time, particularly in the left hemisphere. Blink rate steadily increased over time, while pupil dilation increased only at the beginning and then returned towards baseline. The findings suggest dissociations between resources for selectivity and effort. Measures of high subjective effort and temporal declines in catch trial accuracy and cerebral blood flow velocity suggest a standard vigilance decrement was evident in parallel with preserved selection. Different attentional systems and classes of computations that may account for dissociations between selectivity versus effort are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Golob
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy T Nelson
- Military Health Institute, University of Texas Health, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Jaelle Scheuerman
- Department of Computer Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kristen B Venable
- Department of Computer Science, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.,Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA.,Department of Intelligent Systems and Robotics, University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Mock
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas, San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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Abstract
Prior research has demonstrated that the frontal lobes play a critical role in the top-down control of behavior, and damage to the frontal cortex impairs performance on tasks that require executive control [Burgess, P. W., & Stuss, D. T. Fifty years of prefrontal cortex research: Impact on assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 23, 755-767, 2017; Stuss, D. T., & Levine, B. Adult clinical neuropsychology: Lessons from studies of the frontal lobes. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 401-433, 2002]. Across executive functioning tasks, performance deficits are often quantified as the number of false alarms per total number of nontarget trials. However, most studies of frontal lobe function focus on individual task performance and do not discuss commonalities of errors committed across different tasks. Here, we describe a neurocognitive account that explores the link between deficient frontal lobe function and increased false alarms across an array of experimental tasks from a variety of task domains. We review evidence for heightened false alarms following frontal deficits in episodic long-term memory tests, working memory tasks (e.g., n-back), attentional tasks (e.g., continuous performance tasks), interference control tasks (e.g., recent probes), and inhibitory control tasks (e.g., go/no-go). We examine this relationship via neuroimaging studies, lesion studies, and across age groups and pathologies that impact the pFC, and we propose 11 issues in cognitive processing that can result in false alarms. In our review, some overlapping neural regions were implicated in the regulation of false alarms. Ultimately, however, we find evidence for the fractionation and localization of certain frontal processes related to the commission of specific types of false alarms. We outline avenues for additional research that will enable further delineation of the fractionation of the frontal lobes' regulation of false alarms.
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Zhou X, Tang C, Huang P, Mercaldo F, Santone A, Shao Y. LPCANet: Classification of Laryngeal Cancer Histopathological Images Using a CNN with Position Attention and Channel Attention Mechanisms. Interdiscip Sci 2021; 13:666-682. [PMID: 34138403 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-021-00452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in otolaryngology, and histopathological image analysis is the gold standard for the diagnosis of laryngeal cancer. However, pathologists have high subjectivity in their diagnoses, which makes it easy to miss diagnoses and misdiagnose. In addition, according to a literature search, there is currently no computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) algorithm that has been applied to the classification of histopathological images of laryngeal cancer. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are widely used in various other cancer classification tasks. However, the potential global and channel relationships of images may be ignored, which will affect the feature representation ability. Simultaneously, due to the lack of interpretability, the results are often difficult to accept by pathologists. we propose a laryngeal cancer classification network (LPCANet) based on a CNN and attention mechanisms. First, the original histopathological images are sequentially cropped into patches. Then, the patches are input into the basic ResNet50 to extract the local features. Then, a position attention module and a channel attention module are added in parallel to capture the spatial dependency and the channel dependency, respectively. The two modules produce the fusion feature map to enhance the feature representation and improve network classification performance. Moreover, the fusion feature map is extracted and visually analyzed by the grad-weighted class activation map (Grad_CAM) to provide a certain interpretability for the final results. The three-class classification performance of LPCANet is better than those of the five state-of-the-art classifiers (VGG16, ResNet50, InceptionV3, Xception and DenseNet121) on the two original resolutions (534 * 400 and 1067 * 800). On the 534 * 400 data, LPCANet achieved 73.18% accuracy, 74.04% precision, 73.15% recall, 72.9% F1-score, and 0.8826 AUC. On the 1067 * 800 data, LPCANet achieved 83.15% accuracy, 83.5% precision, 83.1% recall, 83.1% F1-score, and 0.9487 AUC. The results show that LPCANet enhances the feature representation by capturing the global and channel relationships and achieves better classification performance. In addition, the visual analysis of Grad_CAM makes the results interpretable, which makes it easier for the results to be accepted by pathologists and allows the method to become a second tool for auxiliary diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhou
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Chaowei Tang
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Pan Huang
- School of Microelectronics and Communication Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
| | - Francesco Mercaldo
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonella Santone
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences "Vincenzo Tiberio", University of Molise, 86100, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Yanqing Shao
- Communication Engineering Department, Chongqing College of Electronic Engineering, Chongqing, 401331, China
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW, Helton WS, Auton JC. The development and validation of a short-duration sustained visual search task for process control environments. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 91:103302. [PMID: 33166915 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to validate a short-duration sustained visual search task for the assessment of sustained attention in process control environments. The task consists of 10 short dynamic scenarios, which require participants (N = 121) to monitor simulated operating power transmission interfaces, and identify system faults. A vigilance decrement was demonstrated throughout the sustained visual search task, as evident in increased response latencies and decreased accuracy over time. Further, changes in response latency throughout the sustained visual search task were positively associated with changes in response latency during a 30-min, low signal probability task, a 45-min low signal probability task, and a 45-min high signal probability task. The findings indicate that the sustained visual search task may be a valid alternative to a longer-duration process control task for experimental studies, and is likely to be of value for assessments of the capacity for sustained attention of operators in process control environments.
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Donati FL, D’Agostino A, Ferrarelli F. Neurocognitive and neurophysiological endophenotypes in schizophrenia: An overview. Biomark Neuropsychiatry 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bionps.2020.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Klein SD, Shekels LL, McGuire KA, Sponheim SR. Neural anomalies during vigilance in schizophrenia: Diagnostic specificity and genetic associations. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102414. [PMID: 32950905 PMCID: PMC7502576 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Impaired vigilance is a core cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and may serve as an endophenotype (i.e., mark genetic liability). We used a continuous performance task with perceptually degraded stimuli in schizophrenia patients (N = 48), bipolar disorder patients (N = 26), first-degree biological relatives of schizophrenia patients (N = 55) and bipolar disorder patients (N = 28), as well as healthy controls (N = 68) to clarify whether previously reported vigilance deficits and abnormal neural functions were indicative of genetic liability for schizophrenia as opposed to a generalized liability for severe psychopathology. We also examined variation in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene to evaluate whether brain responses were related to genetic variation associated with higher-order cognition. Relatives of schizophrenia patients had an increased rate of misidentification of nontarget stimuli as targets when they were perceptually similar, suggestive of difficulties with contour perception. Larger early visual responses (i.e., N1) were associated with better task performance in patients with schizophrenia consistent with enhanced N1 responses reflecting beneficial neural compensation. Additionally, reduced N2 augmentation to target stimuli was specific to schizophrenia. Both patients with schizophrenia and first-degree relatives displayed reduced late cognitive responses (P3b) that predicted worse performance. First-degree relatives of bipolar patients exhibited performance deficits, and displayed aberrant neural responses that were milder than individuals with liability for schizophrenia and dependent on sex. Variation in the Catechol-O-methyltransferase gene was differentially associated with P3b in schizophrenia and bipolar groups. Poor vigilance in schizophrenia is specifically predicted by a failure to enhance early visual responses, weak augmentation of mid-latency brain responses to targets, and limited engagement of late cognitive responses that may be tied to genetic variation associated with prefrontal dopaminergic availability. Experimental results illustrate specific neural functions that distinguish schizophrenia from bipolar disorder and provides evidence for a putative endophenotype that differentiates genetic liability for schizophrenia from severe mental illness more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Klein
- University of Minnesota Clinical Science and Psychopathology Research Program, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, 75 East River Road, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Laurie L Shekels
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Dr. Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Kathryn A McGuire
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Dr. Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 1 Veterans Dr. Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA; University of Minnesota, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, 606 24th Ave S, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA.
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Bigdeli TB, Nuechterlein KH, Sugar CA, Subotnik KL, Kubarych T, Neale MC, Kendler KS, Asarnow RF. Evidence of shared familial factors influencing neurocognitive endophenotypes in adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1672-1679. [PMID: 31362798 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aggregation of neurocognitive deficits among the non-psychotic first-degree relatives of adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia patients suggests that there may be a common etiology for these deficits in childhood- and adult-onset illness. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the presentation of neurobiological abnormalities, and whether there are differences in the extent of familial transmission for specific domains of cognitive function has not been systematically addressed. METHODS We employed variance components analysis, as implemented in SOLAR-Eclipse, to evaluate the evidence of familial transmission for empirically derived composite scores representing attention, working memory, verbal learning, verbal retention, and memory for faces. We contrast estimates for adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia families and matched community control pedigrees, and compare our findings to previous reports based on analogous neurocognitive assessments. RESULTS We observed varying degrees of familial transmission; attention and working memory yielded comparable, significant estimates for adult-onset and community control pedigrees; verbal learning was significant for childhood-onset and community control pedigrees; and facial memory demonstrated significant familial transmission only for childhood-onset schizophrenia. Model-fitting analyses indicated significant differences in familiality between adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia for attention, working memory, and verbal learning. CONCLUSIONS By comprehensively assessing a wide range of neurocognitive domains in adult- and childhood-onset schizophrenia families, we provide additional support for specific neurocognitive domains as schizophrenia endophenotypes. Whereas comparable estimates of familial transmission for certain dimensions of cognitive functioning support a shared etiology of adult- and childhood-onset neurocognitive function, observed differences may be taken as preliminary evidence of partially divergent multifactorial architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Keith H Nuechterlein
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Catherine A Sugar
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth L Subotnik
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Kubarych
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Michael C Neale
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kendler
- Virginia Institute of Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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The effects of age and sex on cognitive impairment in schizophrenia: Findings from the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232855. [PMID: 32401791 PMCID: PMC7219730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently emerging evidence indicates accelerated age-related changes in the structure and function of the brain in schizophrenia, raising a question about its potential consequences on cognitive function. Using a large sample of schizophrenia patients and controls and a battery of tasks across multiple cognitive domains, we examined whether patients show accelerated age-related decline in cognition and whether an age-related effect differ between females and males. We utilized data of 1,415 schizophrenia patients and 1,062 healthy community collected by the second phase of the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS-2). A battery of cognitive tasks included the Letter-Number Span Task, two forms of the Continuous Performance Test, the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition, the Penn Emotion Identification Test and the Penn Facial Memory Test. The effect of age and gender on cognitive performance was examined with a general linear model. We observed age-related changes on most cognitive measures, which was similar between males and females. Compared to controls, patients showed greater deterioration in performance on attention/vigilance and greater slowness of processing social information with increasing age. However, controls showed greater age-related changes in working memory and verbal memory compared to patients. Age-related changes (η2p of 0.001 to .008) were much smaller than between-group differences (η2p of 0.005 to .037). This study found that patients showed continued decline of cognition on some domains but stable impairment or even less decline on other domains with increasing age. These findings indicate that age-related changes in cognition in schizophrenia are subtle and not uniform across multiple cognitive domains.
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Howson AL, Batth S, Ilivitsky V, Boisjoli A, Jaworski M, Mahoney C, Knott VJ. Clinical and attentional effects of acute nicotine treatment in Tourette’s syndrome. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 19:102-12. [PMID: 15132126 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractEvidence from pre-clinical infrahuman investigations, open-label clinical trials, and a single controlled trial found acute nicotine treatment potentiated up to 4 weeks neuroleptic-induced reductions of dyskinetic symptoms characterizing Tourette’s syndrome (TS). Given the attentional disturbances associated with this syndrome, and the improvements in attentional processes reported with nicotine, this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the acute (4 h) and sustained (2 weeks) effects of a single dose of transdermal nicotine on clinical (i.e., tics), attentional (continuous performance task, event-related potentials, patient and parental reports) and behavioral symptoms in 23 children and adolescents with TS receiving neuroleptic treatment. In the 14 evaluable patients with complete primary efficacy data, nicotine (compared to placebo) failed to alter symptoms at 4 h but counteracted ERP-P300 signs of diminished attention seen 2 weeks following placebo treatment. Secondary efficacy measures, including patient self-reports and parental ratings, found nicotine to reduce complex tics and improve behaviors related to inattention. Additional work with intermittent dosing schedules is required to characterize optimal clinical and cognitive effects with nicotine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Howson
- Adult Metabolic Disease Clinic, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, BC, Canada
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Abstract
AbstractThe capacity to sustain attention was explored in a sample of anhedonic subjects according to the Chapman physical anhedonia scale. Sustained attention was determined by studying task-induced changes over the duration of the Eriksen response competition task [Percept. Psychophys. 16 (1974) 143]. Anhedonic subjects had longer reaction times (RTs), but missed no more targets than control subjects. Anhedonic subject RTs got longer with time-on-task (TOT) and displayed greater intra-subject variability. These results confirm those of a previous study indicating that anhedonic subjects may have developed a more conservative response strategy [Psychophysiology 37 (2000) 711] and suggest that this strategy may result in a more rapid decrease in energetical resources. Moreover, the greater intra-subject variability demonstrates the importance of assessing performance over time and its relationship to the variability of responses in the cognitive performance of anhedonic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dubal
- Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, CNRS UMR 7593, 47 Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Pavillon Clérambault, 75013 Paris, France.
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Kunrath CA, Cardoso FDSL, Calvo TG, Costa ITD. MENTAL FATIGUE IN SOCCER: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602208206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fatigue in soccer players is traditionally investigated based on neuromuscular and metabolic factors. However, given that soccer is one of the sports that has the highest cognitive demand, it is believed that players' performance might also be influenced by the high levels of attention, and frequent decision-making required in soccer. This systematic review aimed to verify the effects of mental fatigue on physical, technical, tactical and cognitive performance of soccer players. We searched in the electronic databases Pubmed, Web of Science and Scopus, for articles published up to 30 April 2018. We included articles that used a protocol of mental fatigue through cognitive tasks performed prior to a physical or cognitive task related to soccer. Only studies that presented an experimental design with the control condition (without mental fatigue) and the experimental condition (with mental fatigue) were selected. A total of six articles met the inclusion criteria, one study by backward reference search and other through the authors' indication. The results showed smaller distances covered in physical tests, while the effects of mental fatigue on physical performance in small-sided games were not clear. In technical tests, there were more penalties in passes and less accuracy and speed when kicking the ball when players were in conditions of mental fatigue. Regarding the tactical variables, it was found that mental fatigue had a detrimental effect on the synchronization between team players and on individual tactical performance in defensive actions. In cognitive tests, based on video recordings of game play, negative effects on the players' speed and accuracy of decision-making were observed. According to the results of the literature search, it can be inferred that mental fatigue is a factor that has a negative influence on soccer performance. Level of evidence II; Systematic review.
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Sepede G, Chiacchiaretta P, Gambi F, Di Iorio G, De Berardis D, Ferretti A, Perrucci MG, Di Giannantonio M. Bipolar disorder with and without a history of psychotic features: fMRI correlates of sustained attention. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 98:109817. [PMID: 31756418 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Sepede
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy.
| | - Piero Chiacchiaretta
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; ITAB - Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Francesco Gambi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Ferretti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; ITAB - Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Mauro Gianni Perrucci
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; ITAB - Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Giannantonio
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti, Italy; Department of Mental Health - Chieti, National Health Trust, Italy
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Brown DMY, Graham JD, Innes KI, Harris S, Flemington A, Bray SR. Effects of Prior Cognitive Exertion on Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:497-529. [PMID: 31873926 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01204-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging body of the literature in the past two decades has generally shown that prior cognitive exertion is associated with a subsequent decline in physical performance. Two parallel, but overlapping, bodies of literature (i.e., ego depletion, mental fatigue) have examined this question. However, research to date has not merged these separate lines of inquiry to assess the overall magnitude of this effect. OBJECTIVE The present work reports the results of a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis examining carryover effects of cognitive exertion on physical performance. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus was conducted. Only randomized controlled trials involving healthy humans, a central executive task requiring cognitive exertion, an easier cognitive comparison task, and a physical performance task were included. RESULTS A total of 73 studies provided 91 comparisons with 2581 participants. Random effects meta-analysis showed a significant small-to-medium negative effect of prior cognitive exertion on physical performance (g = - 0.38 [95% CI - 0.46, - 0.31]). Subgroup analyses showed that cognitive tasks lasting < 30-min (g = - 0.45) and ≥ 30-min (g = - 0.30) have similar significant negative effects on subsequent physical performance. Prior cognitive exertion significantly impairs isometric resistance (g = - 0.57), motor (g = - 0.57), dynamic resistance (g = - 0.51), and aerobic performance (g = - 0.26), but the effects on maximal anaerobic performance are trivial and non-significant (g = 0.10). Studies employing between-subject designs showed a medium negative effect (g = - 0.65), whereas within-subject designs had a small negative effect (g = - 0.28). CONCLUSION Findings demonstrate that cognitive exertion has a negative effect on subsequent physical performance that is not due to chance and suggest that previous meta-analysis results may have underestimated the overall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denver M Y Brown
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, 55 Harbord St., Toronto, ON, M5S 2W6, Canada.
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Ivor Wynne Center, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Jeffrey D Graham
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, 100 Main St. W, 5th Floor, Hamilton, ON, L8P 1H6, Canada
| | - Kira I Innes
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Ivor Wynne Center, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Sheereen Harris
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Ivor Wynne Center, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Ashley Flemington
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Ivor Wynne Center, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Steven R Bray
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Ivor Wynne Center, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
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Patterson RE, Lochtefeld D, Larson KG, Christensen-Salem A. Computational Modeling of the Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Vigilance Decrement. HUMAN FACTORS 2019; 61:1099-1111. [PMID: 30908091 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819829949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We developed a computational model of the effects of sleep deprivation on the vigilance decrement by employing the methods of system dynamics modeling. BACKGROUND Situations that require sustained attention for a prolonged duration can cause a decline in cognitive performance, the so-called vigilance decrement. One factor that should influence the vigilance decrement is fatigue in the form of sleep deprivation. METHOD We employed the methods of system dynamics modeling (numerical-integration techniques for modeling complex feedback systems) to create a computational model of the vigilance decrement. We then simulated the computational effects of sleep deprivation on the behavior of that model, using empirical data obtained from the literature for calibrating such effects. RESULTS Sleep deprivation of 2 hr over a 14-day period should produce an additional decline of 9% in detection performance over that found with the typical vigilance decrement, whereas 4 hr of sleep deprivation over 14 days should produce an additional decline of 14% in detection performance. CONCLUSION With respect to dual-process theory, it is through its deleterious effects on analytical cognition that sleep deprivation should impact the vigilance decrement. APPLICATION Such computational modeling may be advantageous for human-machine teaming by theoretically allowing a future autonomous software agent to anticipate the decline of human performance and compensate accordingly.
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Learning Desire Is Predicted by Similar Neural Processing of Naturalistic Educational Materials. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0083-19.2019. [PMID: 31427402 PMCID: PMC6776790 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0083-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturalistic stimuli can elicit highly similar brain activity across viewers. How do naturalistic educational materials engage human brains and evoke learning desire? Here, we presented 15 audiovisual course clips (each lasting ∼120 s) to university students and recorded their neural activity through electroencephalography. Upon finishing all the video viewings, subjects ranked 15 courses in order of learning desire and reported the reasons for high learning desire (i.e., “value” and “interest”). The brain activity during the video viewing was measured as the neural similarity via intersubject correlation (ISC), that is, correlation between each subject’s neural responses and those of others. Based on averaged learning desire rankings across subjects, course clips were classified with high versus medium versus low motivational effectiveness. We found that the ISC of high effective course clips was larger than that of low effective ones. The ISC difference (high vs low) was positively associated with subjects’ learning desire difference (high vs low). Such an association occurred when viewing time accumulated to ∼80 s. Moreover, ISC was correlated with “interest-based” rather than “value-based” learning desire. These findings advance our understanding of learning motivation via the neural similarity in the context of on-line education and provide potential neurophysiological suggestions for pedagogical practices.
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