Survival outcomes of elderly patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation after 3 years of follow-up

Table 1 Baseline demographic characteristics, n (%)

Variable	Category	Data
Sex	Male	52 (81.3)
	Female	12 (18.8)
Age in years		88.3 ± 3.6
BMI	Underweight	1 (1.6)
	Normal	12 (18.8)
	Overweight (BMI > 30)	21 (32.8)
	Obese (BMI > 35)	30 (46.9)
Medical history	Diabetes mellitus	39 (60.9)
	Hypertension	51 (79.7)
	Dyslipidemia	31 (48.4)
	Dementia	4 (6.3)
	Rheumatic heart disease	1 (1.6)
	Immunocompromised	0 (0)
	Mediastinal radiotherapy	0 (0)
	Cancer within 5 years	2 (3.1)
	Smoking	6 (9.4)
	Peripheral vascular disease	0 (0)
	ESRD	5 (7.8)
	Dialysis	0 (0)
	Previous cardiac intervention	24 (37.5)
	Previous cardiac surgery	8 (12.5)
	History of MI	16 (25.0)
	Coronary artery disease	34 (53.1)
	Heart failure	10 (15.6)
	Cardiogenic shock	0 (0)
	Atrial fibrillation/flutter	8 (12.5)
	Cerebrovascular disease	5 (7.8)
	Sleep apnea	1 (1.6)
	Liver disease	1 (1.6)
	COPD	3 (4.7)
	Oxygen dependence	1 (1.6)
	Carotid artery disease	1 (1.6)
	Pacemaker insertion	1 (1.6)
	ACE inhibitors/ARBs ≤ 48 hours	27 (42.2)
	First degree heart block	2 (3.1)
	Bundle branch block	4 (6.3)
	Fascicular block	0 (0)
	Second degree heart block	1 (1.6)
Numbers of vessels > 50%	No significant disease	30 (46.9)
	1	14 (21.9)
	2	7 (10.9)
	3	11 (17.2)
NYHA classification	1	5 (7.8)
	2	13 (20.3)
	3	35 (54.7)
	4	10 (15.6)
	Data not available	1 (1.6)
Hematological investigations as mean ± SD	Creatinine (normal range: 44-106 mol/L)	94.02 ± 31.60
	Hematocrit (normal range: 0.42-0.54 L/L)	36.16 ± 6.90
	WBC (normal range: 4-11 × 106 g/L)	6.93 ± 2.40
	Platelets (normal range: 150-400 × 109 g/L)	251.84 ± 86.80

ACE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: Angiotensin II receptor blockers; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association.

Table 2 Echocardiography findings, n (%)

Variable	Category	Data
RV function and RV size	1	62 (96.9)
	2	1 (1.6)
	3	0 (0)
	4	1 (1.6)
Pulmonary hypertension	No	63 (98.4)
	Yes	1 (1.6)
LV function	Normal	47 (73.4)
	Mild	5 (7.8)
	Moderate	9 (14.1)
	Severe	3 (4.7)
LV size	Normal	57 (89.1)
	Mild	4 (6.3)
	Moderate	2 (3.1)
	Severe	1 (1.6)
Aortic valve morphology	Bicuspid	1 (1.6)
	Tricuspid	61 (95.3)
	Bio-prosthetic	2 (3.1)
Aortic valve disease	Degenerative stenosis	63 (98.4)
	Rheumatic aortic stenosis	0 (0)
	Mixed AI/AS	1 (1.6)
Aortic insufficiency	None	16 (25.0)
	Mild	35 (54.7)
	Moderate	11 (17.2)
	Severe	2 (3.1)
Ejection fraction in mmHg		51.09 ± 9.10
Peak Gradient in mmHg		75.75 ± 23.40
Mean gradient in mmHg		45.05 ± 13.60

AI: Aortic insufficiency; AS: Aortic stenosis; LV: Left ventricle; RV: Right ventricle.

Table 3 Mean gradient at the 1-year follow-up and the 3-year follow-up

Follow-up	Gradient	Mean	SD	P value
1 year	Mean gradient	16.12	7.4	< 0.001
3 years	Mean gradient	8.60	4.3

Data are in mmHg.

Table 4 Survival analysis

Interval start time in months	Number entering	Number withdrawing	Number exposed to risk	Number of terminal events	Proportion terminating	Proportion surviving	Cumulative proportion surviving
0	61	0	61	11	0.18	0.82	0.82
12	50	8	46	7	0.15	0.85	0.69
24	35	5	32.5	3	0.09	0.91	0.63
36	27	18	18	10	0.50	0.50	0.32

Table 5 Multivariate regression model for early mortality risk after transcatheter aortic valve implantation

Variables	OR (95%CI)	P value
Male sex	6.38 (0.53-76.36)	0.144
BMI ≥ 30	3.13 (1.01-4.75)	0.042
Diabetes mellitus	0.42 (0.08-2.20)	0.301
Hypertension	0.71 (0.12-4.14)	0.701
Dyslipidemia	4.20 (0.67-26.42)	0.127
Dementia	0.16 (0.01-4.23)	0.274
Rheumatic heart disease	2.78 (1.01-4.57)	0.876
Cancer within 5 years	0.83 (0.01-1.21)	0.911
Smoking	2.59 (0.15-43.26)	0.509
ESRD	1.23 (0.02-6.79)	0.922
Previous cardiac intervention	0.98 (0.10-10.20)	0.988
Previous cardiac surgery	0.17 (0.01-4.10)	0.277
History of MI	1.16 (0.19-7.01)	0.873
Coronary artery disease	2.71 (0.31-23.30)	0.365
Numbers of vessels > 50%	1.00 (0.91-1.11)	0.942
Heart failure	0.27 (0.02-4.24)	0.348
NYHA classification > 4	1.05 (0.89-1.22)	0.573
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	1.11 (0.10-12.04)	0.932
Cerebrovascular disease	0.85 (0.06-12.87)	0.907
Sleep apnea	0.42 (0.12-0.92)	0.826
Liver disease	0.58 (0.20-0.91)	0.887
COPD	1.96 (0.04-91.33)	0.732
Oxygen dependence	3.55 (0.98-5.12)	0.465
Carotid artery disease	6.15 (2.43-9.31)	0.041
Pacemaker insertion	1.66 (0.15-2.43)	0.912
Pulmonary hypertension	9.14 (5.72-17.32)	0.021

BMI: Body mass index; CI: Confidence interval; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: End-stage renal disease; MI: Myocardial infarction; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: Odds ratio.