Gender-based radiation exposure and clinical outcomes in peripheral endovascular intervention for limb ischemia: A prospective study

Table 1 Patient characteristics in men and women

	Male, n = 87	Female, n = 99	P value
Age	64.4 ± 10.9	65.5 ± 12.7	0.52
Weight (kg)	80.1 ± 16.4	73.2 ± 16.8	0.005
Height (cm)	169.4 ± 14.3	158.8 ± 7.5	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	27.6 ± 5.4	29.0 ± 6.5	0.11
Body surface area (m2)	1.9 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2	< 0.001
Total fluoro time (minutes)	30.2 ± 25.6	24.1 ± 16.3	0.34
DAP (µGy × m2)	15221.2 ± 25858.5	9251.7 ± 9555.3	0.047
Air Kerma (mGy)	616.8 ± 1101.8	474.8 ± 493.2	0.38
Contrast (cc)	106.1 ± 62.1	98.4 ± 57.5	0.48
Follow-up (month)	3.5 ± 3.3	4.3 ± 3.8	0.18
Diabetes	53 (61)	73 (74)	0.062
Hypertension	63 (72)	77 (78)	0.40
Hyperlipidemia	44 (51)	54 (55)	0.59
Past medical history of CAD	25 (29)	34 (34)	0.41
History of MI/PCI	23 (26)	28 (28)	0.78
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	4 (5)	9 (9)	0.23
History of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease on hemodialysis	1 (1)	7 (7)	0.047
History of peripheral intervention	26 (30)	22 (22)	0.23
History of vascular surgery	3 (3)	2 (2)	0.55
History of acute limb ischemia/critical limb ischemia	14 (16)	17 (17)	0.84
Current/former smoker	54 (62)	36 (36)	< 0.001
History of amputation	13 (15)	15 (15)	0.97
Intermittent claudication	14 (16)	13 (13)	0.57
Critical limb ischemia	41 (47)	48 (48)	0.85
Acute limb ischemia	12 (14)	20 (20)	0.25
Lower extremity edema/deep venous thrombosis/may Thurner/chronic total occlusion vein	14 (16)	11 (11)	0.32
Venous stenosis	1 (1)	1 (1)	0.93
Re-look angiography	6 (7)	7 (7)	0.96
Left heart cath with peripheral angio	1 (1)	5 (5)	0.13
Peripheral aneurysm	4 (5)	0 (0)	0.031
Suprainguinal	20 (23)	21 (21)	0.77
Infrainguinal	42 (48)	52 (53)	0.56
Infrapopliteal	29 (33)	37 (37)	0.57
Intervention	71 (82)	75 (76)	0.33
Chronic total occlusion intervention	23 (26)	31 (31)	0.46
Staged intervention	10 (11)	8 (8)	0.43
Femoral access	70 (80)	88 (89)	0.11
Pedal	13 (15)	5 (5)	0.023
Retrograde	84 (97)	95 (96)	0.83
Antegrade	0 (0)	1 (1)	0.35
Brachial/radial	20 (23)	8 (8)	0.005
Venous intervention	12 (14)	7 (7)	0.13
Tasc A	7 (8)	9 (9)	0.80
Tasc B	33 (38)	23 (23)	0.029
Tasc C	20 (23)	36 (36)	0.047
Tasc D	6 (7)	7 (7)	0.96
Ruth grade I	12 (14)	15 (15)	0.79
Ruth grade II	22 (25)	35 (35)	0.14
Ruth grade III	30 (34)	21 (21)	0.043
Ruth grade IV	1 (1)	0 (0)	0.28
Fontaine I	0	0
Fontaine II	13 (15)	20 (20)	0.35
Fontaine III	12 (14)	25 (25)	0.051
Fontaine IV	31 (36)	19 (19)	0.012
Complications	17 (20)	21 (21)	0.78
Major adverse limb event	17 (20)	10 (10)	0.068
Myocardial infarction	3 (3)	1 (1)	0.25
Stroke	0 (0)	1 (1)	0.35
Hematoma	4 (5)	3 (3)	0.58
Dissection/perforation	6 (7)	12 (12)	0.23
Acute kidney injury	9 (10)	17 (17)	0.18
Repeat intervention/target lesion revascularization	12 (14)	8 (8)	0.21
Death	2 (2)	2 (2)	0.90

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). DAP: Dose area product; CAD: Coronary artery disease; MI/PCI: Myocardial infarction/percutaneous coronary intervention; TASC: Transatlantic intersociety consensus.

Table 2 Patient gender characteristics in peripheral intervention

	Male, n = 71	Female, n = 76	P value
Age	64.4 ± 11.6	65.8 ± 13.4	0.49
Weight (kg)	80.3 ± 16.2	73.6 ± 16.8	0.016
Height (cm)	169.7 ± 14.8	158.7 ± 7.9	< 0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)	27.5 ±5.3	29.3 ± 6.5	0.069
Body surface area (m2)	1.9 ± 0.2	1.8 ± 0.2	< 0.001
Follow-up (month)	4.0 ± 3.5	4.0 ± 3.6	0.84
Diabetes	42 (59)	58 (76)	0.026
Hypertension	50 (70)	62 (82)	0.11
Hyperlipidemia	32 (45)	40 (53)	0.36
Past history of coronary artery disease	18 (25)	30 (39)	0.068
History of MI/PCI	16 (23)	25 (33)	0.16
Atrial fibrillation/flutter	4 (6)	8 (11)	0.28
History of chronic kidney disease/end stage renal disease on hemodialysis	1 (1)	5 (7)	0.11
History of peripheral intervention	23 (32)	19 (25)	0.32
History of vascular surgery	2 (3)	2 (3)	0.94
History of acute limb ischemia/critical limb ischemia	11 (15)	16 (21)	0.38
Current/former smoker	45 (63)	25 (33)	< 0.001
History of amputation	8 (11)	13 (17)	0.31
Intermittent claudication	7 (10)	10 (13)	0.53
Critical limb ischemia	37 (52)	39 (51)	0.92
Acute limb ischemia	11 (15)	19 (25)	0.15
Lower extremity edema/deep venous thrombosis/May Thurner/chronic total occlusion vein	14 (20)	7 (9)	0.069
Venous stenosis	0 (0)	1 (1)	0.33
Re-look angiography	5 (7)	5 (7)	0.91
Peripheral aneurysm	2 (3)	0 (0)	0.14
Suprainguinal	20 (28)	21 (28)	0.94
Infrainguinal	42 (59)	52 (68)	0.24
Infrapopliteal	29 (41)	37 (49)	0.34
Intervention	71 (100)	75 (99)	0.33
Chronic total occlusion intervention	23 (32)	31 (41)	0.29
Dissection/perforation	6 (8)	12 (16)	0.17
Femoral access	60 (85)	69 (91)	0.25
Pedal	11 (15)	5 (7)	0.083
Retrograde	68 (96)	73 (96)	0.93
Antegrade	0 (0)	1 (1)	0.33
Brachial/radial	12 (17)	3 (4)	0.010
Venous intervention	12 (17)	7 (9)	0.16
Tasc A	5 (7)	8 (11)	0.46
Tasc B	27 (38)	21 (28)	0.18
Tasc C	19 (27)	33 (43)	0.035
Tasc D	6 (8)	6 (8)	0.90
Ruth grade I	7 (10)	12 (16)	0.28
Ruth grade II	20 (28)	32 (42)	0.077
Ruth grade III	27 (38)	16 (21)	0.024
Ruth grade IV	1 (1)	0 (0)	0.30
Fontaine I	0	0
Fontaine II	7 (10)	17 (22)	0.040
Fontaine III	10 (14)	23 (30)	0.019
Fontaine IV	28 (39)	14 (18)	0.005
Staged intervention	9 (13)	8 (11)	0.68

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). DAP: Dose area product; MI/PCI: Myocardial infarction/percutaneous coronary intervention; TASC: Transatlantic intersociety consensus.

Table 3 Primary and secondary endpoints of peripheral intervention

Primary endpoints	Male	Female	P value
Total fluoro time (minute)	33.3 ± 25.4	26.9 ± 15.7	0.071
DAP (μGy × m2)	16371.7 ± 28148.2	8916.7 ± 9855.1	0.005
Air kerma (mGy)	661.2 ± 1198.5	470.8 ± 511.6	0.11
Contrast (cc)	114.2 ± 63.3	105.4 ± 58.9	0.39
Secondary endpoints complications	16 (23)	20 (26)	0.59
Major adverse limb event	17 (24)	10 (13)	0.091
MI	2 (3)	1 (1)	0.52
Stroke	0	0
Hematoma	3 (4)	2 (3)	0.59
Dissection/perforation	6 (8)	12 (16)	0.17
Acute kidney injury	9 (13)	14 (18)	0.34
Repeat intervention/target lesion revascularization	11 (15)	8 (11)	0.37
Death	2 (3)	2 (2)	0.52

Data were showed as mean ± SD or n (%). DAP: Dose area product; MI: Myocardial infarction.