Observational Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023.
World J Cardiol. Jul 26, 2023; 15(7): 342-353
Published online Jul 26, 2023. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i7.342
Table 1 Demographic characteristics and disease category of the patients (n = 687)
Total, n = 687
Female, n = 171
Male, n = 516
P value
Age (years)59.6 ± 9.5862.4 ± 8.958.6 ± 9.6< 0.0001
CHD category, n (%)
CABG153 (22.3)41 (24)112 (22)> 0.05
PCI351 (51.1)71 (42)280 (54)0.004
ACS172 (25.0)27 (16)145 (28)0.001
SAP249 (36.2)82 (48)167 (32)0.0002
HA271 (39.4)68 (40)203 (39)> 0.05
CR104 (15.1)19 (11.1)85 (16.5)> 0.05
CHD: Coronary heart disease; CABG: Coronary artery bypass surgery; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; ACS: Acute coronary syndrome; SAP: Stable angina pectoris; HA: Hospital admission; CR: Cardiac rehabilitation. P value represents differences by sex.
Table 2 Cardiovascular risk factors stratified by sex, n (%)
Total, n = 687
Female, n = 171
Male, n = 516
P value
Smoking history
Current smoker169 (24.6)3 (1.8)166 (32)< 0.00001
Ex-smoker169 (24.6)2 (1.2)167 (32)< 0.00001
Never smoked314 (45.7)165 (96.5)149 (29)< 0.00001
Unknown35 (5.1)1 (0.6)34 (7)
Physical activity
Less than below223 (32.5)66 (38.6)157 (30.4)> 0.05
Moderate324 (47.2)74 (43.3)250 (48.4)> 0.05
More than above 82 (11.9)19 (11.1)63 (12.2)> 0.05
Unknown58 (8.4)12 (7.02)46 (8.9)
Family history of premature CVD
Yes265 (38.6)58 (33.9)207 (40.1)> 0.05
No355 (51.7)96 (56.1)259 (50.2)> 0.05
Unknown67 (9.8)17 (9.9)50 (9.7)
Previous history of
Hypertension537 (78.2)142 (83)395 (76.6)> 0.05
Dyslipidaemia255 (37.1)60 (35.1)195 (37.8)> 0.05
Diabetes310 (45.1)95 (55.6)215 (41.7)0.002
Less than below physical activity: < 30 min/week; Moderate physical activity: 30 min 3-5 times/week; More than above physical activity: > 30 min/week; P value represents differences by sex. CVD: Cardiovascular disease.
Table 3 Clinical measurements and laboratory data of the patients (mean ± SD)
Total
Female
Male
P value
Systolic BP (mmHg)n = 663n = 164n = 499
138.4 (18.9)142.4 (1.4)137.1 (17.9)0.004
Diastolic BP (mmHg)n = 658n = 162n = 496
82.9 (10.7)82.7 (11.5)82.8 (10.4)> 0.05
Heart rate (bmp)n = 649n = 156n = 493
77.6 (12.7)78.5 (12.0)77.3 (12.9)> 0.05
BMI (kg/m2)n = 216n = 50n = 166
28.4 (3.02)29.6 (3.4)28 (2.8)0.002
WC (cm)n = 30n = 13n = 17
101 (12.9)100.8 (15.2)101.0 (11.3)> 0.05
TC (mg/dL)n = 347n = 86n = 261
193.9 (52.4)200.4 (50.7)192.3 (53)> 0.05
LDL-C (mg/dL)n = 371n = 101n = 270
111.2 (49.6)118.3 (49.7)108.6 (49.3)> 0.05
HDL-C (mg/dL)n = 185n = 50n = 135
53.4 (13.8)54.4 (13.1)53 (14.1)> 0.05
TG (mg/dL)n = 367n = 93n = 274
161.0 (76.0)169.8 (77.8)158 (75.4)> 0.05
BG (mg/dL)n = 277n = 73n = 204
146.7 (71.5)162.7 (79.9)141 (67.5)0.04
HbA1c (%)n = 137n = 44n = 93
7.71 (1.72)8.1 (2.0)7.5 (1.5)> 0.05
SBP: Systolic blood pressure; DBP: Diastolic blood pressure; WC: Waist circumference; TC: Total cholesterol; LDL-C: Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HDL-C: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG: Triglycerides; BG: Blood glucose. P value represents differences by sex.
Table 4 Rates of uncontrolled blood pressure in different categories of arterial hypertension
BP category, n = 658
Total (%)
Female (%)
Male (%)
P value
SDH27.527.827.40.929
ISH20.926.818.80.029
IDH6.86.86.90.977
BP: Blood pressure; ISH: Isolated systolic hypertension; IDH: Isolated diastolic hypertension; SDH: Systolic-diastolic hypertension. P value represents differences by sex.
Table 5 Medication use rate in patients with known coronary artery disease (%)
MedicationsTotal
Male
Female
P value
n = 687
n = 516
n = 171
Antiplatelets 84.685.382.50.377
Beta blockers 53.355.247.40.074
ACE inhibitors51.249.057.90.044
Ca antagonists29.328.731.00.565
ARB-s 6.05.86.40.767
Diuretics22.320.527.50.059
Other antihypertensives 2.31.93.50.238
Nitrates21.37.662.6< 0.00001
Insulin7.66.411.10.043
Oral hypoglycaemics2320.929.20.025
Statins73.976.466.70.012
Other lipid lowering1.31.21.80.555
Ca: Calcium; ACE: Angiotensin converting enzyme; ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker. P value represents differences by sex.