Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026.
World J Cardiol. Apr 26, 2026; 18(4): 116558
Published online Apr 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i4.116558
Published online Apr 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i4.116558
Figure 1 Downstream pathological mechanisms of aberrant Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II activation in heart failure.
CaMKII: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II; RyR2: Ryanodine receptor 2; SR: Sarcoplasmic reticulum; PLB: Phospholamban; SERCA2a: Sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2a; LTCC: L-type calcium channel; Nav1.5: Voltage-gated sodium channel type V 1.5; HDAC: Histone deacetylase; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; CaM: Ca2+/calmodulin; Ito: Transient outward potassium current; NCX: Na+/Ca2+ exchanger.
- Citation: Zhang YF, Yang WX, Li XW. Letter to the Editor: Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in heart failure and the role of sodium-glucose-cotransporter 2 inhibitors. World J Cardiol 2026; 18(4): 116558
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1949-8462/full/v18/i4/116558.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4330/wjc.v18.i4.116558
