©The Author(s) 2015. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Sep 26, 2015; 7(9): 539-543
Published online Sep 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.539
Published online Sep 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i9.539
Adrenal G protein-coupled receptor kinase-2 in regulation of sympathetic nervous system activity in heart failure
Katie A McCrink, Ava Brill, Anastasios Lymperopoulos, Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, United States
Author contributions: All authors contributed to this manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Correspondence to: Anastasios Lymperopoulos, PhD, FAHA, Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, 3200 S. University Dr., HPD (Terry) Bldg/Room 1338, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33328-2018, United States. al806@nova.edu
Telephone: +1-954-2621338 Fax: +1-954-2622278
Received: April 21, 2015
Peer-review started: April 21, 2015
First decision: May 13, 2015
Revised: June 24, 2015
Accepted: July 11, 2015
Article in press: July 14, 2015
Published online: September 26, 2015
Processing time: 152 Days and 16.9 Hours
Peer-review started: April 21, 2015
First decision: May 13, 2015
Revised: June 24, 2015
Accepted: July 11, 2015
Article in press: July 14, 2015
Published online: September 26, 2015
Processing time: 152 Days and 16.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core tip: The present manuscript is a mini-review describing the current knowledge in the field of adrenal GRKs and βarrestins, both of which are protein families that regulate adrenergic receptor function throughout the cardiovascular system. We specifically discuss the roles of these proteins in the adrenal medulla, as they pertain to regulation of catecholamine secretion and of sympathetic activity in chronic heart failure (HF). We also outline the exciting new possibilities of targeting these molecules in the adrenal glands for HF therapy.