Significance of flow-mediated dilation in evaluating endothelial dysfunction in vasospastic angina

doi:10.4330/wjc.v18.i5.119513

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May 26, 2026 (publication date) through May 23, 2026

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World Journal of Cardiology

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1949-8462

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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Copyright: ©Author(s) 2026. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. No commercial re-use. See permissions. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.

World J Cardiol. May 26, 2026; 18(5): 119513
Published online May 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i5.119513

Significance of flow-mediated dilation in evaluating endothelial dysfunction in vasospastic angina

Wilbert Huang

Wilbert Huang, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung 40416, West Java, Indonesia

Author contributions: Huang W wrote the original draft and contributed to manuscript conceptualization, writing, reviewing, and editing.

AI contribution statement: ChatGPT was used for language polishing. Graphical abstract was generated by AI.

Conflict-of-interest statement: The author reports no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.

Corresponding author: Wilbert Huang, MD, Senior Research Fellow, Faculty of Medicine, University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Dipatiukur No. 35, Bandung 40416, West Java, Indonesia. wilberthuang67@gmail.com

Received: January 30, 2026
Revised: February 4, 2026
Accepted: March 10, 2026
Published online: May 26, 2026
Processing time: 110 Days and 3.1 Hours

Core Tip

Core Tip: This study emphasizes the prognostic importance of endothelial-dependent vasodilation assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in patients with vasospastic angina. Unlike nitroglycerin-induced dilation, FMD was independently associated with major adverse cardiovascular events, underscoring the pivotal role of endothelial dysfunction rather than vascular smooth muscle impairment. Careful model construction avoided overfitting despite limited events. Given its non-invasive nature, FMD may serve as a valuable risk-stratification and potentially diagnostic tool in vasospastic angina, warranting further prospective validation.