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©The Author(s) 2026. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2026; 18(1): 112466
Published online Jan 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i1.112466
Published online Jan 26, 2026. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v18.i1.112466
Cardiovascular burden of long coronavirus disease: Clinical challenges and emerging biomarkers
Carlos Eduardo Oliveira Aguiar, Juan Marcos Caram Costa, Marina Maria Gomes Leite Oliveira, Caio Ferraz Lopes, Pedro Henrique Melo Lima, Victoria Cenci Dietrich, Fabrício Freire de Melo, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil
Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell, Department of Diagnosis and Therapy of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Rafaella Fortini Queiroz Grenfell, Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA 30602, United States
Author contributions: Aguiar CEO, Costa JMC, Oliveira MMGL, Lopes CF, Lima PHM, and Dietrich VC researched the content and wrote the original draft; Aguiar CEO and Costa JMC developed the table and the figure; Aguiar CEO, as the first author, also systematized the text, developed the abstract, introduction, conclusion, and handled the guidelines for the preparation and submission of the review; de Melo FF and Grenfell RFQ reviewed the articles during the writing process, providing suggestions, and directing the research; de Melo FF, as the corresponding author, thoroughly reviewed the entire article; all authors contributed significantly to the production of the article and approved the final version to publish.
Supported by CNPq Research Productivity Fellowship, No. 309110/2025-4; and CNPq Research Grant, No. 445479/2023-0.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Fabrício Freire de Melo, PhD, Professor, Instituto Multidisciplinar em Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 58 Rua Hormindo Barros, Quadra 17, Lote 58, Vitória da Conquista 45029-094, Bahia, Brazil. freiremeloufba@gmail.com
Received: July 28, 2025
Revised: October 5, 2025
Accepted: November 20, 2025
Published online: January 26, 2026
Processing time: 171 Days and 2 Hours
Revised: October 5, 2025
Accepted: November 20, 2025
Published online: January 26, 2026
Processing time: 171 Days and 2 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Long coronavirus disease (LC) is often accompanied by continuing cardiovascular complications, yet objective tools for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic monitoring remain limited. This review explores unresolved mechanisms and critically examines the role of conventional and emerging biomarkers in the cardiovascular sequelae of LC. We provide a critical appraisal of evidence strength and highlight gaps in clinical translation, including assay standardization, accessibility, and validation. Finally, we propose multimarker strategies and omics-based approaches as promising tools to support personalized interventions and improve long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with LC within clinical practice.