Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2025. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Aug 26, 2025; 17(8): 110163
Published online Aug 26, 2025. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v17.i8.110163
Integrative cardiovascular disease therapy: Linoleic acid restriction, enhanced external counterpulsation, and emerging nanotherapies
Joseph Mercola
Joseph Mercola, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States
Author contributions: Mercola J was the sole author responsible for study conception and design, data acquisition and interpretation, manuscript preparation and revision, final approval of the version to be published, and agrees to be accountable for the integrity of the work in all respects.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Open Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Joseph Mercola, Researcher, Midwestern University, 555 31st Street, Downers Grove, IL 60515, United States. drm@mercola.com
Received: May 30, 2025
Revised: June 12, 2025
Accepted: July 18, 2025
Published online: August 26, 2025
Processing time: 83 Days and 11 Hours
Core Tip

Core Tip: Cardiovascular disease care still leaves a 20% five-year major adverse cardiovascular events risk. This review outlines an integrative, root-cause strategy combining dietary linoleic acid restriction (< 5 g/day) to lower oxidized low-density lipoprotein, non-invasive enhanced external counterpulsation to boost nitric-oxide-mediated perfusion, and plaque-targeted nanoliposomal chelation to reverse calcification. These scalable, affordable interventions collectively target oxidative stress, endothelial inflammation and plaque instability, offering a realistic roadmap to transform coronary events from commonplace to rare and potentially reshape future cardiovascular disease management.