Abdalwahab A, Al-atta A, Zaman A, Alkhalil M. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy, time to think beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. World J Cardiol 2021; 13(9): 472-482 [PMID: 34621492 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i9.472]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Mohammad Alkhalil, DPhil, MRCP, Doctor, Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom. mak-83@hotmail.com
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Minireviews
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Cardiol. Sep 26, 2021; 13(9): 472-482 Published online Sep 26, 2021. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v13.i9.472
Intensive lipid-lowering therapy, time to think beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Ahmed Abdalwahab, Ayman Al-atta, Azfar Zaman, Mohammad Alkhalil
Ahmed Abdalwahab, Ayman Al-atta, Azfar Zaman, Mohammad Alkhalil, Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
Ahmed Abdalwahab, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta 35127, Egypt
Azfar Zaman, Mohammad Alkhalil, Vascular Biology, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom
Author contributions: Alkhalil M contributed to the conceptualization, methodology and project administration; Zaman A and Alkhalil M provided the resources; Abdalwahab A and Al-atta A contributed to writing original draft and preparation; all authors finally wrote review and edited the manuscript.
Conflict-of-interest statement: The authors have no any conflicts of interest.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Mohammad Alkhalil, DPhil, MRCP, Doctor, Cardiothoracic Centre, Freeman Hospital, Freeman Road, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, United Kingdom. mak-83@hotmail.com
Received: March 21, 2021 Peer-review started: March 21, 2021 First decision: May 13, 2021 Revised: May 25, 2021 Accepted: July 21, 2021 Article in press: July 21, 2021 Published online: September 26, 2021 Processing time: 179 Days and 8.9 Hours
Core Tip
Core Tip: Intensive lipid-lowering therapies using ezetimibe and more recently proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 inhibitors have improved clinical outcomes. Unselective application of these treatments is undesirable and unaffordable and, therefore, has been guided by low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level. Nonetheless, the residual risk in the post-statin era is markedly heterogeneous. Emerging data show that intensive lipid-lowering therapy produce larger absolute risk reduction in patients with polyvascular disease, post coronary artery bypass graft and diabetes. Notably, these clinical entities share similar phenotype of large burden of atherosclerotic plaques. Novel plaque imaging may aid decision making by identifying patients with propensity to develop lipid rich plagues at multi-vascular sites. Those patients may be suitable candidates for intensive lipid lowering treatment.
