Shahbaz S, Manicardi M, Guaraldi G, Raggi P. Cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: A true or perceived risk? World J Cardiol 2015; 7(10): 633-644 [PMID: 26516417 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.633]
Corresponding Author of This Article
Paolo Raggi, MD, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Suite 4A7.050, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada. raggi@ualberta.ca
Research Domain of This Article
Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems
Article-Type of This Article
Review
Open-Access Policy of This Article
This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
World J Cardiol. Oct 26, 2015; 7(10): 633-644 Published online Oct 26, 2015. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.633
Cardiovascular disease in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: A true or perceived risk?
Shima Shahbaz, Marcella Manicardi, Giovanni Guaraldi, Paolo Raggi
Shima Shahbaz, Paolo Raggi, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada
Marcella Manicardi, Giovanni Guaraldi, Metabolic Clinic, Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
Author contributions: Shahbaz S ran PubMed search, wrote part of the initial draft and subsequent modifications, drew one figure and one table; Manicardi M shared responsibility with Shahbaz S for running PubMed search, writing part of the initial draft and subsequent modifications, added all references and drew one figure and one table; Guaraldi G conceived the review, contributed to writing the initial draft and final version; Raggi P conceived and designed the structure of the review, contributed to writing the initial draft, wrote several versions as well as the final version and drew 2 figures.
Conflict-of-interest statement: None to declare.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article which was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Correspondence to: Paolo Raggi, MD, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street, Suite 4A7.050, Edmonton T6G 2B7, Alberta, Canada. raggi@ualberta.ca
Telephone: +1-780-4074575 Fax: +1-780-4077834
Received: June 2, 2015 Peer-review started: June 4, 2015 First decision: July 6, 2015 Revised: September 7, 2015 Accepted: September 16, 2015 Article in press: September 18, 2015 Published online: October 26, 2015 Processing time: 153 Days and 19.7 Hours
Abstract
After the successful introduction of highly active antiretroviral agents the survival of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in developed countries has increased substantially. This has allowed the surfacing of several chronic diseases among which cardiovascular disease (CVD) is prominent. The pathogenesis of CVD in HIV is complex and involves a combination of traditional and HIV related factors. An accurate assessment of risk of CVD in these patients is still elusive and as a consequence the most appropriate preventive and therapeutic interventions remain controversial.
Core tip: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was initially universally lethal but with the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) the life span of HIV infected patients has drastically increased. Along with the lengthening of life span chronic diseases such as non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome related cancers and cardiovascular diseases surfaced. Currently cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death among HIV infected patients in industrialized countries and its pathogenesis is very complex. A combination of direct virion injury, chronic low-grade inflammation, adverse cardiometabolic effects of HAART and high burden of traditional risk factors contribute to this new epidemic.
