Prospective Study
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2023. Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. All rights reserved.
World J Cardiol. Jan 26, 2023; 15(1): 23-32
Published online Jan 26, 2023. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v15.i1.23
Feasibility and efficacy of delayed pharmacoinvasive therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction
Rishi Sethi, Lalit Mohan, Pravesh Vishwakarma, Abhishek Singh, Swati Sharma, Monika Bhandari, Ayush Shukla, Akhil Sharma, Gaurav Chaudhary, Akshyaya Pradhan, Sharad Chandra, Varun Shankar Narain, Sudhanshu Kumar Dwivedi
Rishi Sethi, Lalit Mohan, Pravesh Vishwakarma, Abhishek Singh, Swati Sharma, Monika Bhandari, Ayush Shukla, Akhil Sharma, Gaurav Chaudhary, Akshyaya Pradhan, Sharad Chandra, Varun Shankar Narain, Sudhanshu Kumar Dwivedi, Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India
Author contributions: Sethi R and Mohan L conceived the project; Pradhan A, Vishwakarma P, Singh A, and Mohan L were involved in data collection; Shukla A, Bhandari M, Sharma S, and Chaudhary G analyzed the data; Pradhan A and Mohan L performed the literature search; Pradhan A and Sethi R drafted the manuscript; Narain VS, Dwivedi SK, and Chandra S critically reviewed the manuscript; Sethi R, Mohan L and Pradhan A prepared the final manuscript; Sethi R and Pradhan A submitted the initial version; Sethi R, Pradhan A, and Vishwakarma P revised the manuscript; Pradhan A and Vishwakarma P prepared the rebuttal; Pradhan A submitted the revised version.
Institutional review board statement: The study protocol was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and was performed in accordance with Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed consent statement: Written informed consent was received from patient or from patient designees before enrollment.
Conflict-of-interest statement: All the authors report no relevant conflicts of interest for this article.
Data sharing statement: Data is available with authors and can be made available on request.
CONSORT 2010 statement: The authors have read the CONSORT 2010 Statement, and the manuscript was prepared and revised according to the CONSORT 2010 Statement.
Open-Access: This article is an open-access article that was selected by an in-house editor and fully peer-reviewed by external reviewers. It is distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: https://creativecommons.org/Licenses/by-nc/4.0/
Corresponding author: Akshyaya Pradhan, MD, Professor, Department of Cardiology, King George's Medical University, Shah Mina Road, Chowk, Lucknow 226003, Uttar Pradesh, India. akshyaya33@gmail.com
Received: July 18, 2022
Peer-review started: July 18, 2022
First decision: September 26, 2022
Revised: November 14, 2022
Accepted: December 13, 2022
Article in press: December 13, 2022
Published online: January 26, 2023
Processing time: 177 Days and 21.6 Hours
Abstract
BACKGROUND

ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) refers to a clinical syndrome that features symptoms of myocardial ischemia with consequent ST-elevation on electrocardiography and an associated rise in cardiac biomarkers. Rapid restoration of brisk flow in the coronary vasculature is critical in reducing mortality and morbidity. In patients with STEMI who could not receive primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) on time, pharmacoinvasive strategy (thrombolysis followed by timely PCI within 3-24 h of its initiation) is an effective option.

AIM

To analyze the role of delayed pharmacoinvasive strategy in the window period of 24-72 h after thrombolysis.

METHODS

This was a physician-initiated, single-center prospective registry between January 2017 and July 2017 which enrolled 337 acute STEMI patients with partially occluded coronary arteries. Patients received routine pharmacoinvasive therapy (PCI within 3-24 h of thrombolysis) in one group and delayed pharmacoinvasive therapy (PCI within 24-72 h of thrombolysis) in another group. The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) within 30 d of the procedure. The secondary endpoints included major bleeding as defined by Bleeding Academic Research Consortium classification, angina, and dyspnea within 30 d.

RESULTS

The mean age in the two groups was comparable (55.1 ± 10.1 years vs 54.2 ± 10.5 years, P = 0.426). Diabetes was present among 20.2% and 22.1% of patients in the routine and delayed groups, respectively. Smoking rate was 54.6% and 55.8% in the routine and delayed groups, respectively. Thrombolysis was initiated within 6 h of onset of symptoms in both groups (P = 0.125). The mean time from thrombolysis to PCI in the routine and delayed groups was 16.9 ± 5.3 h and 44.1 ± 14.7 h, respectively. No significant difference was found for the occurrence of measured clinical outcomes in the two groups within 30 d (8.7% vs 12.9%, P = 0.152). Univariate analysis of demographic characteristics and risk factors for patients who reported MACCE in the two groups did not demonstrate any significant correlation. Secondary endpoints such as angina, dyspnea, and major bleeding were non-significantly different between the two groups.

CONCLUSION

Delayed PCI pharmacoinvasive strategy in a critical diseased but not completely occluded artery beyond 24 h in patients who have been timely thrombolyzed seems a reasonable strategy.

Keywords: Coronary artery disease; ST-elevation myocardial infarction; Primary percutaneous coronary intervention; Pharmacoinvasive strategy; Thrombolysis; Atherosclerosis

Core Tip: Pharmacoinvasive strategy with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 3 to 24 h after successful thrombolysis has been proven to be a viable alternative to primary PCI. In resource poor countries, patients often present to the interventionist beyond 24 h of thrombolysis due to logistic reasons. The results of this study demonstrate that the clinical outcomes of delayed pharmacoinvasive therapy (24-72 h of initiation of thrombolysis) are comparable to those of routine pharmacoinvasive (3-24 h of initiation of thrombolysis) in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Hence, in critically diseased acute STEMI patients who have been timey thrombolysed, delayed PCI (24-72 h following thrombolysis) appears a reasonable strategy.