• Advanced Cardiac Life Support
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• passive oxygenation
• pharyngeal oxygen delivery device
• supraglottic airway

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/instrumentation
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
• Manikins
• Humans
• Oxygen/administration & dosage
• Oxygen Inhalation Therapy/instrumentation
• Pharynx
• Heart Arrest/therapy
• Masks
• Equipment Design

• emergency medical services (ems)
• cardiac arrest
• epinephrine
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr)
• shockable rhythms
• bystander cpr

• Humans
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/mortality
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/drug therapy
• Epinephrine/administration & dosage
• Female
• Male
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Emergency Medical Services/methods
• North Carolina
• Registries

• R01 HS029017 AHRQ HHS
• R21 HS029234 AHRQ HHS
• UL1 TR001420 NCATS NIH HHS

• CPR quality
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• Quality Officer
• Resuscitation

• cardiology
• arrhythmias

• Humans
• Retrospective Studies
• Feedback
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Heart Arrest/therapy
• Pressure

• Cardiac arrest
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation quality
• Real-time audiovisual feedback
• Return of spontaneous circulation
• Survival to hospital discharge

• CPR
• Cardiac arrest
• Deviations
• Guidelines
• Pediatric Advanced Life Support
• Pediatrics

• Infant, Newborn
• Child
• Humans
• First Aid
• Consensus
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Emergency Treatment
• Emergency Medical Services

• AHA Scientific Statements
• advanced life support
• basic life support
• cardiac arrest
• first aid
• infant, newborn
• pediatrics
• resuscitation

• Infant, Newborn
• Child
• Humans
• First Aid
• Consensus
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Emergency Treatment
• Emergency Medical Services

• AHA Scientific Statements
• advanced life support
• basic life support
• cardiac arrest
• first aid
• infant, newborn
• pediatrics
• resuscitation

• Infant, Newborn
• Child
• Humans
• First Aid
• Consensus
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Emergency Treatment
• Emergency Medical Services

• cardiac arrest
• circulation
• clamshell thoracotomy
• echocardiography
• emergency treatment
• extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation
• heart massage
• invasive procedures
• resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta
• sudden cardiac death

• out-of-hospital
• prehospital
• emergency medical services (ems)
• cardiac arrest
• epinephrine
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cpr)

• Humans
• Male
• United States
• Middle Aged
• Aged
• Adolescent
• Female
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/drug therapy
• Emergency Medical Services/methods
• Epinephrine/therapeutic use
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
• North Carolina

• KL2 TR001421 NCATS NIH HHS
• T32 HL076132 NHLBI NIH HHS

• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• femoral arterial Doppler ultrasound
• manual palpation
• pulse check

• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Emergency Medical Services
• Emergency Service, Hospital
• Humans
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
• Quality Improvement
• Time Factors
• Video Recording

• ACLS
• CCF
• High-quality CC
• Interruptions

• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• training
• feedback
• learning
• skills retention

• Adult
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/standards
• Cross-Over Studies
• Female
• Formative Feedback
• Humans
• Male
• Psychomotor Performance
• Retention, Psychology

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Emergency medical dispatch
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• Videoconferencing

The American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) recommend pulse checks of less than 10 seconds. We assessed the effect of video review-based educational feedback on pulse check duration with and without point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS).

Cameras recorded cases of CPR in the emergency department (ED). Investigators reviewed resuscitation videos for ultrasound use during pulse check, pulse check duration, and compression-fraction ratio. Investigators reviewed health records for patient outcomes. Providers received written feedback regarding pulse check duration and compression-fraction ratio. Researchers reviewed selected videos in multidisciplinary grand round presentations, with research team members facilitating discussion. These presentations highlighted strategies that include the following: limit on pulse check duration; emphasis on compressions; and use of “record, then review” method for pulse checks with POCUS. The primary endpoint was pulse check duration with and without POCUS.

Over 19 months, investigators reviewed 70 resuscitations with a total of 325 pulse checks. The mean pulse check duration was 11.5 ± 8.8 seconds (n = 224) and 13.8 ± 8.6 seconds (n = 101) without and with POCUS, respectively. POCUS pulse checks were significantly longer than those without POCUS (P = 0.001). Mean pulse check duration per three-month block decreased statistically significantly from study onset to the final study period (from 17.2 to 10 seconds [P<0.0001]) overall; decreased from 16.6 to 10.5 seconds (P<0.0001) without POCUS; and with POCUS from 19.8 to 9.88 seconds (P<0.0001) with POCUS. Pulse check times decreased significantly over the study period of educational interventions. The strongest effect size was found in POCUS pulse check duration (P = −0.3640, P = 0.002).

Consistent with previous studies, POCUS prolonged pulse checks. Educational interventions were associated with significantly decreased overall pulse-check duration, with an enhanced effect on pulse checks involving POCUS. Performance feedback and video review-based education can improve CPR by increasing chest compression-fraction ratio.

High-quality chest compressions is challenging for bystanders and first responders to out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). Long compression pauses and compression rates higher than recommended are common and detrimental to survival. Our aim was to design a simple and low computational cost algorithm for feedback on compression rate using the transthoracic impedance (TI) acquired by automated external defibrillators (AEDs).

ECG and TI signals from AED recordings of 242 OHCA patients treated by basic life support (BLS) ambulances were retrospectively analyzed. Beginning and end of chest compression series and each individual compression were annotated. The algorithm computed a biased estimate of the autocorrelation of the TI signal in consecutive non-overlapping 2-s analysis windows to detect the presence of chest compressions and estimate compression rate.

A total of 237 episodes were included in the study, with a median (IQR) duration of 10 (6–16) min. The algorithm performed with a global sensitivity in the detection of chest compressions of 98.7%, positive predictive value of 98.7%, specificity of 97.1%, and negative predictive value of 97.1% (validation subset including 207 episodes). The unsigned error in the estimation of compression rate was 1.7 (1.3–2.9) compressions per minute.

Our algorithm is accurate and robust for real-time guidance on chest compression rate using AEDs. The algorithm is simple and easy to implement with minimal software modifications. Deployment of AEDs with this capability could potentially contribute to enhancing the quality of chest compressions in the first minutes from collapse.

• Algorithms
• Cardiography, Impedance
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
• Databases, Factual
• Defibrillators
• Electrocardiography
• Humans
• Monitoring, Physiologic/methods
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/diagnosis
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Pressure
• Retrospective Studies
• Sensitivity and Specificity

• Eusko Jaurlaritza
• Ministerio de Economía, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de España
• Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea
• Bexen Cardio

Restoring cardiopulmonary circulation with effective chest compression remains the cornerstone of resuscitation, yet real-time compressions may be suboptimal. This project aims to determine whether in patients with in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA; population), chest compressions performed with free-standing audiovisual feedback (AVF) device as compared to standard manual chest compression (comparison) results in improved outcomes, including the sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and survival to the intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital discharge (outcomes).

Scholarly databases and relevant bibliographies were searched, as were clinical trial registries and relevant conference proceedings to limit publication bias. Studies were not limited by date, language, or publication status. Clinical randomized controlled trials (RCT) were included that enrolled adults (age ≥ 18 years) with IHCA and assessed real-time chest compressions delivered with either the standard manual technique or with AVF from a freestanding device not linked to an automated external defibrillator (AED) or automated compressor.

Four clinical trials met inclusion criteria and were included. No ongoing trials were identified. One RCT assessed the Ambu CardioPump (Ambu Inc., Columbia, MD, USA), whereas three assessed Cardio First Angel™ (Inotech, Nubberg, Germany). No clinical RCTs compared AVF devices head-to-head. Three RCTs were multi-center. Sustained ROSC (4 studies, n = 1064) was improved with AVF use (Relative risk [RR] 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.39–2.04), as was survival to hospital discharge (2 studies, n = 922; RR 1.78, 95% CI 1.54–2.06) and survival to hospital discharge (3 studies, n = 984; RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.62–2.25).

The moderate-quality evidence suggests that chest compressions performed using a non-AED free-standing AVF device during resuscitation for IHCA improves sustained ROSC and survival to ICU and hospital discharge.

PROSPERO (CRD42020157536).

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• chest compression
• feedback
• in-hospital cardiac arrest
• medical device

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Heart arrest
• Resuscitation

• logistic regression
• cardiac arrest
• resuscitation
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• classification
• transthoracic impedance
• defibrillator

• Aged
• Algorithms
• Cardiography, Impedance/classification
• Cardiography, Impedance/methods
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Electrocardiography
• Female
• Humans
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted

• T32 EB001650 NIBIB NIH HHS

• Algorithm
• CPR
• Cardiac arrest
• Rhythm analysis

• epidemiology
• quality in healthcare

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Child
• Child, Preschool
• Female
• Humans
• Infant
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Netherlands/epidemiology
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/mortality
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Prospective Studies
• Survival Rate
• Young Adult

To determine if real-time compression feedback using a non-automated hand-held device improves patient outcomes from in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA).

We conducted a prospective, randomized, controlled, parallel study (no crossover) of patients with IHCA in the mixed medical–surgical intensive care units (ICUs) of eight academic hospitals. Patients received either standard manual chest compressions or compressions performed with real-time feedback using the Cardio First Angel™ (CFA) device. The primary outcome was sustained return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), and secondary outcomes were survival to ICU and hospital discharge.

One thousand four hundred fifty-four subjects were randomized; 900 were included. Sustained ROSC was significantly improved in the CFA group (66.7% vs. 42.4%, P < 0.001), as was survival to ICU discharge (59.8% vs. 33.6%) and survival to hospital discharge (54% vs. 28.4%, P < 0.001). Outcomes were not affected by intra-group comparisons based on intubation status. ROSC, survival to ICU, and hospital discharge were noted to be improved in inter-group comparisons of non-intubated patients, but not intubated ones.

Use of the CFA compression feedback device improved event survival and survival to ICU and hospital discharge.

The study was registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02845011), registered retrospectively on July 21, 2016.

• CPR
• Cardio First Angel™
• Chest compression
• Critical care
• Intensive care
• Resuscitation

• Adult
• Aged
• Aged, 80 and over
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/instrumentation
• Female
• Germany/epidemiology
• Humans
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Multivariate Analysis
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/epidemiology
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Registries
• Reproducibility of Results
• Retrospective Studies

High-rise buildings present unique challenges to providing high-quality CPR. We investigated the effect of using a mechanical compressor and supraglottic airway on flow time and CPR quality in simulated cardiac arrests occurring within a high-rise building. Twelve teams of EMS providers performed CPR according to 4 scenarios: manual compression and ventilation through bag-valve-mask (MAB) or supraglottic airway (MAS); mechanical compression and ventilation through bag-valve-mask (MEB) or supraglottic airway (MES). Chest compression indices did not differ significantly among the groups. The mechanical compression groups had a higher flow time fraction from exiting the elevator until the manikin was loaded into the ambulance than the manual compression groups. The supraglottic airway groups had higher flow time fractions from entering the elevator until the end of the scenario than the bag-valve-mask groups. The total flow time fraction was lowest in the MAB group and was highest in the MEB group (P < 0.001). In simulated cardiac arrest in a high-rise building, the use of a supraglottic airway maintained flow time at a level similar to that observed with the use of a mechanical compressor. Moreover, the use of a mechanical compressor and a supraglottic airway increased the flow time most effectively.

• Aircraft
• Crowdsourcing
• Defibrillators
• Emergency medical services
• Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
• Mobile applications
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• Ultrasound

• Automated external defibrillator
• Cardiac arrest
• Neighborhood
• Outcomes

A benefit of in-hospital cardiac arrest is the opportunity for rapid initiation of “high-quality” chest compressions as defined by current American Heart Association (AHA) adult guidelines as a depth 2–2.4 inches, full chest recoil, rate 100–120 per minute, and minimal interruptions with a chest compression fraction (CCF) ≥ 60%. The goal of this study was to assess the effect of audiovisual feedback on the ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions as per 2015 updated guidelines.

Ninety-eight participants were randomized into four groups. Participants were randomly assigned to perform chest compressions with or without use of audiovisual feedback (+/− AVF). Participants were further assigned to perform either standard compressions with a ventilation ratio of 30:2 to simulate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) without an advanced airway or continuous chest compressions to simulate CPR with an advanced airway. The primary outcome measured was ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions as defined by current 2015 AHA guidelines.

Overall comparisons between continuous and standard chest compressions (n=98) were without significant differences in chest compression dynamics (p’s >0.05). Overall comparisons between +/− AVF (n = 98) were significant for differences in average rate of compressions per minute (p= 0.0241) and proportion of chest compressions within guideline rate recommendations (p = 0.0084). There was a significant difference in the proportion of high quality-chest compressions favoring AVF (p = 0.0399). Comparisons between chest compression strategy groups +/− AVF were significant for differences in compression dynamics favoring AVF (p’s < 0.05).

Overall, AVF is associated with greater ability to maintain high-quality chest compressions per most-recent AHA guidelines. Specifically, AVF was associated with a greater proportion of compressions within ideal rate with standard chest compressions while demonstrating a greater proportion of compressions with simultaneous ideal rate and depth with a continuous compression strategy.

Reliable detection of return of spontaneous circulation with minimal interruptions of chest compressions is part of high-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and routinely done by checking pulsation of carotid arteries. However, manual palpation was time-consuming and unreliable even if performed by expert clinicians. Therefore, automated accurate pulse detection with minimal interruptions of chest compression is highly desirable during cardiac arrest especially in out-of-hospital settings.

To investigate whether the acceleration (ACC) signals acquired from accelerometer-based CPR feedback sensor can be used to distinguish perfusing rhythm (PR) from pulseless electrical activity (PEA) in a porcine model of cardiac arrest.

Cardiac arrest was induced in 49 male adult pigs. ECG, arterial blood pressure (ABP) and ACC waveforms were simultaneously recorded during CPR. 3-second segments containing compression-free signals during chest compression pauses were extracted and only those segments with organized rhythm were used for analysis. PR was defined as systolic arterial pressure >60 mmHg and pulse pressure >10 mmHg, while PEA was defined as an organized rhythm that does not meet the above criteria for PR. Peak correlation coefficient (CCp) of the cross-correlation function between pre-processed ECG and ACC, was used to discriminate PR and PEA.

63 PR and 153 PEA were identified from the total of 1025 extracted segments. CCp was significantly higher for PR as compared to PEA (0.440±0.176 vs. 0.067±0.042, p<0.01) and highly correlated with ABP (r = 0.848, p<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 0.965, 93.6%, 97.5% and 96.7% for the ACC-based automatic spontaneous pulse detection.

In this animal model, the ACC signals acquired from an accelerometer-based CPR feedback sensor can be used to detect the presence of spontaneous pulse with high accuracy.

• Acceleration
• Animals
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Disease Models, Animal
• Feedback
• Heart Arrest/physiopathology
• Swine

• Natural Science Foundation Project of Chongqing

We aimed to investigate the effect of automated external defibrillator (AED) feedback mechanisms on survival in out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) victims. In addition, we investigated converting rates in patients with shockable rhythms according to AED shock waveforms and energy levels.

We collected data on OHCA occurring between 2011 and 2014 in the Capital Region of Denmark where an AED was applied prior to ambulance arrival. Patient data were obtained from the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry and medical records. AED data were retrieved from the Emergency Medical Dispatch Centre (EMDC) and information on feedback mechanisms, energy waveform and energy level was downloaded from the applied AEDs.

A total of 196 OHCAs had an AED applied prior to ambulance arrival; 62 of these (32%) provided audio visual (AV) feedback while no feedback was provided in 134 (68%). We found no difference in return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) at hospital arrival according to AV‐feedback; 34 (55%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [13–67]) vs. 72 (54%, 95% CI [45–62]), P = 1 (odds ratio (OR) 1.1, 95% CI [0.6–1.9]) or 30‐day survival; 24 (39%, 95% CI [28–51]) vs. 53 (40%, 95% CI [32–49]), P = 0.88 (OR 1.1 (95% CI [0.6–2.0])). Moreover, we found no difference in converting rates among patients with initial shockable rhythm receiving one or more shocks according to AED energy waveform and energy level.

No difference in survival after OHCA according to AED feedback mechanisms, nor any difference in converting rates according to AED waveform or energy levels was detected.

• Automated external defibrillator
• Cardiac arrest
• Cost-effectiveness
• Neurological outcome
• Public health
• Survival
• Systematic review

• Advanced life support
• Feedback
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• Outcome

• Advanced Cardiac Life Support/education
• Advanced Cardiac Life Support/methods
• Aged
• Emergency Medical Services/standards
• Feedback
• Female
• Heart Massage
• Humans
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/mortality
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Outcome Assessment, Health Care
• Program Evaluation
• Prospective Studies
• Quality Improvement
• Time-to-Treatment

• defibrillators
• emergencies
• heart arrest
• out-of-hospital cardiac arrest

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Epidemiology
• Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
• Respiration disorders

• Adolescent
• Adult
• Aged
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/methods
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation/standards
• Cohort Studies
• Female
• Humans
• Japan
• Logistic Models
• Male
• Middle Aged
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/mortality
• Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest/therapy
• Propensity Score
• Rescue Work/standards
• Respiratory Insufficiency/complications
• Survival Analysis

• CPR quality
• advanced airway
• cardiac arrest
• chest compression fraction
• endotracheal intubation
• out of hospital cardiac arrest
• resuscitation
• supraglottic airway
• video laryngoscopy

The present study evaluates whether the quality of advanced cardiac life support (ALS) is improved with an interactive prototype assist device. This device consists of an automated external defibrillator linked to a ventilator and provides synchronised visual and acoustic instructions for guidance through the ALS algorithm and assistance for face-mask ventilations.

We compared the cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality of emergency medical system (EMS) staff members using the study device or standard equipment in a mannequin simulation study with a prospective, controlled, randomised cross-over study design. Main outcome was the effect of the study device compared to the standard equipment and the effect of the number of prior ALS trainings of the EMS staff on the CPR quality. Data were analysed using analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) and binary logistic regression, accounting for the study design.

In 106 simulations of 56 two-person rescuer teams, the mean hands-off time was 24.5% with study equipment and 23.5% with standard equipment (Difference 1.0% (95% CI: −0.4 to 2.5%); p = 0.156). With both types of equipment, the hands-off time decreased with an increasing cumulative number of previous CPR trainings (p = 0.042). The study equipment reduced the mean time until administration of adrenaline (epinephrine) by 23 s (p = 0.003) and that of amiodarone by 17 s (p = 0.016). It also increased the mean number of changes in the person doing chest compressions (0.6 per simulation; p < 0.001) and decreased the mean number of chest compressions (2.8 per minute; p = 0.022) and the mean number of ventilations (1.8 per minute; p < 0.001). The chance of administering amiodarone at the appropriate time was higher, with an odds ratio of 4.15, with the use of the study equipment CPR.com compared to the standard equipment (p = 0.004). With an increasing number of prior CPR trainings, the time intervals in the ALS algorithm until the defibrillations decreased with standard equipment but increased with the study device.

EMS staff with limited training in CPR profit from guidance through the ALS algorithm by the study device. However, the study device somehow reduced the ALS quality of well-trained rescuers and thus can only be recommended for ALS provider with limited experience.

• Advanced life support
• CPR assist devices
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Education and simulation
• Emergency medical service

• Amplitude spectrum area (AMSA)
• Asystole (ASY)
• Automated external defibrillator (AED)
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
• Chest compression (CC)
• Least mean-square (LMS) filter
• Ventricular fibrillation (VF)

• Animals
• Artifacts
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Diagnosis, Differential
• Electrocardiography
• Heart Arrest/diagnosis
• Swine
• Ventricular Fibrillation/diagnosis

• Biomechanics
• CPR
• Electromyography
• Experience
• Spine

• Abdominal Oblique Muscles/physiology
• Adult
• Biomechanical Phenomena
• Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
• Electromyography
• Female
• Humans
• Lumbar Vertebrae/physiology
• Male
• Manikins
• Middle Aged
• Muscle Fatigue
• Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
• Paraspinal Muscles/physiology
• Pectoralis Muscles/physiology
• Physical Exertion
• Posture
• Rectus Abdominis/physiology
• Transducers, Pressure
• Young Adult

High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and rapid defibrillation the cornerstone for resuscitation from cardiac arrest and increase the incidence of return of spontaneous circulation. Regular CPR training imparted to health-care personnel increases knowledge and helps in skill enhancing.

The aim of this study is to evaluate background knowledge, percentage improvement in the skills, and residual knowledge after a period of 6 months of postgraduate (PG) students as well as the efficacy of the designed teaching program for CPR.

The study type was interventional, nonrandomized with end point classification as efficacy study. Study Interventional model was single group assignment.

A questionnaire-based study was conducted on 41 first year PG students. Their educational qualification was Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. The study was conducted; 3 months after, these PG students joined hospital for their PG studies. The questionnaire designed by the Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care was given as the pretest (before the CPR training program was initiated), posttest (immediately after the CPR training program was concluded), and residual knowledge test (conducted after 6 months of the CPR training program). After collection of data, a descriptive analysis was performed to evaluate results.

Statistical analysis was conducted for determining the test of significance using two-tailed, paired t-test.

The average overall score was 25.58 (±5.605) marks out of a maximum of 40 marks in the pretest, i.e., 63.97%. It improved to 33.88 (±3.38) marks in posttest, i.e., 84.74%. After 6 months in the residual knowledge test, the score declined to 26.96 (±6.09) marks, i.e., 67.4%.

The CPR training program being conducted was adequately efficacious, but a refresher course after 6 months could help taking the knowledge and skills acquired by our PG students a long way.

• Advanced cardiac life support
• airway management
• arrhythmias
• cardiac
• cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• knowledge